Vibro-acoustic behavior of a hollow FGM cylinder excited by on-surface

mechanical drives
Seyyed M. Hasheminejad
*
, Ali Ahamdi-Savadkoohi
Acoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16844, Iran
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 3 July 2009
Keywords:
Sound radiation
Inhomogeneous cylinder
Helical waves
Shadow region
Cut-off frequency
a b s t r a c t
The linear three-dimensional elasticity theory in conjunction with the powerful transfer matrix solution
technique is employed to investigate the steady-state nonaxisymmetric sound radiation characteristics of
an arbitrarily thick functionally graded hollow cylinder of innite length subjected to arbitrary time-har-
monic on-surface concentrated mechanical drives. A formal integral expression for the radiated pressure
eld in the frequency domain is obtained by utilizing the spatial Fourier transform along the shell axis
and Fourier series expansion in the circumferential direction. The method of stationary phase is subse-
quently employed to evaluate the integral for an observation point in the far-eld. The analytical results
are illustrated with numerical examples in which water-submerged metal-ceramic FGM cylinders are
driven by harmonic concentrated radial/transverse surface forces and circumferential moment. The
far-eld radiated pressure amplitudes and directivities are calculated and compared with those of equiv-
alent bi-laminate hollow cylinders with comparable volume fractions of constituent materials. The
effects of FGM material prole, cylinder thickness, excitation frequency and type on the radiated far-eld
are examined. Limiting cases are considered and the validity of results is established by comparison with
the data in the existing literature as well as with the aid of a commercial nite element package.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Among various shell geometries, the dynamic behavior of cylin-
drical shell structure is the subject of most of the recent research,
since it has extensively been used as the basic element in many
types of engineering structures [1]. In many practical engineering
applications, cylindrical shells are coupled with internal and/or
external uids. Therefore, a lot of attention has also been paid to
the vibration of the shell-uid coupled systems [24]. In particular,
numerous authors have studied the vibro-acoustic characteristics
of uid-loaded cylindrical shells due to their extensive applications
in various engineering disciplines such as the marine, petrochem-
ical, nuclear, power generation and aerospace industries (e.g., radi-
ation from cylindrical machinery casings, elastic ducts, wind music
instruments, aircraft fuselages, submarine hulls, industrial pipes
and tubes). Only the most important contributions relevant to
the present study shall be briey reviewed here. Burroughs and
Hallander [5] derived analytical expressions for the far eld acous-
tic radiation from an innite uid-loaded circular cylindrical shell
reinforced with two sets of parallel periodic ribs and excited by
various types of concentrated mechanical point drives. Ricks and
Schmidt [6] described a global matrix method for modeling layered
cylindrical shells (with multiple viscoelastic layers) subjected to
time-harmonic ring forces that can push on the shell in the radial,
circumferential, and axial directions. Guo [7] used an asymptotic
analysis to study sound radiation from thin cylindrical shells dri-
ven by on-surface forces in terms of the shell-borne helical waves
excited in the shell. He found that tangential forces acting on the
shell cause more acoustic radiation than normal forces, as the for-
mer excite radiating shell waves more easily than the latter. Pathak
and Stepanishen [8] used the classical integral transform technique
along with the standard stationary phase method to address the
problem of acoustic harmonic radiation from a uid-loaded innite
thick-walled cylindrical elastic shell subjected to arbitrary spatial
loading. Constans et al. [9] used a material tailoring approach,
based on nite element method to present a numerical design tool
for minimizing radiated sound power from a vibrating shell struc-
ture driven with a point excitation harmonic force input. Ruzzene
and Baz [10] developed a nite element model to study the effect
of stiffening rings and damping treatments on both the structural
vibration and noise radiation of uid-loaded axisymmetric cylin-
drical shells. Ko et al. [11] used the theory of elasticity to develop
a theoretical model for evaluating the reduction of structure-borne
noise generated by an axially symmetric ring force which is ap-
plied on the interior of a coated cylindrical shell submerged in
water. Lecable et al. [12] employed the spatial Fourier transform
in conjunction with the stationary phase method to develop a
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.06.014
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hashemi@iust.ac.ir (S.M. Hasheminejad).
Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696
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j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ compst r uct
normal-mode series solution for acoustic radiation from a thick
cylindrical elastic shell when its external surface is subjected to a
point harmonic source. Skelton [13] presented a method for evalu-
ating the sum of circumferential harmonics expressed in the form
of innite series of trigonometric functions for the radial, axial and
circumferential displacement components of an innite elastic
cylindrical shell immersed in compressible uid and excited by a
time-harmonic line force, in the asymptotic limit of heavy exterior
uid-loading. More recently, Cuschieri [14] presented numerical
results for the far-eld acoustic radiation as a function of frequency
and radiation angle for a uid-loaded cylindrical shell with a com-
pliant layer on its external surface, and excited by an internal ra-
dial ring force, using a normally reacting impedance layer model
for the compliant layer. Yan et al. [15] developed an analytical
method to study radiated sound power characteristics of (the
vibrational power ow propagation in) an innite, submerged,
periodically stiffened, and structurally damped thin cylindrical
shell, excited by ring forces and moments. Ramachandran and
Narayanan [16] presented a simplied analytical method to predict
the modal density and the radiation efciency of a longitudinally
stiffened cylinder, by solving an eigenvalue problem based on
strain energies and kinetic energies of the total structure, for use
in statistical energy analysis (SEA).
In recent years, the study of functionally graded materials
(FGMs) has attracted a lot of attention. FGMs are advanced com-
posites, microscopically engineered to have a smooth spatial vari-
ation of material properties in order to improve overall
performance. This is achieved by fabricating the composite mate-
rial to have a gradual spatial variation in the constituent materials
relative volume fractions and microstructure, thus tailoring its
material composition based on functional performance require-
ments [17]. The concept of FGM was rst introduced in 1984 by
a group of material scientists in Japan [17] as an alternative to lam-
inated composite materials which show a mismatch in properties
at material interfaces. FGM shell structures offer great promise in
applications where the operating conditions are severe, including
spacecraft heat shields, heat exchanger tubes, fusion reactors, stor-
age tanks, pressure vessels, and general wear and corrosion resis-
tant coatings in aerospace, automobile, marine, nuclear, and
defense industries. For example, thermal barrier shell or pipeline
structures may form from a mixture of ceramic and a metal [18].
The composition is varied from a ceramic-rich surface to a metal-
rich surface, with a desired variation of the volume fractions of
the two materials in between the two surfaces in order to relax
the residual stresses which may give rise to fracture and failure
of components during their fabrications or service processes [19].
Nomenclature
a
j
outer radius of the jth layer in the FGM shell
c speed of sound in the surrounding uid medium
c
p
,c
s
velocities of dilatational and distortional waves in the
elastic medium
c
[j[
p
; c
[j[
s
dilatational and distortional wave velocities in the jth
layer of FGM shell
f
r
; f
h
radial and transverse driving forces
h total thickness of the shell
h
j
thickness of the jth layer in the FGM shell
j layer number in the FGM shell
k = x/c acoustic wave number in the outer uid medium
k
p
, k
s
compressional and shear elastic wave numbers in the
elastic medium
k
[j[
p
; k
[j[
s
compressional and shear elastic wave numbers in the
jth layer of FGM shell
n mode number
p acoustic pressure in the outer uid medium
q total number of layers in the FGM shell
r radial coordinate in the cylindrical coordinate system
r
j
mean radius of the jth layer in FGM shell
u displacement vector in the elastic medium
u
r
, u
h
, u
z
radial, tangential and axial displacements in the elastic
medium
u
[j[
r
;u
[j[
h
; u
[j[
z
radial, tangential and axial displacements in the jth
layer of FGM shell
u
[j[
r;n
; u
[j[
h;n
; u
[j[
z;n
modal amplitudes of the radial, tangential and axial
displacement components in the jth layer of FGM shell
x, y, z Cartesian coordinate system
A
n
modal coefcient of the out-going radiated sound wave
B
n
, C
n
, D
n
, E
n
, F
n
, G
n
sound transmission coefcients in the elastic
medium
B
[j[
n
; C
[j[
n
; D
[j[
n
; E
[j[
n
; F
[j[
n
; G
[j[
n
sound transmission coefcients in the jth
layer of FGM shell
F
r,h
radial and transverse applied load amplitudes
H
(1)
n
cylindrical Hankel functions of the rst kind of order n
J
n
cylindrical Bessel function of the rst kind of order n
M
[j[
n
local transfer matrix for the jth layer of FGM shell
M
0
applied circumferential moment amplitude
M
z
circumferential moment drive
Q
[j[
n
coefcient matrix for the jth layer of FGM shell
R observation point distance parameter
T
n
global transfer matrix for the FGM shell
U displacement vector in the surrounding uid medium
V
F
volume fraction function of the metallic constituent
W
[j[
n
eld variable vector for the jth layer of FGM shell
X
[j[
n
amplitude vector for the jth layer of FGM shell
Y
n
cylindrical Bessel function of the second kind of order n
a ceramic volume fraction ratio
c power law variation exponent coefcient
d() Dirac delta function
h azimuthal coordinate in the cylindrical coordinate sys-
tem
k; l Lame parameters of the elastic medium
k
1;2
; l
1;2
Lame parameters for the inner and outer constituting
materials
k
[j[
; l
[j[
Lame parameters for the jth layer of FGM shell
n Fourier transform parameter
q uid mass density
q
s
mass density of the elastic medium
q
1,2
mass densities for the inner and outer constituting
materials
q
[j[
s
mass density of the jth layer in FGM shell
r
rr
, r
rh
, r
rz
radial and shear stress components in the elastic
medium
r
[j[
rr
; r
[j[
rh
; r
[j[
rz
radial and shear stress components in the jth layer of
FGM shell
r
[j[
rr;n
; r
[j[
rh;n
; r
[j[
rz;n
modal amplitudes of radial and shear stress com-
ponents in the jth layer of FGM shell
u polar angle in the cylindrical coordinate system
/ scalar displacement potential for the elastic compres-
sional wave
w vector displacement potential for the elastic shear wave
x circular frequency
S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696 87
The ceramic constituent of the material provides superior resis-
tance to temperature, corrosion, oxidation and/or wear, while the
metallic part possess ductility and mechanical shock resistance re-
quired as a structural component [20]. A review on various aspects
of FGMs can be found in the monograph by Miyamoto et al. [21].
Also, for a recent review on dynamic behavior of FGM and inhomo-
geneous cylindrical shells the reader is referred to Ref. [22].
The above review clearly indicates that while there exist a nota-
ble body of literature on acoustic radiation from submerged homo-
geneous cylindrical shells subject to external loads, rigorous
analytic or numerical solutions involving a functionally graded cyl-
inder seem to be nonexistent. The primary purpose of the current
work is to ll this gap. Accordingly, we employ the spatial Fourier
transform along the shell axis and Fourier series expansion in the
circumferential direction in conjunction with the powerful transfer
matrix solution technique to carry out an accurate analysis for radi-
ation of acoustic waves by a thick-walled inhomogeneous hollow
cylinder under the action of arbitrary time-harmonic radial/trans-
verse driving forces and circumferential moment. The method of
stationary phase is used to evaluate the formal integral expression
obtained for the radiated pressure at an observation point in the
far-eld. Particular attention is paid to assessment of the effects
of material compositional gradient, shell thickness, loading type
and excitation frequency on the radiated sound eld. The proposed
model is of academic interest basically due to its inherent value as a
canonical problem in structural acoustics. It is of practical value for
structural acoustic engineers involved in the dynamic analysis and
design of uid-loaded thick-walled FGM cylindrical shells, tubes, or
pipelines with possible applications in chemical industries, nuclear
power plants, submarine and offshore installations [2325]. The
presented accurate solution can serve as the benchmark for com-
parison to solutions obtained by strictly numerical or asymptotic
approaches. It may be complemented by other techniques such as
Fourier synthesis method [26], series of resonance modes [27], or
direct time-domain approach [28,29], to solve the corresponding
time-dependent problems (i.e., the transient uidstructure inter-
action of submerged cylindrical shell structures experiencing
time-dependent mechanical forces or shock loads).
2. Formulation
2.1. Basic eld equations
We consider the problem of sound radiation from an evacuated
innite elastic hollowcylinder, immersed in an acoustic mediumof
mean density q and sound speed c, subjected to radial/transverse
external loads and circumferential moment at its outer boundary,
as shown in Fig. 1. The observation point is located at a distance
R, a polar angle u from the centerline of the shell (z-axis), and an
azimuthal angle h with respect to the x-axis. The pressure uctua-
tion in the surrounding acoustic medium, p(r, h, z) is governed by
the linear wave equation [30]
\
2
p k
2
p = 0; (1)
in the domain dened by r Pa
q
, p 6 h 6 p, and 6 z 6 +,
where k = x/c is the acoustic wave number, x is the angular fre-
quency, and the harmonic time dependence of exp(ixt) is sup-
pressed here and henceforth. Also, the uid displacement vector is
written as [30]
U = (1=qx
2
)\p: (2)
The wave motion in the isotropic elastic shell material is gov-
erned by the classical Naviers equation [31]
q
s
@
2
u
@t
2
= l\
2
u (k l)\(\ u); (3)
where q
s
is the solid material density, (k; l) are the Lame parame-
ters, and u is the vector solid material displacement that can advan-
tageously be expressed as sum of the gradient of a scalar potential
and the curl of a vector potential:
u = \/ \ w; (4)
with the condition \ w = 0. Therefore, the displacement compo-
nents of the elastic medium in the cylindrical coordinate system
may be expressed in terms of appropriate scalar potentials as [31]
u
r
(r; h; z; x) =
@/
@r

1
r
@w
z
@h

@w
h
@z
;
u
h
(r; h; z; x) =
1
r
@/
@h

@w
r
@z

@w
z
@r
;
u
z
(r; h; z; x) =
@/
@z

@w
h
@r

1
r
w
h

1
r
@w
r
@h
;
(5)
where /(r, h, z) and w(r, h, z), respectively, satisfy Helmholtz-type
equations:
(\
2
k
2
p
)/ = 0;
(\
2
k
2
s
)w = 0;
(6)
where k
p,s
= x/c
p,s
are the elastic wave numbers, in which
c
p
=

(k 2l)=q
s
p
and c
s
=

l=q
s
p
are the velocities of dilatational
and distortional waves, respectively. Also, the pertinent stress com-
ponents are [31]
r
rr
(r; h; z; x) = k\
2
/ 2l
@
2
/
@r
2

1
r
@
2
w
z
@r@h

1
r
2
@w
z
@h

@
2
w
h
@r@z
!
;
r
rh
(r; h; z; x) = l
2
r
@
2
/
@r@h

2
r
2
@/
@h

@
2
w
r
@r@z

1
r
@w
r
@z

@
2
w
z
@r
2

1
r
@w
z
@r

1
r
@
2
w
h
@z@h
!
;
r
rz
(r; h; z; x) = l 2
@
2
/
@r@z

1
r
@
2
w
r
@r@h

1
r
2
@w
r
@h

1
r
@w
h
@r

1
r
2
w
h

@
2
w
h
@r
2

@
2
w
h
@z
2

1
r
@
2
w
z
@z@h
!
:
(7)
The solution of the problem may be obtained by the introduc-
tion of the spatial Fourier transform along the shell axis [32]
~
f (r; h; n; x) =
Z

f (r; h; z; x)e
inz
dz; (8a)
f (r; h; z; x) =
1
2p
Z

~
f (r; h; n; x)e
inz
dn; (8b)
where n is the Fourier transform parameter. After application of (8a)
to the Helmholtz Eqs. (1) and (6), the resulting partial differential
equations can readily be solved by the standard method of variable
separation [31]. Accordingly, the transformed acoustic pressure and
elastic displacement potentials may respectively be expanded as
~ p(r; h; n; x) =
X

n=
~ p
n
(r; n; x)e
inh
;
~
/(r; h; n; x) =
1
q
s
x
2
X

n=
[B
n
(n; x)J
n
(g
p
r) C
n
(n; x)Y
n
(g
p
r)[e
inh
;
~
w
r
(r; h; n; x) =
1
q
s
x
2
X

n=
[D
n
(n; x)J
n1
(g
s
r) E
n
(n; x)Y
n1
(g
s
r)[e
inh
;
~
w
h
(r; h; n; x) =
1
q
s
x
2
X

n=
[D
n
(n; x)J
n1
(g
s
r) E
n
(n; x)Y
n1
(g
s
r)[e
inh
;
~
w
z
(r; h; n; x) =
1
q
s
x
2
X

n=
[F
n
(n; x)J
n
(g
s
r) G
n
(n; x)Y
n
(g
s
r)[e
inh
;
(9)
where ~ p
n
(r; n; x) = A
n
(n; x)H
(1)
n
(gr); A
n
through G
n
are
unknown Fourier coefcients, g = (k
2
n
2
)
1=2
; g
p
= (k
2
p
n
2
)
1=2
;
88 S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696
g
s
= (k
2
s
n
2
)
1=2
; H
(1)
n
is the Hankel function of the rst kind, and J
n
and Y
n
are the cylindrical Bessel functions of rst and second kind,
respectively [33]. Also, it is assumed that the Fourier transform of
the radiated acoustic pressure in the uid satises the classical
Sommerfeld radiation condition [2].
2.2. T-matrix approach and boundary conditions
At this point we consider the cylindrical shell to be of variable
material properties (functionally graded) along the radial direction,
and of uniform thickness h, inner radius a
0
and outer radius a
q
(see
Fig. 1). The specic steps taken in constructing the model for mak-
ing use of the transfer matrix solution technique are well described
in Ref. [22]. Adopting a laminate model, the functionally graded
shell is assumed to be composed of q layers of homogeneous iso-
tropic materials which are perfectly bonded at their interfaces
and lined up such that their axes of symmetry coincide with each
other. The Lame constants, (k
[j[
; l
[j[
); and mass density, q
[j[
s
; within
the jth layer of inner radius a
j1
(j = 1, . . . , q), outer radius a
j
, and
uniform thickness h
j
= a
j
a
j1
may described by the simple rule
of mixture as [34]
k
[j[
= V
F
(r
j
)k
1
[1 V
F
(r
j
)[k
2
;
l
[j[
= V
F
(r
j
)l
1
[1 V
F
(r
j
)[l
2
;
q
[j[
s
= V
F
(r
j
)q
1
[1 V
F
(r
j
)[q
2
;
(10)
where r
j
= (a
j
a
j1
)=2; V
F
(r
j
) is the volume fraction of the inner
material in the jth layer of the multilayered shell, and (k
1;2
; l
1;2
),
and q
1,2
are the Lame parameters and mass density of inner and
outer constituting materials, respectively.
Substitution of the scalar potentials Eq. (9) into the relations (5)
and (7), leads to the matrix form of the formal solutions for the
transformed eld variables associated with the jth layer [35], i.e.,
~
W
[j[
n
= Q
[j[
n
X
[j[
n
; (11)
where
~
W
[j[
n
= [~ u
[j[
r;n
; ~ u
[j[
h;n
; ~ u
[j[
z;n
; ~ r
[j[
rr;n
; ~ r
[j[
rh;n
; ~ r
[j[
rz;n
[
T
;
X
[j[
n
= [B
[j[
n
; C
[j[
n
; D
[j[
n
; E
[j[
n
; F
[j[
n
; G
[j[
n
[
T
;
and the elements of the coefcient matrix Q
[j[
n
are given in the
Appendix. The above matrix relation can advantageously be special-
ized at the inner and outer radii of the jth layer as
~
W
[j[
n
= Q
[j[
n
X
[j[
n
;
~
W
[j[
n
= Q
[j[
n
X
[j[
n
;
(12)
where the superscripts [j+] and [j] denote the quantities evaluated
at r = a
j
and r = a
j1
, respectively. The above two equations can be
supplemented with the continuity conditions between each inter-
face layer, i.e.,
~
W
[j[
n
=
~
W
[(j1)[
n
at r = a
j
. Thus, by eliminating the
common amplitude vector X
[j[
n
in (12), the eld vector
~
W
[j[
n
may
be related to
~
W
[j[
n
by
~
W
[j[
n
= M
[j[
n
~
W
[j[
n
; (13)
where M
[j[
n
= Q
[j[
n
[Q
[j[
n
[
1
is the local transfer matrix for jth layer,
which relates the eld variables at its outer surface to those at
the inner surface. Subsequently, by invoking the continuity condi-
tions between all interface layers, the eld variables at the outer ra-
dius of the layered shell (i.e., at r = a
q
) is related to those at the inner
radius (i.e., at r = a
0
) via a 6 6 global transfer matrix, T
n
by
~
W
[q[
n
= T
n
~
W
[1[
n
; (14)
where T
n
= M
[q[
n
M
[q1[
n
M
[1[
n
:
The unknown coefcients A
n
through G
n
, and the elements of
the eld variable vectors,
~
W
[1[
n
and
~
W
[q[
n
; can be determined from
the appropriate boundary conditions imposed at the inner (r = a
0
)
and the outer (r = a
q
) surfaces of the multilayered shell. These con-
ditions are explicitly written as [8,12]:
vanishing of the radial and tangential stresses at the inner
surface
q
a
r
f
f
z
M
z
y
x
FGM Cylinder
Fluid Medium
R
P
0
a

h
0
a
1
a
q
a
= 5
= 0.2
r
Fig. 1. Problem conguration.
S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696 89
~ r
rr
(r = a
0
; h; n; x) = ~ r
rh
(r = a
0
; h; n; x) = ~ r
rz
(r = a
0
; h; n; x) = 0;
(15a)
continuity of the normal uid and solid displacements at the
outer surface
~ u
r
(r = a
q
; h; n; x) =
~
U
r
(r = a
q
; h; n; x); (15b)
equilibrium of the radial stress with the applied external radial
load, circumferential moment (or radial couple) and uid pres-
sure at the outer surface
~ r
rr
(r = a
q
; h; n; x) =
~
f
r
(h; n; x)
~
M
z
(h; n; x) ~ p(r = a
q
; h; n; x);
(15c)
equality of the tangential stress and applied external transverse
load at the outer surface
~ r
rh
(r = a
q
; h; n; x) =
~
f
h
(h; n; x); (15d)
vanishing of the tangential stress at the outer surface
~ r
rz
(r = a
q
; h; n; x) = 0; (15e)
Finally, by making use of the global transfer relation (14), appli-
cation of boundary conditions (15) leads to the following impor-
tant matrix equation:
S
1;n
T
11;n
T
12;n
T
13;n
T
14;n
T
15;n
T
16;n
S
2;n
T
41;n
T
42;n
T
43;n
T
44;n
T
45;n
T
46;n
0 T
51;n
T
52;n
T
53;n
T
54;n
T
55;n
T
56;n
0 T
61;n
T
62;n
T
63;n
T
64;n
T
65;n
T
66;n
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
A
n
~ u
[1[
r;n
~ u
[1[
h;n
~ u
[1[
z;n
~ r
[1[
rr;n
~ r
[1[
rh;n
~ r
[1[
rz;n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
0
~
f
r;n

~
M
z;n
~ p
n
~
f
h;n
0
0
0
0
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
; (16)
where T
ij,n
(i, j = 1, . . . , 6) are elements of the global transfer matrix,
S
1;n
= ki
n
H
(1)
/
n
(ka
q
); S
2;n
= H
(1)
n
(ka
q
); and
~
f
r;n
(n; x);
~
f
h;n
(n; x); and
~
M
z;n
(n; x) are, respectively, the transformed modal components of
the applied radial force, transverse force and circumferential mo-
ment, which will be dened below. Clearly, the transformed vari-
ables
~
W
[j[
n
and the Fourier coefcients X
[j[
n
can readily be
determined from relations (14) and (11), once the global transfer
matrix is computed.
2.3. External forcing and far-eld pressure
At this point, we consider concentrated radial and transverse
forces and circumferential moment acting at the external surface
point (r = a
q
; h = h
0
; z = z
0
) of the inhomogeneous shell, which
may respectively be expanded in the form (note that h
0
= z
0
= 0 is
assumed in Fig. 1) [5]
f
r
(h; z; x) =F
r
(x)d(z z
0
)
X

m=
d[a
q
(h (h
0
2pm))[
f
h
(h; z; x) =F
h
(x)d(z z
0
)
X

m=
d[a
q
(h (h
0
2pm))[
M
z
(h; z; x) =F
r
(x)d(z z
0
)
X

m=
d[a
q
(h (h
0
2pm))[
n

m=
d[a
q
(h (h
0
dh 2pm))[
o
(17)
where F
r
(x) and F
h
(x) are the radial and transverse load ampli-
tudes, d() is the Dirac delta function, and one notes that, the circum-
ferential point moment drive at (h
0
, z
0
) is constructed by using two
out-of-phase radial point forces of magnitude F
r
; one at (h
0
, z
0
) and
the other at (h
0
dh, z
0
), where it is assumed that the separation be-
tween the two point drives that form the moment is innitesimal
[5]. Fourier transformation of above expressions with respect to z,
with subsequent application of the Poisson summation formula
[36]:
X

m=
g(x 2pm) =
1
2p
X

n=
^ g(n)e
inx
; (18)
where ^ g(n) =
R

g(x)e
inx
dx; and after some straight forward
manipulations, Eq. (17) reduce to
~
f
r
(h; n; x) =
X

n=
~
f
r;n
(n; x)e
inh
;
~
f
h
(h; n; x) =
X

n=
~
f
h;n
(n; x)e
inh
;
~
M
z
(h; n; x) =
X

n=
~
M
z;n
(n; x)e
inh
;
(19)
where
~
f
r;n
(n; x) = (2pa
q
)
1
e
i(nz
0
nh
0
)
F
r
(x);
~
f
h;n
(n; x) = (2pa
q
)
1
e
i(nz
0
nh
0
)
F
r
(x); and
~
M
z;n
(n; x) = in(2pa
2
q
)
1
e
i(nz
0
nh
0
)
M
0
(x); in
which M
0
(x) = F
r
(x)a
q
dh is the magnitude of the applied moment.
Finally, by applying the inverse Fourier transform (8b) to rst of
(9), the radiated acoustic pressure may be written as
p(r; h; z; x) =
1
2p
Z

~ p(r; h; n; x)e
inz
dn
=
1
2p
Z

n=0
A
n
(n; x)H
(1)
n
(gr) cos(nh)e
inz
dn: (20)
In the near eld, analytic evaluation of the above integral is very
complicated. However, it can always be approximated in the far-
eld by the method of stationary phase [2]. This technique is base
on the fact that the resultant contribution of ranges of integration
where the modulus of the integrand varies slowly with n while the
phase uctuates rapidly is relatively small, because of cancellation
between neighboring regions of opposite phase and nearly equal
amplitude. The main contribution to the above integral arises from
the region of the integration where the phase of the integrand
changes slowly with n, thus minimizing the cancellation. The cor-
responding value of n is the point of stationary phase dened by
the condition n = kcos u [2]. Following the standard procedure out-
lined in Ref [2], the stationary phase far-eld approximation to
integral (20) is obtained as (see also [8])
lim
R
p(R; h; u; x) =
1
p

ksinu
p
X

n=0
i
(n1)
A
n
(kcosu; x)cos(nh)
" #
e
ikR
R

:
(21)
This completes the necessary background required for the anal-
ysis of the problem. Next we consider some numerical examples.
90 S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696
3. Numerical results
To illustrate the nature and general behavior of the solution, we
consider some numerical examples in this section. Realizing the
number of parameters involved here and our computing limita-
tions, we conne our attention to a particular model. The inhomo-
geneous shell (total thickness h = h
1
+ h
2
+ + h
q
) is assumed to be
evacuated, submerged in water (c = 1480 m/s, q = 1000 kg/m
3
),
and mechanically excited at the point h = h
0
= z = z
0
= 0 on its outer
surface (r = a
q
). The mechanical properties of the shell are assumed
to vary smoothly and continuously with the change of volume con-
centrations of the constituting materials (zirconia and aluminum)
in the radial direction according to a power law distribution. The
physical properties of the constituents are given in Table 1 [37].
The volume fraction of aluminum in the FGM shell may be varied
from 100% on the inner interface (at r = a
0
) to zero on the outer
interface with water (at r = a
0
+ h = a
q
). Two distinct material gradi-
ent proles with the following assumptions for volume fraction of
inner material (aluminum) across the shell thickness, are studied:
V
F
(r) = 1
r a
0
h

c
; (c = 0:2; 5); (22)
where a
0
6 r 6 a
q
(see Fig. 1). It is clear that c = 0.2 simulates a me-
tal-rich composition (MR), and c = 5 denotes a ceramic-rich prole
(CR) in the radial direction. Also considered are two equivalent bi-
laminate ZrO
2
Al shells containing equal volume fractions of con-
stituent materials as in cases of the ceramic rich (CR) and metal rich
(MR) graded shells, which are denoted henceforth by BLCR and
BLMR, respectively. The calculated physical and geometric data
for the two constituents present in the equivalent bi-laminate shells
are given in Table 2.
A general Mathematica code was constructed for computing the
transfer matrix, T
n
, treating the system of Eq. (16), and to numeri-
cally evaluate the stationary phase far-eld approximation to inte-
gral (20) via summation (21). The computations were performed
on a network of personal computers, and the convergence of
numerical solutions was secured in a simple trial and error man-
ner, by increasing the number of modes, n, while looking for stea-
diness or stability in the numerical values of the solutions. It was
found that by using a truncation constant of n
max
= 20, uniform
convergence can be obtained in all loading situations. Also, the
far-eld value of the radial coordinate for calculating the far-eld
radiated pressure amplitude, |p(r = R

, h, u, x)|, was simply chosen

by making several computer runs while seeking for the conver-
gence of the results. The choice of R

= 10a
q
was found to be ade-
quate for all cases considered.
Before presenting the main numerical results, we shall establish
the overall validity of the work. Accordingly, we rst computed the
normalized far-eld pressure amplitude, |p(R

= 10a
q
, h = 0, u, x)/
F
r
(x)|, versus dimensionless frequency (ka
q
) and axial parameter
(z/a
q
) for a radially-driven (h = h
0
= p; z = z
0
= 0) water-submerged
homogeneous steel shell, by greatly increasing the number of lay-
ers (i.e., using q = 100) and setting V
F
?1, h/a
q
= 0.02, q
[j]
=
7900 kg/m
3
, k
[j[
= 113 GPa; l
[j[
= 75:9 GPa (for j = 1; 2; . . . ; 100),
in our general Mathematica code. The outcome, as shown in
Fig. 2a shows excellent agreement with that displayed in Fig. 4 of
Ref. [12]. As a further check, we used our general code to compute
the total surface displacement amplitude, |u(r = a
q
; h = p/2; x)|(m),
versus frequency (f = x/2p, Hz) for the very thick bi-laminate
ZrO
2
Al shells of Table 2 (h = 0.5a
q
), submerged in air (c = 340 m/
s, q = 1.2 kg/m
3
), under the action of a pair of two-dimensional
constant amplitude (F
r
= 1 MPa) diametrical distributed loads
(#
0
< h < #
0
and p #
0
< h < p + #
0
; #
0
= p/6), which may be repre-
sented by a Fourier series expansion of the form (see Fig. 2b):
Table 1
The physical properties of the constituents [37].
Material q
s
(kg/m
3
) k (GPa) l (GPa)
Aluminium (Al) 2706 57.09 26.69
Zirconia (ZrO
2
) 5700 129 94.8
Table 2
The calculated physical and geometric data for the two constituents present in the
equivalent bi-laminate shells.
Shell type a a
0
/
a
q
h
ZrO2
=aq
h
Al
/a
q u
s
c
(degree) u
p
c
(degree)
BLMR
(c = 0.2)
h = 0.1a
q
0.171 0.9 0.0163 0.0837 64.37 77.25
h = 0.25a
q
0.177 0.75 0.0396 0.2104 64.44 77.27
h = 0.5a
q
0.192 0.5 0.0748 0.4252 64.60 77.31
BLCR (c = 5) h = 0.1a
q
0.840 0.9 0.0832 0.0168 68.18 78.40
h = 0.25a
q
0.850 0.75 0.2076 0.0424 68.28 78.41
h = 0.5a
q
0.873 0.5 0.4124 0.0876 68.30 78.44
Fig. 2. (a) The normalized far-eld pressure amplitude, |p(R

= 10a
q
, h = 0, u, x)/
F
r
(x)|, versus dimensionless frequency and axial parameter for a radially-driven
(h = h
0
= p; z = z
0
= 0) water-submerged homogeneous steel shell. (b). Comparison of
the computed total surface displacement amplitude, |u(r = a
q
; h = p/2; x)|(m), for
the thick bi-laminate ZrO
2
Al shells of Table 2 (h = 0.5a
q
), submerged in air, and
under the action of a pair of two-dimensional constant amplitude (F
r
= 1 MPa)
diametrical distributed loads (#
0
= p/6) with the numerical results calculated by
using the commercial nite element code ABAQUS [38].
S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696 91
f
r;n
(x) =
2F
r
(x)#
0
=p (n = 0)
2[1 (1)
n
[F
r
(x) sin(n#
0
)=np (n > 0):
&
(23)
The results, as displayed in Fig. 2b, exhibit excellent agreements
with those calculated by using the commercial nite element code
ABAQUS [38].
Fig. 3 displays the normalized far-eld pressure amplitude
|p(R

, h, u, x)/C(x)|, at the observation point (R

= 10a
q
; h =
0; u = 80

) versus dimensionless frequency (ka

q
) for the radially-
driven (C = F
r
), transversely-driven (C = F
h
), and moment-driven
(C = M
0
) FGM shell for selected thickness parameters (h/a
q
= 0.1,
0.25, 0.5), and material gradient proles (MR: metal rich, CR: cera-
mic rich, BLMR: bilaminate metal rich, BLCR: bilaminate ceramic
rich). Here, it should be noted that the polar angle of observation
point is chosen such that u > u
p;s
c
; where u
p;s
c
= cos
1
(c=c
p;s
) de-
notes the cutoff angle of the longitudinal and shear waves [2],
which is determined by the ratio of the corresponding elastic wave
speed to that of the sound speed. The last column in Table 2 dis-
plays the cutoff angles for the equivalent ZrO
2
Al FGM shell. It is
clear that by choosing u = 80

> u
p;s
c
; the purely reactive standing
waves are avoided, and contributions from both shear and com-
pressional waves are expected to appear (i.e., we remain within
the primarily propagating conical wave regime). The most impor-
tant observations are as follows. The far-eld radiated pressure
magnitudes are very small at low to intermediate frequencies,
nearly regardless of the thickness parameter. Increasing the shell
thickness leads to an overall decrease of the pressure magnitudes
in an average sense, as well as a noticeable rightward shift in res-
onance peaks appearing in the intermediate to high frequency
range (ka
q
> 3). Furthermore, while there is nearly no distinction
between the bilaminate and FGM radiated pressure curves for
shells of h/a
q
= 0.1 wall thickness, the difference between the pres-
sure curves becomes gradually noticeable as the thickness param-
eter increases, especially for the thickest shell (h/a
q
= 0.5) with
metal rich (MR) prole at high frequencies. In particular, in con-
trast with the ceramic rich (CR) case, increasing the shell wall
Fig. 3. The normalized far-eld pressure amplitude [p(R = 10aq; h = 0; u = 80

; x)=C(x)[; versus dimensionless frequency for the radially-driven (C = F

r
), transversely-
driven (C = F
h
), and moment-driven (C = M
0
) FGM cylinders for selected thickness parameters and material gradient proles (MR: metal rich, CR: ceramic rich, BLMR:
bilaminate metal rich, BLCR: bilaminate ceramic rich).
92 S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696
thickness seems to cause a noticeable drop in the overall radiated
pressure amplitudes associated with the BLMR cylinder relative to
the MR cylinder. This may be linked to the somewhat larger change
in the ceramic volume fraction a = V
ZrO
2
=(V
ZrO
2
V
Al
) with shell
Fig. 4. The normalized polar far-eld pressure directivity pattern, |p(R

= 10a
q
; h, u, x)/C(x)|, for the radially-driven, transversely-driven, and moment-driven FGM shells of
wall thickness h/a
q
= 0.1, at selected dimensionless frequencies.
S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696 93
wall thickness in the BLMR cylinder, in comparison with that in the
BLCR cylinder (see second column in Table 2). The above situation
will be reversed, if the inner and outer materials were inter-
changed. In the latter case, there will be notable increase in the
pressure amplitudes of the BLCR cylinder in comparison with the
CR cylinder (numerical results are not shown for briefness).
It is clear from the subplots that the shell-borne elastic waves
contribute signicantly to the far-eld. In all cases, the frequency
dependence of the far-eld pressure response is dictated by contri-
butions from resonances of helical waves, which are seen in these
gures as pressure maxima/minima. In particular, as the shell-
borne waves diffract many times when they propagate around
the shell, the multiple diffractions coherently enforce each other,
which is the cause of the rapid variations (resonances) in the pres-
sure spectra shown in the gure. These shell-borne waves carry
with them information about the shell properties [7], their radia-
tion covers a wide spatial domain, unaffected by the shadowing ef-
fects of the shell, and they may overwhelm in amplitude the direct
radiation from the forces in some directions, the latter following a
direct uid-borne propagation path from the driving forces to the
far eld. The radiated pressure spectrums associated with the ra-
dial loading appear to be very similar to those of the circumferen-
tial moment drive, while the transverse loading case exhibits a
characteristically different behavior. In particular, the overall
far-eld pressure magnitudes associated with the radial drive are
considerably smaller than those of the transverse drive (i.e., forces
lying tangential to the shell surface cause more radiation than
forces acting in the normal direction). This may be explained by
the fact that, although normal forces energize more transverse
vibrations, but most of this vibrational energy is acoustically harm-
less; it is in the form of exural waves that, at frequencies below
the coincidence frequency of the shell plating, are subsonic in
phase speed and, hence, are not radiating [2]. This way, more of
the energy imparted to the shell goes into formation of evanescent
waves in the structural near eld, making this type of drive an inef-
cient acoustic radiator. Furthermore, the relatively broad oscilla-
tory pressure spectra associated with the radial and moment drives
(rst and third columns in Fig. 3), appear to primarily contain con-
tributions fromthe directly radiating waves. On the other hand, the
relatively sharp and high amplitude spectral peaks appearing in
the far-eld pressure response of the transversely excited shell
(second column in Fig. 3) indicate that the radiating shell-borne
waves associated with various modes of propagation on the
shell-uid boundary are primarily energized. In particular, forces
tangential to the shell surface appear to most efciently excite
shear and compressional waves in the shell, which in turn lead
to most efcient sound radiation [7]. Also, it is clear that increasing
the shell thickness causes an increase in the sharpness of the far-
eld pressure curves associated with a radial or moment drive
(see rst and third columns in Fig. 3). This implies that the direct
radiation effects gradually diminish as the shell thickness is in-
creased. Lastly, it appears that the difference between the far-eld
Fig. 5. The normalized azimuthal far-eld pressure directivity pattern, |p(R

= 10a
q
; h; u = p/2; x)/C(x)|, at selected dimensionless frequencies for the radially-driven,
transversely-driven, and moment-driven FGM shells of wall thickness h/a
q
= 0.1.
94 S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696
pressure curves of the ceramic rich (CR) and metal rich (MR) shells
in case of transverse excitation is considerably more that those for
the radial or moment excitation. This may be linked to the propa-
gation of the highly property-dependent shell borne waves in case
of transverse excitation.
Fig. 4 displays the normalized far-eld pressure directivity
pattern, |p(R

= 10a
q
; h, u, x)/C(x)|, in the xz plane (p/2 <
u < p/2), for the radially-driven, transversely-driven, and mo-
ment-driven FGM shells of wall thickness h/a
q
= 0.1, at selected
dimensionless frequencies (ka
q
= 0.1, 1, 10). Far-eld directivity
is useful and instructive not only because it shows the spatial
distribution of radiated acoustic energy, but also because it re-
ects the nature of that which produces the radiation. Comments
similar to the above remarks can readily be made. The most
important distinctions are as follow. At the lowest excitation fre-
quency (ka
q
= 0.1), the pressure distributions show the lowest
directionality with a dipole-like pattern, while they nearly en-
tirely overlap for the radially-excited and moment-excited shells.
The difference between the metal rich and ceramic rich patterns
for the transversely-driven shell may be linked to the excitation
of highly property-dependent shell borne (helical) waves men-
tioned earlier. As the excitation frequency increases (ka
q
= 1,
10), the directionality of dipole-like patterns gets severely dis-
torted (i.e., it cannot be described by any simple pattern), and
the strong overlapping effect formerly observed in the pressure
directivity of the radially-excited and moment-excited shells
(i.e., for ka
q
= 0.1) no longer exists. This can be explained by
the emergence of the property-dependent shear and compres-
sional shell-borne waves at intermediate and high excitation fre-
quencies. Furthermore, the nearly symmetric far-eld directivity
plots for the transversely-excited shell (second column in
Fig. 4), implies that direct radiations from the tangential force
are negligible in comparison with those from helical waves. Also,
one can readily note the absence of any noticeable far-eld radi-
ation below the cut-off angle of shell-borne waves in the trans-
versely-excited shell (u
s
c
~ 64

); even at ka
q
= 10, and regardless
of FGM material prole. As for the radially- or moment-driven
shells, on other hand, no helical wave radiation can reach the
far-eld below the cut-off angle within the insonied region
(0 < u < u
s
c
); and there is a notable primary lobe observed in
this region. Keeping in mind that the shell-borne (helical) waves
are not affected by the shadowing effects of the shell [7], the for-
mation of this primary lobe is linked to the direct radiation ef-
fects discussed earlier (also, note that these effects completely
disappear below the cut-off angle within the shadow region).
Thus, within the insonied region, all involving mechanisms are
expected to contribute to the far eld, the relative importance
of direct and helical wave radiation depends on both the obser-
vation angle and the orientation of the excitation force.
Fig. 5 displays the normalized far-eld pressure directivity
pattern, |p(R

= 10a
q
; h; u = p/2; x)/C(x)|, in the xy plane
(0 < h < p) at selected dimensionless frequencies (ka
q
= 0.1, 1,
10) for the radially-driven, transversely-driven, and moment-dri-
ven FGM shells of wall thickness h/a
q
= 0.1. Many of the previ-
ously made comments also apply here. The only other
observation is perhaps that the far-eld directivity of the basi-
cally softer metal rich radially- and moment-driven FGM shells
at the highest excitation frequency (ka
q
= 10) in the insonied re-
gion (0 < h < p/2) is perceptibly lower than that of the harder
ceramic rich shell. This point to the importance of direct radia-
tion effects in the former case (e.g., note the smoother directivity
pattern in the insonied region of the metal rich shell). On the
other hand, the essential invariance of pressure directivities in
the insonied region with respect to the material gradient prole
of the transversely-excited shell points to the insignicance of di-
rect radiation effects in this case.
4. Conclusions
An analytical vibro-acoustic model based on the three-dimen-
sional theory of elasticity is developed and exercised for the acous-
tic radiation from a uid-loaded functionally graded innite
hollow cylinder driven by concentrated harmonic loads. The meth-
od of stationary phase is used to numerically evaluate the formal
expression obtained for the radiated pressure in the far eld. The
most important observations are summarized as follows:
v Increasing the cylinder thickness leads to an overall decrease in
the far-eld pressure amplitudes, as well as a noticeable right-
ward shift in the spectral (resonance) peaks. The pressure spec-
trum of the FGM cylinder nearly overlaps with that of the
equivalent bilaminate cylinder, even for cylinders of moderate
wall thickness. As the cylinder thickness is greatly increased,
the difference becomes detectable, especially for the very thick
metal rich cylinder at high excitation frequencies.
v The moderately broad oscillatory pressure spectra computed for
the radial and circumferential moment drives are found to con-
tain contributions from the directly radiating waves. On the
other hand, the relatively sharp and high amplitude spectral
peaks corresponding to the transversely excited cylinder point
to the excitation of radiating shell-borne (helical) waves. The
radiation of these waves, which carry with them information
about the material properties, is unaffected by the shadowing
effects of the cylinder, and overwhelm the direct radiation
effects in some directions, making the transversely excited cyl-
inder a more efcient acoustic radiator. Also, increasing the cyl-
inder thickness causes a notable increase in the sharpness of the
far-eld pressure spectrum curves associated with the radial/
moment drives, implying the fall of direct radiation effects with
shell thickness.
v At very low excitation frequencies, the pressure directivity dis-
tributions show the lowest directionality with a dipole-like pat-
tern, and the metal rich patterns for the radial and moment
excitations nearly entirely overlap with the ceramic rich ones.
Conversely, the clear distinction between the metal rich and
ceramic rich patterns for the transversely-driven cylinder in a
wide range of frequencies is linked to the excitation of highly
property-dependent shell borne waves.
v The nearly symmetric far-eld polar (u) directivity plots with a
weak shadowing effect for the transversely-excited cylinder fur-
ther indicate that direct radiation from the tangential force is
negligible in comparison with the radiation due to helical waves.
Also, lack of any noticeable far-eld radiation below the cut-off
angle of shell-borne waves regardless of FGM material prole,
even at high excitation frequencies, is noted for the trans-
versely-excited cylinder. On the contrary, a notable primary lobe
is observed at the highest excitation frequency for the radially-
or moment-driven cylinder below the cut-off angle within the
insonied region, which is linked to the direct radiation effects.
v The smoother (lower directionality) and generally higher ampli-
tude far-eld azimuthal (h) pressure distributions in the inson-
ied region of the basically softer metal rich radially- and
moment-driven FGM cylinders at the highest excitation fre-
quency, in comparison with those of the harder ceramic rich cyl-
inder, is linked to the relative signicance of direct radiation
effects for the metal rich cylinder.
v Finally, it may be concluded that, except for the very thick cylin-
ders at high excitation frequencies (h/a
q
> 0.5, ka
q
> 10), the far-
eld acoustic radiation response of relatively complex FGM cyl-
inders may rather accurately be approximated with those of
equivalent bi-laminate cylinders, especially for the radially-
and moment-driven cylinders.
S.M. Hasheminejad, A. Ahamdi-Savadkoohi / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 8696 95
Appendix A
Elements of the Q
[j[
n
matrix are as follows:
Q
[j[
11;n
=
1
2
g
p
[J
n1
(g
[j[
p
r) J
n1
(g
[j[
p
r)[;
Q
[j[
12;n
=
1
2
g
p
[Y
n1
(g
[j[
p
r) Y
n1
(g
[j[
p
r)[;
Q
[j[
13;n
= nJ
n1
(g
[j[
s
r); Q
[j[
14;n
= nY
n1
(g
[j[
s
r);
Q
[j[
15;n
=
in
r
J
n
(g
[j[
s
r); Q
[j[
16;n
=
in
r
Y
n
(g
[j[
s
r);
Q
[j[
21;n
=
in
r
J
n
(g
[j[
p
r); Q
[j[
22;n
=
in
r
Y
n
(g
[j[
p
r);
Q
[j[
23;n
= nJ
n1
(g
[j[
s
r); Q
[j[
24;n
= nY
n1
(g
[j[
s
r);
Q
[j[
25;n
=
1
2
g
[j[
s
[J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r) J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)[;
Q
[j[
26;n
=
1
2
g
[j[
s
[Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r) Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)[;
Q
[j[
31;n
= inJ
n
(g
[j[
p
r); Q
[j[
32;n
= inY
n
(g
[j[
p
r);
Q
[j[
33;n
= ig
[j[
s
J
n
(g
[j[
s
r); Q
[j[
34;n
= ig
[j[
s
Y
n
(g
[j[
s
r);
Q
[j[
35;n
= 0; Q
[j[
36;n
= 0;
Q
[j[
41;n
= (k
[j[
k
2[j[
p
2l
[j[
g
2[j[
p
)J
n
(g
[j[
p
r)

1
r
l
[j[
g
[j[
p
(n 1)J
n1
(g
[j[
p
r) (n 1)J
n1
(g
[j[
p
r)
h i
;
Q
[j[
42;n
= (k
[j[
k
2[j[
p
2l
[j[
g
2[j[
p
)Y
n
(g
[j[
p
r)

1
r
l
[j[
g
[j[
p
(n 1)Y
n1
(g
[j[
p
r) (n 1)Y
n1
(g
[j[
p
r)
h i
;
Q
[j[
43;n
= 2l
[j[
n g
[j[
s
J
n
(g
[j[
s
r)
1
r
(n 1)J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)
!
;
Q
[j[
44;n
= 2l
[j[
n g
[j[
s
Y
n
(g
[j[
s
r)
1
r
(n 1)Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)
!
;
Q
[j[
45;n
=
i
r
l
[j[
n g
[j[
s
(J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r) J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r))
2
r
J
n
(g
[j[
s
r)
!
;
Q
[j[
46;n
=
i
r
l
[j[
n g
[j[
s
(Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r) Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r))
2
r
Y
n
(g
[j[
s
r)
!
;
Q
[j[
51;n
=
i
r
l
[j[
n
2
r
J
n
(g
[j[
p
r) g
[j[
p
(J
n1
(g
[j[
p
r) J
n1
(g
[j[
p
r))
!
;
Q
[j[
52;n
=
i
r
l
[j[
n
2
r
Y
n
(g
[j[
p
r) g
[j[
p
(Y
n1
(g
[j[
p
r) Y
n1
(g
[j[
p
r))
!
;
Q
[j[
53;n
= l
[j[
n g
[j[
s
J
n
(g
[j[
s
r)
2
r
(n 1)J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)
!
;
Q
[j[
54;n
= l
[j[
n g
[j[
s
Y
n
(g
[j[
s
r)
2
r
(n 1)Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)
!
;
Q
[j[
55;n
=
1
r
g
[j[
s
l
[j[
g
[j[
s
rJ
n
(g
[j[
s
r) (n 2)J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r) (n 2)J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)

;
Q
[j[
56;n
=
1
r
g
[j[
s
l
[j[
g
[j[
s
rY
n
(g
[j[
s
r) (n 2)Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r) (n 2)Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)

;
Q
[j[
61;n
= g
[j[
p
l
[j[
n J
n1
(g
[j[
p
r) J
n1
(g
[j[
p
r)
h i
;
Q
[j[
62;n
= g
[j[
p
l
[j[
n Y
n1
(g
[j[
p
r) Y
n1
(g
[j[
p
r)
h i
;
Q
[j[
63;n
= l
[j[
(g
[j[
s
n)(g
[j[
s
n)J
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)
1
rg
[j[
s
n(g
2[j[
s
2n
2
)J
n
(g
[j[
s
r)
" #
;
Q
[j[
64;n
= l
[j[
(g
[j[
s
n)(g
[j[
s
n)Y
n1
(g
[j[
s
r)
1
rg
[j[
s
n(g
2[j[
s
2n
2
)Y
n
(g
[j[
s
r)
" #
;
Q
[j[
65;n
=
1
r
l
[j[
nnJ
n
(g
[j[
s
r); Q
[j[
66;n
=
1
r
l
[j[
nnY
n
(g
[j[
s
r):
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