Resistance: Topic 19: Current Electricity

RESISTANCE
Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
TOPIC 19 : CURRENT ELECTRICITY
The measure of the degree to which an electrical component opposes the ow of an electric current .
An electrical conductor that has:
Lower Resistance, Higher Resistance, Large Current Small Current flowing through it.
WHAT IS RESISTANCE?
Any components that allows current to ow through it.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR ?
The resistance of an electrical component is given by the equation Resistance = Potential Difference Current
S.I unit of resistance is the Ohm ( )
RESISTANCE
MEASURING RESISTANCE
Power Source
R
Ammeter Rheostat
Ammeter-Voltmeter Method
The resistance of conductor R can be found by measuring the current in the circuit and the potential difference across R.
Voltmeter
A graph of potential difference (V) against current (I) is plotted. Gradient of V-I graph gives the resistance of the component.
MEASURING RESISTANCE
The current through a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across its ends if the temperature and other conditions are constant. I
Georg Simon Ohm
OHMS LAW
Current
Graphs of Current against Voltage is used to illustrate whether a component obeys Ohms Law.
Voltage
I-V GRAPHS
Current is directly proportional to Voltage
Constant Resistance Obey Ohms Law Ohmic Conductors
I-V GRAPH OF METALLIC CONDUCTORS
Resistance as Current Doesnt obey Ohms Law
Non-Ohmic Conductors
I-V GRAPH OF FILAMENT BULBS
Resistance if Voltage + Resistance if Voltage -
Doesnt obey Ohms Law
I-V GRAPH OF SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES
Resistance if Temperature
I-V GRAPH OF THERMISTORS
THERMISTORS
When a thermistor and xed resistor are connected in series, it can be used as a temperature monitoring circuit.
Fixed Resistor
Thermistor
Resistance if Light Intensity
I-V GRAPH OF LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
LDR Fixed Resistor Milliammeter Voltmeter
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

When an LDR and xed resistor are connected in series, it forms part of a simple burglar alarm system.
Fixed Resistor
LDR
FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

Metallic Conductors Semi-conductors
Resistance = if Temperature = Resistance if Temperature
Resistance if Temperature

For a uniform wire:
Shorter wire, Lower Resistance
Length
Longer wire, Higher Resistance

Length
Longer wires provides longer path for the current to pass through.
Resistance , Length

For a uniform wire:
Cooler wire, Lower Resistance
Temperature
Hot wire, Higher Resistance

Temperature
In hotter wire, t he particles are vig orously vibrating, provid ing more obstacle f or the current to pass through.
Resistance , Temperature

For a uniform wire:
Thinner wire, Higher Resistance
Cross-sectional Area
Thicker wire, Lower Resistance

Thicker wires provides more area for the current to pass through.
Resistance , Cross-Sectional Area

For a uniform wire:
Resistance also depends on the materials of the wire
Resistance , Resistivity
RESISTIVITY
The resistivity, , of a material is numerically equal to the resistance of a 1 m length of the material 2 with cross-section area 1 m .
materials are used as electrical wirings.
materials are used as light laments and heating coils.
The resistance of a wire can also be calculated by Resistivity X Length
Resistance =
S.I unit of resistance is the Ohm ( )
RESISTANCE
Resistors are components in an electrical circuit which provides a known value of resistance.
Fixed Resistors
LDR
Thermistors
Variable Resistors
RESISTORS & RESISTANCE
RESISTORS
Some examples of resistors
Fixed Resistors
RESISTORS
Variable Resistors / Rheostats
RESISTORS
Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
RESISTORS
Thermistor
Main function i s to control the amount of current owing in a circuit.
Resistors in a circuit
FUNCTION OF RESISTORS

There are two types of resistors:
Fixed Resistors
Variable Resistors
Fixed resistors are usually made from wires of special alloys or from carbon and have xed values.
Fixed Resistors & Its Circuit Symbol
FIXED RESISTORS
FIXED RESISTORS
Fixed resistors have colour coded bands.
Each band and its placement on the resistor represent its resistance value and tolerance.
47 0
10%
Resistor Value 470 10% 68 5% 10000 10% 2200 10%
6 8
5%
1 0 000 20%
2 2 00 10%
Each band and its placement on the resistor represent its resistance value and tolerance.
FIXED RESISTORS
VARIABLE RESISTORS
Variable resistors have varying resistances that can be altered by moving a contact / turning a dial.
Variable Resistors / Rheostats
Variable resistors can be used in two ways:

As a rheostat for changing the current in a circuit.
As a potential divider for changing the potential difference applied to a device.
FUNCTION OF VARIABLE RESISTORS
VARIABLE RESISTORS
Using variable resistor as a rheostat.
Switch Battery
Changing the res istance of the variable resis tor changes the amo unt of current flowing in the circuit.
Variable Resistor
Bulb
Circuit diagram showing the arrangement of a variable resistor used as a rheostat.
VARIABLE RESISTORS
Using variable resistor as a potential divider.
Changing the res istance of the variable resis tor changes the pote ntial difference acros s Device X.
Battery
Fixed Resistor
Switch
Variable Resistor
Device X
Circuit diagram showing the arrangement of a variable resistor used as a potential divider.

Resistors can be arranged either in series or in parallel to obtain the required total resistance needed in the circuit.
Resistors In Series
Series & Parallel Arrangements
Resistors In Parallel

Total resistance of resistors arranged in series can be determined by the equation:
R1 R 2 R3
Series Arrangements
R series =
R1
R 2
R3

Total resistance of resistors arranged in parallel can be determined by the equation:
R1 R 2 R3
Parallel Arrangements
Rparallel
1 R1
1 R 2
1 R3

Resistance: Topic 19: Current Electricity

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RESISTANCE

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

TOPIC 19 : CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Any components that allows current to ow through it.

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

S.I unit of resistance is the Ohm ( )

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Georg Simon Ohm

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Current is directly proportional to Voltage

Constant Resistance Obey Ohms Law Ohmic Conductors

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

I-V GRAPH OF METALLIC CONDUCTORS

Resistance as Current Doesnt obey Ohms Law

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

I-V GRAPH OF FILAMENT BULBS

Resistance if Voltage + Resistance if Voltage -

Doesnt obey Ohms Law

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

I-V GRAPH OF SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

Doesnt obey Ohms Law

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

I-V GRAPH OF THERMISTORS

Resistance if Light Intensity

Doesnt obey Ohms Law

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

I-V GRAPH OF LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

LDR Fixed Resistor Milliammeter Voltmeter

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

Resistance = if Temperature = Resistance if Temperature

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

Longer wire, Higher Resistance

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

Hot wire, Higher Resistance

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

Thicker wire, Lower Resistance

Resistance , Cross-Sectional Area

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

Resistance also depends on the materials of the wire

materials are used as electrical wirings.

materials are used as light laments and heating coils.

The resistance of a wire can also be calculated by Resistivity X Length

S.I unit of resistance is the Ohm ( )

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

RESISTORS & RESISTANCE

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Some examples of resistors

Some examples of resistors

Variable Resistors / Rheostats

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Some examples of resistors

Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com