Amity Business School

Amity School of Business

Amity School of Business

BBA, Semester IV Analytical skills building Priyank Badola

Number system

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Our decimal number system is known as a positional number system, because the value of the number depends on the position of the digits. For example, the number 123 has a very different value than the number 321, although the same digits are used in both numbers.

Amity Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal School of Business Numbers

Binary (base 2) The number system is used directly in the computer Hexadecimal (base 16) The number system that is used by computer to communicate with programmers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E

Octal (base 8)
The number system that is used by either human or communicate with programmers Decimal (base 10) The number system that we are using

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Binary Numbers

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The word Binary actually come from the Latin word bini, and means "two". Most modern computer systems operate using binary logic Binary digits are most often referred to as bits, short for "binary digits." The binary number system has exactly two symbols (0,1). Simply put, a binary number is just a series of bits such as: 010110
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Binary place values are as follows: Amity School of Business

binary 64 place values binary 26 exponent ial place values 32 16 8 4 2 1

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Binary Numbers

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Subscripts for binary numbers In order to distinguish between the binary number system and other number systems such as decimal, octal, or hexadecimal, we use a subscript of either 2 or B on binary numbers. 101102 = 10110B

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Hexadecimal Numbers

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Hexadecimal may be considered "shorthand" for binary numbers. Each hexadecimal digit may be represented by four binary bits.

Hexadecimal Numbers
binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

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hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Hexadecimal NumbersSchool of Business Amity

binary 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 hexadecimal 8 9 A B C D E F
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Numeric system Conversion

A. From other systems to decimal numbers 1100112 = 1 x 25 + 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 5110

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Hexadecimal Numbers

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Example A: Convert A67B2H to binary. Given a hexadecimal number such a A67B2 each of the five digits may be translated into four binary digits as follows: A67B2H = 1010 0110 0111 1011 0010B = A 6 7 B 2

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Binary to Octal
binary 000 001 Each octal digit may be represented by three binary bits. 010 011 100 101 110 111

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octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Octal to Binary

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Example A: Convert 56712O to binary. Given an octal number such a 56712 each of the five digits may be translated into three binary bits as follows: 7 1 2 56712O = 5 6 = 101 110 111 001 010B

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Number Types

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The first type of number is the first type you ever learned about are the counting, or "natural" numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... whole numbers are the natural numbers together with zero: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... Integers are zero, the natural numbers, and the negatives of the naturals: ..., 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..
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Number Types

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The rational numbers are the set of numbers of the form a/b where a and b are integers. The irrational numbers are all real numbers that are not rational. The decimal form of an irrational number goes on and on forever without repeating or terminating.

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Number Types

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Rational", or fractional, numbers, are technically regarded as ratios (divisions) of integers. a fraction is formed by dividing one integer by another integer. Fractions (also known as rational numbers) can be written as terminating (ending) or repeating decimals (such as 0.5, 0.76, or 0.333333....). On the other hand, all those numbers that can be written as non-repeating, non-terminating decimals are non-rational, so they are called the "irrationals". Examples would be sqrt(2) ("the square root of two"). The rationals and the irrationals are two totally separate number types; there is no overlap.

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Inequalities

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Inequalities consist of two or more algebraic expressions joined by inequality symbols. The inequality symbols are : <less than >greater than <=less than or equal to >=greater than or equal to <>not equal to
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Expressions Involving of Business Amity School Inequality Symbols

Expressions involving inequality symbols may be either true or false Determine whether each of the following is true or false:
3+ 2 < 5 92 > 6
False True False 73 4 11 3 4 When comparing fractions, convert each to an equivalent fraction with the LCD 2 5 11 5 3 2 55 6 49 9 4 4 4 4 4 False 2 5 5 2 10 10 10 10 18

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Translating to Expressions Business Amity School of Involving Inequality Symbols

English expressions may sometimes be translated to math expressions involving inequality symbols: Seven plus three is less than or equal to twelve
7 + 3 12

Nine is greater than eleven minus four

9 > 11 4

Three is not equal to eight minus six

3 86
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Prime Numbers

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In mathematics, a prime number (or a prime) is a natural number which has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: 1 and itself. The first thirty prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113

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Prime Numbers

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The property of being a prime is called primality. Since two is the only even prime number, the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than two.

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Factors

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Common Factors (Common Divisor) A number that divides two or more given numbers exactly e.g. the numbers 20, 70 and 80 have 2, 5 and 10 as common factors. HCF (Highest Common Factor) The largest number that is a common factor of the given numbers is the highest common factor (or Greatest Common Divisor). In the case above 10 is the HCF.

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Multiples

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Multiples A number that is the product of a given number e.g. 6 is a multiple of 2. Common Multiple A number that is a multiple of two or more other numbers. The lowest number that is a multiple of a given set of numbers is their least common multiple (LCM). E.g. 3, 9 and 11 have a LCM of 99 (i.e. 99 is the smallest number that all three of the given numbers will divide exactly).

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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

Divisor Divisibility Condition Examples

1 2

Automatic. The last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8).

Any integer is divisible by 1 1,294: 4 is even

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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

3 The sum of the digits is divisible by 3. For large numbers, digits may be summed alternatively 405: 4 + 0 + 5 = 9 16,499,205,854,376 sums to 69, 6 + 9 = 15, 1 + 5 = 6 168: 6 is even, and 8 is divisible by 4

If the tens digit is even, the last digit is divisible by 4 (0, 4, 8). If the tens digit is odd, the 5,496: 9 is odd, and last digit plus 2 is divisible by 6+2 is divisible by 4 4 (2, 6).

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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

4 5 6 6 7 If the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4. The last digit is 0 or 5. It is divisible by 2 and by 3. Add the last digit to four times the sum of all other digits. Double the number with the last two digits removed and add the last two digits. 2,092: 92 is divisible by 4 490: the last digit is 0 24: it is divisible by 2 and by 3 198: (1 + 9) 4 + 8 = 48 364: (3 2) + 64 = 70
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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

7 7 8 Add 5 times the last digit to the rest. Subtract twice the last digit from the rest. If the hundreds digit is even, examine the number formed by the last two digits If the hundreds digit is odd, examine the number obtained by the last two digits plus 4. Add the last digit to twice the rest. 364: 36 + (5 4) = 56 364: 36 (2 4) = 28 624: 24

352: 52 + 4 = 56

56: (5 2) + 6 = 16
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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

9 The sum of the digits is divisible by 9. For larger numbers, digits may be summed alternatively. Result at the final alternation will be 9. The last digit is 0. 2,880: 2 + 8 + 8 + 0 = 18: 1 + 8 = 9

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130: the last digit is 0

Form the alternating sum 918,082: 9 - 1 + 8 - 0 + of the digits. 8 - 2 = 22

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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

11 Add the digits in blocks of two from right to left. 11 Subtract the last digit from the rest. 12 It is divisible by 3 and by 4. 627: 6 + 27 = 33

627: 62 - 7 = 55

324: it is divisible by 3 and by 4 12 Subtract the last digit from twice 324: (32 2) 4 the rest = 60
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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

13 Add the digits in alternate blocks of three from right to left, then subtract the two sums 14 Add 4 times the last digit to the rest. 14 It is divisible by 2 and by 7. 15 It is divisible by 3 and by 5. 2,911,272: (2 + 272) - 911 = 637

637: 63 + (7 4) = 91, 9 + (1 4) = 13 224: it is divisible by 2 and by 7 390: it is divisible by 3 and by 5

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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

16 If the thousands digit is even, examine the number formed by the last three digits. If the thousands digit is odd, examine the number formed by the last three digits plus 8. Sum the number with the last two digits removed, times 4, plus the last two digits. 254,176: 176

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3,408: 408 + 8 = 416 176: (1 4) + 76 = 80

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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

17 17 Subtract the last two digits from twice the rest. Alternately add and subtract blocks of two digits from the end, doubling the last block and halving the result of the operation, rounding any decimal end result as necessary. Subtract 5 times the last digit from the rest. 3213: (2 32) 13 = 51 20,98,65: (65 (98 2)/2) + 40 = - 25.5 = 255 = 15 17

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221: 22 - (1 5) = 17
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Divisibility 2 through 20 of Business Amity School

18 19 20 It is divisible by 2 and by 9. 342: it is divisible by 2 and by 9 Add twice the last digit to the rest 437: 43 + (7 2) = 57

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It is divisible by 10, and the 360: is divisible tens digit is even by 10, and 6 is even If the number formed by 480: 80 is the last two digits is divisible by 20 divisible by 20.
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Percentage

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In mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100 (per cent meaning "per hundred"). It is often denoted using the percent sign, "%". For example, 45% (read as "forty-five percent") is equal to 45 / 100, or 0.45. Percentages are used to express how large one quantity is relative to another quantity. The first quantity usually represents a part of, or a change in, the second quantity. For example, an increase of $ 0.15 on a price of $ 2.50 is an increase by a fraction of 0.15 / 2.50 = 0.06.
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Percentage continued..

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When speaking of a "10% rise" or a "10% fall" in a quantity this is relative to the initial value of that quantity. For example, if an item is initially priced at $200 and the price rises 10% (an increase of $20), the new price will be $220. Note that this final price is 110% of the initial price (100% + 10% = 110%).

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Important Tips

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The fundamental concept to remember when performing calculations with percentages is that the percent symbol can be treated as being equivalent to the pure number constant 1 / 100 = 0.01. For example, 35% of 300 can be written as 35(0.01)(300) = 105. To find the percentage of a single unit in the whole, divide 100 by the whole. For instance, if you have 1250 apples, and you want to find out what percentage of the 1250 apples a single apple represents, 100 / 1250 would provide the answer of 0.08%. To calculate a percentage of a percentage, convert both percentages to fractions of 100, or to decimals, and multiply them. For example, 50% of 40% is:
(50 / 100)(40 / 100) = (0.50)(0.40) = 0.20 = 20%.
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Important Tips

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To increase a number by a % Multiply the number by the factor (1 + a%) To decrease a number by a % Multiply the nuumber by the factor (1 a%) To find the increase or decrease in number Multiply (Total inc or dec/Initial value) by 100
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So to write aAmity School of Business percentage as a fraction, you simply put it over 100 like this:

24% = 24/100

Yes, but remember to try to write the fraction in its simplest terms

24% = 24/100

12/50

6/25
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Conversion

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To convert a fraction to a decimal divide the numerator of the fraction by the denominator. All rational numbers will yield a decimal that either terminates or repeats indefinitely. To convert a decimal to a fraction remove the decimal point from the number and make it the numerator of the fraction. The denominator will be the power of ten corresponding to the last place value of the decimal (0.1 is tenths, .01 is hundredths, etc)

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Fraction-Decimal Equivalents Business Amity School of Worth Memorizing

1/2 = 0.5 1/3 = 0.33333 1/20 = 0.05 1/4 = 0.25 1/6 = 0.16666 1/25 = 0.04 1/5 = 0.20 1/9 = 0.11111 1/50 = 0.02 1/8 = .125 1/10 = 0.10 1/100 = 0.01
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Important
Cost Price (CP) Selling Price(SP) Profit (Gain) Loss Overhead charges Marked Price (MP) Discount

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Price at which article is bought Price at which article is Sold Difference in SP and CP when SP > CP Difference in SP and CP when SP < CP Extra expenses borne Price on the label Reduction made to the marked price
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Formulas
Profit Loss % Profit % Loss CP CP MP Discount % Discount SP - CP CP - SP Profit X 100 / CP Loss X 100 / CP SP + Loss SP Profit SP + Discount Discount X 100 / MP Discount % X MP

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Conversion of units
1 hour 1 kilometer 1 kilometer 8 kilometer 1 yard 1 Km/Hr 1 Km/Hr 1 Miles/Hr 1000 meters 0.6214 mile 5 miles 3 feet 5 m / 18 s 5 miles / 8 Hr 22 Ft / 15 sec

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60 minutes or 60 X 60 seconds

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Speed, Time and Distance

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To determine the speed if Distance (d) and Time (t) are given, use the following formula. Speed equals distance divided by time: s = d / t. Distance travelled by an object moving at a constant speed is the product of the speed and the time travelled. d=sXt To find the time traveled for given d and s, use the formula below. t=d/s
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Relative speed

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Two travellers begin their trip from the same point at the same time in opposite direction the formula for this situation is: d = s1 X t + s2 X t Two travellers begin their trip from the same point at the same time in the same direction the formula for this situation is: d = s1 X t - s2 X t
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Relative speed contd..

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Two travellers start their trip from two distant points at the same time and travel toward each other the formula for this situation is: d = D - s1 X t s2 X t Note that at the end of n hours their distance is 0. This means the two travellers will meet each other at that time.
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Some other concepts

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If A travels D1,D2,D3 distance with S1,S2,S3 speed then

> Average speed = Total distance / Total time > T1 = D1/S1, T2 = D2/S2, T3 = D3/S3

If the speed changes in the ratio m :n then the ratio of time taken changes by n : m If a distance D is covered once with A km/hr and again by B km/hr then
> Average speed = 2AB / (A+B) > D = (T1 +T2) X 2AB / (A+B
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