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OPTIMIZED DALVIK VIRTUAL MACHINE FOR MOBILE APPLICATION

available under the Apache free-software and open-source license. INTRODUCTION:

(Open source technology) A broad alliance of leading technology and P.Karthik, Second year, MCA, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur Email-id:karshkarthikmca@gmail.com. Mobile No: 9944991924 T.Manikanda pandian, Second Year, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur Email-id: manikandapandianmca@gmail.com Mobile No: 8124009857 ABSTRACT: Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Android is a software platform and This alliance shares a common goal of fostering innovation on mobile devices and giving consumers a far better user wireless companies joined forces and

announced the development of Android, the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices, on November 5, 2007. Google Inc., Intel, T-Mobile, Sprint, HTC, Qualcomm, Motorola and others have collaborated on the development of Android through the Open Handset Alliance, a multinational alliance of technology and mobile industry leaders.

experience than much of what is available on today's mobile platforms. By providing developers a new level of openness that enables them to work more collaboratively, Android will accelerate the pace at which new and compelling mobile services are made available to consumers. With nearly 3 billion users worldwide, the mobile phone has become the most personal and ubiquitous communications device. However, the lack of a collaborative effort has made it a challenge for developers, wireless of the Android 2007 was 5 November operators and handset

operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and

developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not support programs developed in native code. The unveiling platform on

manufacturers to respond as quickly as possible to the ever-changing needs of savvy mobile consumers. Through Android,

announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made

developers, wireless operators and handset manufacturers will be better positioned to bring to market innovative new products faster and at a much lower cost. The end result will be an unprecedented mobile platform that will enable wireless operators

and manufacturers to give their customers better, more personal and more flexible mobile experiences. Thirty-four companies have formed the Open Handset Alliance which aims to develop technologies that will significantly lower the cost of developing and distributing mobile devices and services. The Android platform is the first step in this direction -- a fully integrated mobile "software stack" that consists of an operating system, middleware, user-friendly interface and applications. Consumers should expect the first phones based on Android to be available in the second half of 2008. The Android platform is made available under one of the most progressive, licenses,

applications and easier-to-use interfaces -ultimately experience. system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++. BIRTH OF ANDROID: The Android platform is the product of the Open Handset Alliance a group of organizations collaborating to build a better mobile phone. The group, led by Google, includes mobile operators, device handset manufacturers, component manufacturers, software solution and platform providers, and marketing companies. From a software development standpoint, Android sits smack in the middle of the open source world. The first Android-capable handset on the market was the G1 device manufactured by HTC and provisioned on T-Mobile. The device became available after almost a year of speculation, where the only software development tools available were some incrementally improving SDK releases. As the G1 release date neared, the Android team released SDK V1.0 and applications began surfacing for the new platform. To spur innovation, Google sponsored two rounds of "Android Developer Challenges," where millions of dollars were given to top contest submissions. A few months after the G1, the Android Market was released, allowing users to browse and download applications directly to their phones. Over about 18 months, a new mobile platform entered the public arena. creating a superior mobile

developer-friendly

open-source

which gives mobile operators and device manufacturers significant freedom and

flexibility to design products. The Alliance has released an early access software development kit to provide developers with the tools necessary to create innovative and compelling applications for the platform. Android holds the promise of unprecedented benefits for consumers, developers and manufacturers of mobile services and

devices. Handset manufacturers and wireless operators will be free to customize Android in order to bring to market innovative new products faster and at a much lower cost. Developers will have complete access to handset capabilities and tools that will enable them to build more compelling and user-friendly services, bringing the Internet developer model to the mobile space. And consumers worldwide will have access to less expensive mobile devices that feature more compelling services, rich Internet

ACTIVITY

device can run multiple VMs efficiently. The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The VM is register-based, and runs classes compiled by a Java language compiler that have been transformed into the .dex format by the included "dx" tool. The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality such as threading and low-level memory management. COMPONENTS OF ANDROID: The following diagram shows the major components of the Android operating system.

DALVIK RUNTIME: Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the

functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language. Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a Fig no: 2- Components of Android

COMMON STRUCTUER OF ANDROID:

(hash

map)

used

by

group

of

applications Activity is the presentation layer of your app: there will be one per screen, and the Views provide the UI to the activity Intents specify what specific action should be performed Services run in the background and have no UI for the user they will update data, and trigger events

ADVANTAGES OF ANDROID: Fig no: 3-Common structure of android There are many different cell phone Views such as lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser Content Providers that enable platforms to choose from today. Smart phones have become phones that many people have versus just professionals like it was just a few years ago. One platform that you can look into is Google's Android phone. This has become a fairly popular phone in the last year which offers some advantages.

applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data An Activity Manager that manages the life cycle of applications and provides a common navigation backstack A Notification Manager that enables all apps to display custom alerts in the status bar A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files Broadcast receivers can trigger intents that start an application Data storage provide data for your apps, and can be shared between apps database, file, and shared preferences

First of all, it's an open platform. This means that the project is open source meaning that its code is available for people to look at. Generally speaking open source projects are fairly innovative and will give you quality features since anyone can program them into the system.

An Android phone is guaranteed to work with Google products. There are many different Google products that most people use. Whether it's YouTube, Gmail, Google Docs or others, these will work on this phone giving you access to a wide variety of applications that you can use between your phone and your computer.

Eventually this platform will work on

netbook and computers. This means that you could have devices that share the same platform giving you the ability to purchase applications that will work on all your devices

Dalvik Virtual Machine. Dalvik runs dex files, which are coverted at compile time from standard class and jar files.

Network Connectivity It supports wireless communications using:  GSM mobile-phone technology  3G  Edge  802.11 Wi-Fi networks Security Android is a multi-process system, in

DISADVANTAGE: Android doesn't support:  Bluetooth stereo  Contacts exchange  Modem pairing  Wireless keyboards But it'll work with Bluetooth headsets, but that's about it Firefox Mobile isn't coming to Android

which each application (and parts of the system) runs in its own process. Most security between applications and the

system is enforced at the process level PLATFORMS: through standard Linux facilities, such as user and group IDs that are assigned to Hardware : Android is not a single piece of hardware; it's a complete, end-to-end applications. Additional finer-grained security features are provided through a "permission"

software platform that can be adapted to work on any number of hardware

mechanism that enforces restrictions on the specific operations that a particular process can perform, and per-URI permissions for granting ad-hoc access to specific pieces of data FEATURES OF ANDROID: Application Framework:

configurations. Everything is there, from the boot loader all the way up to the

applications.

Operating System(s):

Android uses Linux for its device drivers, memory management, process It is used to write applications for Android. Unlike other embedded mobile environments, Android applications are all The next level up contains the Android native libraries. They are all written in C/C++ internally, but youll be calling them through Java interfaces. In this layer you can find the Surface Manager, 2D and 3D graphics, Media codecs, the SQL database (SQLite), and a native web browser engine (WebKit). equal, for instance, an applications which come with the phone are no different than those that any developer writes. The framework is supported by numerous open source libraries such as openssl, SQLite and libc. It is also supported by the Android core libraries. From the point of security, the framework is based on UNIX file system

management, and networking.

permissions that assure applications have only those abilities that mobile phone owner gave them at install time. Dalvik Virtual Machine: It is extremely low-memory based virtual machine, which was designed especially for Android to run on embedded systems and work well in low power situations. It is also tuned to the CPU attributes. The Dalvik VM creates a special file format (.DEX) that is created through build time post processing. Conversion between Java classes and .DEX format is done by included dx tool. Integrated Browser: Google made a right choice on choosing WebKit as open source web browser. They added a two pass layout and frame flattening. Two pass layout loads a page without waiting for blocking elements, such as external CSS or external JavaScript and after a while renders again with all resources downloaded to the device. Frame flattening converts founded frames into single one and loads into the browser. These features increase speed and usability

SQLite: Extremely small (< 500kb) relational database management system, is integrated in Android. It is based on function calls and single file, where all definitions, tables and data are stored. This simple design is more than suitable for a platform such as Android. Handset Layouts: The platform is adaptable to both larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 1.0 specifications, traditional smart phone

layouts. An underlying 2D graphics engine is also included. Surface Manager manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications Data Storage: SQLite is used for structured data storage .SQLite is a powerful database and

lightweight

relational

engine

available to all applications. Connectivity: Android supports a wide variety of connectivity technologies including GSM, CDMA, Bluetooth, EDGE, EVDO, 3G and Wi-Fi.

browsing the internet via mobile phone. Optimized Graphics: As Android has 2D graphics library and 3D graphics based on OpenGL ES 1.0, possibly we will see great applications like Google Earth and spectacular games like Second Life, which come on Linux version. At this moment, the shooting legendary 3D game Doom was presented using Android on the mobile phone.

Messaging: SMS, MMS, and XMPP are

available forms of messaging including threaded text messaging.

Web Browser: The web browser available in

Photoshop mobile: Edit creatively y Fix photos fast crop, straighten, rotate, flip, and adjust color. y Add borders to give photos a polished look. Share quickly y Email your photos to family and friends. y Post photos to Photoshop.com, Facebook with one tap. Back up easily y Upload and store mobile photos to your free Photoshop.com account. y Automatically sync any picture you take between your mobile

Android is based on the open-source WebKit application framework. It includes LibWebCore which is a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view. Java Virtual Machine: Software written in Java can be compiled into Dalvik byte codes and executed in the Dalvik virtual machine, which is a specialized VM implementation designed for mobile device use, although not technically a standard Java Virtual Machine ANDROID APPLICATIONS: Google maps and navigations: Google Maps is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, that powers many map-based services, website, including Google the Google Finder, Maps Google

device and your Photoshop.com Library to see the same photos wherever you are.

Shazam Shazam uses a mobile phone's builtin microphone to gather a brief sample of music being played. An acoustic

Ride

Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API. It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot, car, or public transport and an urban business locator for numerous countries around the world.

fingerprint is created based on the sample, and is compared against a central database for a match. If a match is found, information such as the artist, song title, and album are relayed back to the user. Relevant links to services or Zune are such as iTunes, YouTube, into some

incorporated

implementations of Shazam. Battery indicator battery Indicator shows your battery charge level (percent) as an icon in your status bar, with temperature, health, voltage, and time since plugged / unplugged in the notification area Facebook Facebook is a social networking

service and website launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. As of July 2011, Facebook has more than 750 million active

users. Users may create a personal profile, add other users as friends, and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when they update their profile. Facebook users must register before using the site. Additionally, users may join commoninterest user groups, organized by

photos, and other objects between phones. It was the billionth application downloaded on Apple's App Store, and is the eighth most popular free app of all time. It is free to download for both platforms. CONCLUSION: On the Android platform they are an indispensable way to enable data sharing between applications. If your application becomes the first big hit on Android, the data generated could be easily shared. There are a lot of exciting possibilities being

workplace, school or college, or other characteristics. Facebook allows any users who declare themselves to be at least 13 years old to become registered users of the website. Shape writer or swipe Shape Writer software was made available as a free application for Android (operating system) smart phones through the Android Market. As a touchscreen keyboard

generated from the Android platform, so to best take full advantage of these possibilities now and in future

replacement, is had over 50,000 users on Android worldwide. It was available only for Android OS versions 1.6 or higher. ShapeWriter for Android was available in 7 European languages including English,

REFERENCE:  www. developer.android.com  www.anddev.org  www. stuffthathappens.com  www. en.androidwiki.com  www.android.com  www. en.androidwiki.com

Spanish, and German. Using ShapeWriter text entry software, a user draws words on a graphical keyboard using a pen. Instead of tapping the keys, the user draws a pen gesture that connects all the letters in the desired word. After some usage the user learns the movement pattern for the commonly used words and can write them faster than is possible on a traditional virtual keyboard Bump Bump is an application created by Bump Technologies for the Apple iOS and Google Android operating systems. It allows two Smartphone users to bump their phones together to exchange contact information,

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