Designing Digital Systems: The Digital Fridge Case Study

Furrukh Ali Baig (10284249) Students (Human Computer Interaction) University of Hertfordshire

May 2011

Table of Contents Table of Contents..........................................................................................................2 Acknowledgement.....................................................................................................3 1 Introduction............................................................................................................4 2 Current Principles and Standards.......................................................................4 2.1 ISO-9241..........................................................................................................4 2.2 My proposed Approach....................................................................................6 3 User and Usage Modeling.....................................................................................7 3.1 User Analysis....................................................................................................7 3.2 Usage Analysis.................................................................................................8 3.3 User Typing......................................................................................................9 3.4 User Profile.....................................................................................................10 4 Scenarios: Usage Example.................................................................................14 5 Hierarchical Task Analysis.................................................................................15 6 Requirement Specification.................................................................................17 6.1 Project Drivers................................................................................................17 6.2 Project Constraints.........................................................................................18 6.3 Functional Requirements................................................................................19 6.4 Non-Functional Requirements........................................................................19 6.5 Project Issues.................................................................................................20 6.6 Possible Extensions.......................................................................................20 7 Designs.................................................................................................................21 7.1 Story Boards...................................................................................................21 7.2 Prototype........................................................................................................23 8 Review of Work....................................................................................................25 Furrukh Ali Baig (10284249) Page 2 of 26

8.1 References..........25 8.2 Bibliography............26

Acknowledgements I like to acknowledge the support of our colleagues who participated in the mini projects and discussion regarding digital fridge on study net from where this work initiated. I would also acknowledge Martina A. Doolan, our module leader for guiding us at every point when we got stuck, as well as the input of any supervisor or other internal or external assistance because without their effort, the completion of the report would not have been possible.

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Introduction
The aim of this project is to introduce a new digital fridge by DF to the electronic market which is highly equipped with the latest technology elements and is easy to use. The fridge is highly equipped with automatic ordering through specialized e-commerce websites, can perform calls over 2G and 3G networks, have CCTV monitoring and facilitate the end user through latest recipes available. The whole computer system is an integrated part of the fridge and the fridge software runs in KIOSK mode which can be operated through a 15 inch touch screen monitor. The fridge also provides its user with recipes, which helps them to make new food for themselves and family.

Current Principles and Standards

ISO are one of the most effective and suitable usability standards.ISO is a worldwide standardization organization which develops international standards and identifies set of distinct four aims for standards, 1) Cooperative Understanding 2) Health, Safety and Protection of environment 3) Interface & interchange ability 4) Fitness for purpose.

ISO-9241
ISO-9241 consists of various parts and each part deals with particular category. Part 3 is specialized for Visual Display Requirements that deals with design issues for visual display terminals and its performance. Part 5 of the ISO-9241 deals with Workstation layout and postural requirements which explains the workplace in which the user can easily adopt a comfortable and efficient posture. Part 7 is about Display requirements with Reflection which explains the amount of glare and various forms of reflections from display screens. Part 9Requirements for non-keyboard input devices explains in depth the requirement of input devices such as mouse, touch screens and other pointing devices along with their performance tests.

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Part 12 Presentation of information deals with specific issues involved in representing and presenting information in visual forms. Part 13 is about User Guidance that explains more about different forms of user guidance including tutorials, documentation, help videos and error-handling systems. Part 14 Menu Dialogues contains a large number of information regarding relevant researches.

Justification and Explanation

ISO-9241 suits best to this project and evaluation of ISO-9241 over the project is as following. Part 3 The LED touch screen of the fridge should be stable, legible and stable under normal circumstances. Part 5 o o o o Versatility/flexibility It should be possible to perform various tasks at the digital fridge. Fit- In a digital fridge a fit needs to be there between the tasks performs and the needs. Posture Digital fridge encourages the user to perform tasks during different postures. Maintenance/ adaptability Maintenance access should be easy and should be able to adopt the changing requirements. Part 7- LED touch screen should give best quality picture in day lights and should have proper image luminance ratio with reflections. Part 9 - It is considered useable if users can attain an acceptable level of performance on a specified task in digital fridge and uphold an acceptable level of attempt, satisfaction and should achieved best results when usability test is executed on the digital fridge. Part 12 The users can easily perform the perceptual tasks very easily on the digital fridge like searching for information on the screen. Seven guiding principles should be fulfilled by the information provided such as; clarity, consistency, detect ability, comprehensibility etc. Part 13 The digital fridge should have some help and video tutorials for the users to help them going through the software, direct error reporting should be there to report any error occurred in the fridge.

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Part 14 Hierarchical menu is recommended in the fridge software to have more easily access through different options. Wide scrolling bars would allow user to have more accessibility font and menu size may be resizable to achieve more usability.

My Proposed Approach
The fridge is highly equipped with latest technology and is in accordance with the ISO-9241 standards. The fridge should have 15 inch touch screen monitor in compliance with the part 3, 5 & 7 of the ISO-9241, each section of the software contains the main menu shortcut so that any transaction can be terminated at any time which enhances the usability. Menu is designed in hierarchical structure along with themes for particular user to have more interaction with the fridge which is in accordance with the ISO-9241 Part-14 and Part-12, a user logs in through its gesture and particular theme and personal settings will appear according to that user, the gesture in implemented on the touch screen and fulfil the ISO9241 Part 9. The fridge also provides its user with recipes, which helps them to make new food for themselves and family. The help section of the software also provides video tutorial for user assistance and firmware update option to update their firmware for better performance and functionality according to ISO-9241 Part-13. The fridge is equipped with a bar code reader that will allow the user to update their food list database along with food expiry details. The GPRS modem is built in the system which is compatible with 2G and 3G networks and allows user to make calls through the fridge for this purpose a MIC and a speaker is integrated in the system to have better voice quality and they should be in compliance with the ISO-9241 Part-9. The digital fridge can be connected to a printer in order to print list of items for the user who wanted to buy any item by going physically to the store. For automated ordering through specialized e-commerce websites, an Ethernet port is provided so that the fridge can be easily connected over internet.

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User and Usage Modelling

User Analysis

Persona 1: Maria Rabello Maria is a doctor by education but now caring her family by acting as a housewife .She is 35 of age having two children, both them are school going .She is familiar with computer and knows how to operate it; as she operates the computer often. She is a very careful and conscious about cleanliness. She likes going out for shopping because according to her its the only time she spent for herself and enjoys it a lot. She is a very social kind of lady and invites friends to her place for dinner parties very frequently. She is a very good cook and loves to experiment in preparing new kind of dishes. Maria is very health conscious and relies on the new food recipes which give herself and her family a very good health, in terms of proper nutritions provide by the daily food.

Persona 2: Ian Johnson Ian is a student at a first degree college. He is 23 of age and a bachelor by marital status. He lives alone in a rented house. Being a student he is well familiar with computer and internet. Ian is very lazy in doing house work and is very careless in all terms. He hates shopping as it is a waste of time going and browsing around for stuff, on the other hand he

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prefers online shopping so that in this way he can save the time for his studies. He is not social at all as he didnt find any leisure time except his studies. He hates cooking food and most of the time prefer ready to eat meals; for him food is an essential part of his life, so he just prefer eating them rather than going into nutrition or fat values.

Usage Analysis
Usage Analysis is the scenario in which knowledge of usage statistic is achieved. Persona 1: Maria Rabello Frequency of Use: Maria being a housewife; the frequency of using digital fridge is very high or very much. Duration of Use: If 15 minutes are taken each time to complete a transaction on digital fridge then duration of use may range from 1hr to 3 hrs daily.(Assumption: Breakfast, Brunch, Lunch, Supper, Dinner; if each transaction takes 15 min. then it sum up to 1hr 15 min.) Environment of Use: The environment is a clean/tidy/neat kitchen, as Maria being a doctor and housewife is very careful about tidiness and cleanliness resulting in non oily and non dusty environment. Interruptions: Interruptions may have two types, Hardware interruptions and Software interruptions. Hardware Interruption: Hardware Interruption is less in Maria case; as she will carefully handle the fridge doors and accessories. Software Interruption: Software interruption is also less in Maria case; as she will also carefully use the software of digital fridge. Persona 2: Ian Johnson Frequency of Use: Ian being a student; the frequency of using digital fridge is an average use.

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Duration of Use: If 15 minutes are taken each time to complete a transaction on digital fridge then duration of use may range from 30 min to 1hrs 30 min daily. (Assumption: Breakfast, Supper, Dinner; if each transaction takes 15 min. then it sum up to 45 min.) Environment of Use: The environment is a dirty/untidy kitchen, as Ian being a student and careless person cleans the kitchen often resulting in dusty and oily environment. Interruptions: Interruptions may have two types, Hardware interruptions and Software interruptions. Hardware Interruption: Hardware Interruption is high in Ian case; as he will roughly handle the fridge doors and accessories causing damage of touch screen or barcode scanning hardware error. Software Interruption: Software interruption is also high in Ian case; as he will also roughly use the software causing stack overflow of multi operation overload of random access memory in digital fridge.

User Typing

Cook: This is one of the user types which are mainly concerned with fetching and putting food into digital fridge along side with getting help through recipes. Manager: This is the manager of the retail store which is concerned with the training of the retail staff so that the retail staff will furthermore elaborate the features and working of the digital fridge to their customers, who comes in the store in seek interest in having a demonstration of the digital fridge from the store staff. (Assumption: for this reason there should be a manager tab inside the help menu, which has a video illustration or a video demo, providing information on using the features of digital fridge.) Valued End Users: These types of user are most valued and are the end users of the fridge, who goes to the retail store and buys the digital fridge for their personal use. Their concerned is to use all the functionalities and options being provided by the digital fridge. User Typing Relation with Persona: Maria and Ian are ours valued end users in full and cook in partial as their needs lie within both categories.

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User Profiling
Persona 1: Maria Rabello Characteristics Type of User Notes on characteristics Novice Requirements Implied Easy operation of functionality and step by step procedures Age Range 30 55 required May have colour blindness or visual acuity. Features in Application Menu listing and hierarchical structure of menu is provided along with scroll bar. A sober colour theme with attractive colours is implemented, without having red and green colour in any theme. Large Icons with labels are also Frequency of Use High Fast processing and less time to complete transaction. provided. Menu and Scrolling is provided with least number of steps to complete each Computer Experience Beginner Less complexity of browsing around the software. transaction. Icons with labels provided in the menu to have visual ease too. All options are provided on the main menu to have a step by step procedure.

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Video tutorial also provided in help Education Doctor/Bachelors Degree General terminologies required for user without having Goals Easy Operation computers degree Specific, menu tabs required. section. Easy and general words are used for browsing within the menus. Menu tabs along with labels which are in hierarchy is provided alongside with wide Language skills English (UK) Multiple languages scroll bars. Languages of most of the countries are Training Training required Training may be required due to novice computer user provided. Tutorial on how to use this fridge is provided in the help section along with Other system used MS Windows Dont able to browse into any other feature except the digital fridge Time Factor High priority software. Fast access to options required video demo. The software executing in a KIOSK mode , Software is light weight created and tested before deploying providing high access in menus and in completing any Others Relevant/Accurate -transaction. --

Persona 2: Ian Johnson Characteristics Notes on characteristics Requirements Implied Features in Application

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Type of User

Beginner

Easy operation of functionality and step by step procedures required May have specific moods different times.

Menu listing and hierarchical structure of menu is provided along with scroll bar. A sober colour theme with different moods is implemented, without having red and green colour in any theme. Large Icons with labels are also provided. Menu and Scrolling is provided with least number of steps to complete each transaction, hardware and software is high quality passed. Icons with labels provided in the menu to have visual ease too. All options are provided on the main menu to have a step by step procedure. General words are used for browsing within the menus. Menu tabs along with labels which are in hierarchy is provided alongside with wide scroll bars. Languages of most of the countries are provided. Tutorial on how to

Age Range

20 35

Frequency of Use

Low, often, rough use

Fast processing and less time to complete transaction, as the user is careless.

Computer Experience

Expert

May stuck in some case.

Education

First Degree College

General terminologies required. Specific, menu tabs required.

Goals

Easy Operation

Language skills

English (UK)

Multiple languages

Training

No Training

May stuck in some

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required

options.

use this fridge is provided in the help section along with video demo. The software is executing in a KIOSK mode , Software is light weight created and tested before deploying providing high access in menus and in completing any transaction. --

Other system used

MS Windows

Dont able to browse into any other feature except the digital fridge software. Fast access to options required

Time Factor

High priority

Others

Relevant/Accurate

--

Scenario: Usage Example.

Persona 1: Maria Rabello

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Its a quite nice sunny afternoon and Maria decided to eat some oranges, she all of sudden went to her brand new digital fridge and applies her personal gesture among the 9 dots on the screen which brings up all her personalized settings like themes. She then touches the Food Details icon from where she can then goes to get food icon. In the get food menu she will select fruits so that oranges can be selected further, after selecting oranges she will select the quantity of oranges that she wanted to withdraw from the fridge. After selecting quantity she will click open door to get her oranges from the fridge, on closing the door she smiled in response to see a thank you and transaction complete message on the screen. Assumption: * login is only used to maintain the personalized settings like theme colour etc. for that particular user * Quantity of food is based on the food which is placed in the fridge after barcode scanning. * After Open door click, the door will release the lock automatically but the transaction would not be completed until the food is scanned by barcode reader and the door is closed. Persona 2: Ian Johnson Its a busy morning and john has a lot of things in his to dos list, at first he wants to order some juices online so that he can refresh himself. He rushes towards his new shiny digital fridge and applies his gesture among the nine dots, the whole themes changes to blue colour which cheers his mood. He then click on the ordering icon from the main menu and goes to item category list that is provided by Sainsburys , he clicked on juices and order 1 ltr marinda for himself, as there is a offer by the store on 12 marinda so he order this quantity in the quantity section. He then click on the button which says order online as he doesnt want to go to the store physically. He inserted his personal details and click done. Now he is relaxing on his chair and waiting for his drink to deliver as he gets the confirmation receipt of his order which also relaxes him in security purposes. Assumption: * login is only used to maintain the personalized settings like theme colour etc. for that particular user * only those stores are mentioned in the store selection menu which has specific maintained e-commerce websites. * The list of items and prices are fetched from their websites by parsing the website data, so that it can be easily accessed by the end user in KIOSK mode. *Print list will automatically print the list of items clicked from external printer; this functionality is for those users who want to shop that particular store physically.

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*User id and password will be entered through gesture recognition system; this system is the same as the one which is used for login purpose.

Hierarchical Task Analysis

Persona 1: Maria Rabello 1. In order to get food from digital fridge. 1. Apply personalized gesture to log in. 2. Click Food Details icon on main menu. 3. Click Get Food icon from food details menu. 4. Now click particular Category from Get Food menu. 4.1 Click the particular item from list. 4.2Click the button to confirm the quantity. 4.3 Click Open door to release door lock. 5. Take out the specific food. 6. Scan the barcode from barcode reader. 7. Close the door to complete transaction.

In order to get food from digital fridge

Plan 0: do 1-2-3-4.1-4.2-4.3-5-6-7

Apply personalized gesture to log in

Click Food Details icon on main menu

Click Get Food icon from food details menu

Now click particular Category in Get Food menu 4

Take out the specific food

Scan the barcode from barcode reader.

Close the door to complete transaction

Click the particular item from list

4. 1

Click the button to confirm the quantity 4.

Click Open door to release door lock

4.3

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Persona 2: Ian Johnson 0. In order to shop food from digital fridge. 1. Apply personalized gesture to log in. 2. Click Ordering icon from main menu. 3. Select store from store list. 3.1 Click on food items category. 3.2 Click on particular item from the list. 4. Insert the quantity by clicking on the touch nomad & then click done. 5. Choose Place order Online. 5.1 Enter User Name and Password through gesture system and then click done. 5.2 Click Print after confirmation receipt is shown or else click done.

In order to shop food from digital fridge 0

Plan 0: do 1-2-3-4.1-4.2-4.3-5-6-7

Apply personalized gesture to log in

1

Click Ordering icon from main menu 2

Select store from store list

Insert the quantity & then click done

Choose Place order online from the menu

5 Plan 5: do 5.1 -5.2

Plan3: do 3.1 -3.2

Click on food items category 3.

1

Click on particular item from the list.

3.2

Enter User Name and Password & Click Done. 5. 1

Click one option for transaction completion. 5.2

Requirements and Specification

Project Drivers Furrukh Ali Baig (10284249) Page 16 of 26

The Purpose of Product Cook: This is one of the user types which are mainly concerned with fetching and putting food into digital fridge along side with getting help through recipes. Manager: This is the manager of the retail store which is concerned with the training of the retail staff so that the retail staff will furthermore elaborate the features and working of the digital fridge to their customers, who comes in the store in seek interest in having a demonstration of the digital fridge from the store staff. (Assumption: for this reason there should be a manager tab inside the help menu, which has a video illustration or a video demo, providing information on using the features of digital fridge.) Valued End Users: These types of user are most valued and are the end users of the fridge, who goes to the retail store and buys the digital fridge for their personal use. Their concerned is to use all the functionalities and options being provided by the digital fridge. Other Stakeholders: Stakeholders Client Developing /Test Team Sales Outlets Intrest Digital Fridge PLC. --Train the store staff regarding the goods of the digital fridge. End Users Main User of the fridge To get the best out of the digital fridge, the digital fridge is capable to parse the data Food Delivery Companies from major stores websites and will show them on orderings menu, from where the user can order .These major stores are like Sainsburys, Asda etc.

Project Constraints
Mandated Constraints System should be running in Kiosk mode. 1) There should be no keyboard, not even virtual keyboard.

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2) Input and Output of food is done via barcode scanner. 3) Red and Green Colour should not be used; as this colour is not suitable for eye blind persons. 4) Internet Connection is provided to the fridge. 5) GPRS modem should be build within the fridge to make calls. 6) The Lock should be semi automatic that can be open through hand as well as by the fridge software. 7) The cooling system of the fridge can be controlled by software. 8) Speaker and Mic is provided to dial and receive calls. Naming Conventions & Assumptions None Defined. Relevant facts & Assumptions 1) System must be integrated within the digital fridge. 2) Barcode Reader is also an integral part of the digital fridge. 3) GPRS modem is also an integral part of the digital fridge. 4) Camera should be integrated at the top of the fridge to cover wide area for CCTV. 5) System Interface should not be window based its a full screen interface with no cancellation button; to stop the KIOSK mode. Display Requirements 1) The screen should be an LED (Light Emitting diode) screen, so that better resolution and quality can be achieved in day times or in high light areas. 2) Fonts should be Arial, 14 size by default but can be changed by the user according to their needs. 3) Screen size should not be more or less than 381mm or 15 inches.

Functional Requirement
1) The screen should be an LED (Light Emitting diode) screen, so that better resolution and quality can be achieved in day times or in high light areas.

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2) The software for gesture recognition should be fast enough to capture all gestures that are made by the users. 3) The overall computer system handling all the functionality should be updated/latest enough to handle multiple transactions at a single time. 4) Barcode reader is an essential part of the system. 5) CCTV is an essential part of the system. 6) GPRS modem should be able to handle all kind of latest technology up-to-date i.e. 2G or 3G. 7) The lock is a semi controlled lock so that the door can be unlocked by the user as well as by the software. 8) The cooling system of the fridge can be controlled by the software too. 9) Speaker and Mic is integrated within the system to dial and receive calls. 10) Ethernet port is provided within the fridge with a LAN Modem, in order to connect the fridge with the internet. 11) A hard disk of acceptable range is integrated in the system, to record at least 24 hours of CCTV, address book for calling and database of record of food stuff for online and offline transactions.

Non-Functional Requirements

1. Attractive colour themes should be used, Red and green colours should be avoided to help old age and colour blind persons. 2. A firmware update option should be in listed in the help and setting menu to update firmware at any time. 3. Possible error occurs in the system should be reported to the fridge company via internet to improve the quality of software. 4. Fonts should be Arial, 14 sizes by default but can be changed by the user according to their needs. 5. Screen size should not be more or less than 381mm or 15 inches. 6. It may have circuit security fuses built in with the system so that if any part of the fridge fails, it will not damage the other parts of the machine. 7. A device for voltage stabilizing can be used to avoid voltage fluctuations. 8. Fridge may have an error reporting too which also reports the user and company regarding any malfunctioning or damage of any electrical/software part within the fridge, to end user the fridge may pop up a window on screen giving warning regarding the fault and a button for seeking technical assistance can be pressed to inform the company.

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Project Issues and their Solutions

The fridge may have these major issues; Problem # 1 May not target the market of rural or countryside areas of country as most of them may have their own language. Solution Display elements can be used in variety to eliminate the language usage. Problem # 2 The price of the digital fridge may be high due to such functionality and components integration which may lead towards a market failure rather than a success. Solution Fridge may have different models with low, medium and high functionality and the price of the fridge may vary, depending upon the model. Problem # 3 Lack of response from the maintenance team causes bad customer reviews regarding the product that basically influence the whole project. Solution Proper and prompt maintenance team, having highly skilled workers to solve issues may lead to success of the overall project.

Possible Extension
1) Xtraytm by bartech can be implemented in the digital fridge, Xtraytm is a tray that can be fixed anywhere inside the fridge, it will detect the item automatically regardless the size and weight of the object this can be implemented to get fully automatic inventory of stuff in the digital fridge.[1] 2) E baskettm by bartech can be implemented in the vegetable sections to detect the vegetable automatically that are placed in the vegetable section.[1] 3) Shock proof doors can be implemented in the digital fridge to avoid any damage by rough usage. [3]

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4) Simple LED screen can be replaced by SAMSUNG AMOLED screens to get better picture quality and resolution in day times.[2] 5) The body of fridge can be replaced from plastic to stainless steel or special UV coating can be done in order to avoid scratches and rust.[3] 6) Specialized applications can be added to the software to make the digital fridge more attractive and advanced like VOIP, video conferencing (Skype Add-ons can be added ) and gaming software that are based on gesture recognition (e.g. Kinnect by XBOX 360 can be integrated).

Designs
Story Boards
Persona 1: Maria Rabello

Maria will come towards the frdige.

She applies her personalized gesture to Login.

She will go through the heirarchical menu.

Shw will click on the open door button in menu and the opens itself

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She will take out the fruits she wanted and the fridge will be showing her a thank you screen.
Persona 2: Ian Johnson

Ian will walk towards the frdige in the kitchen

He will apply his personalized gesture

He will then browse into the herarchical menu

He will then put up his credit card details through gesture system

After payment he will send a print out the receipt to the printer

He will then walk away with the confirmation receipt.

Prototype Furrukh Ali Baig (10284249) Page 22 of 26

Prototype applications are usually more complete implementations, whereas storyboards cover a limited set of (usually static) screens.

How Maria Rabello get food from Digital Fridge.

(Assumptions are cleared at the bottom of this table) 2. 14 inches screen with 9 visible dots for 3. Icons along with their Labels should be gesture recognition. used.

Heirarchical menu approch used with home button on every screen to cancel transaction.

Heirarchical menu approch with visible icons and labels.

Wide scroll bar for easy navigation and items in a list format for easy navigation.

Quantity fetched from database visible numbers.

Semi automatic lock will release on pressing this button.

Greeting message after completion of transaction to ease customers.

Assumption: * login is only used to maintain the personalized settings like theme colour etc. for that

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particular user * Quantity of food is based on the food which is placed in the fridge after barcode scanning. * After Open door click, the door will release the lock automatically but the transaction would not be completed until the food is scanned by barcode reader and the door is closed. Persona 2: Ian Johnson

How Ian Johnson shop online from Digital Fridge.

(Assumptions are cleared at the bottom of this table.) Easy nine dots gesture system for Home icon on every page to cancel any customers. operation at any time.

Specialized maintained e-commerce store websites integeration.

Icon along with label for easy navigation .

Wide scroll bars with listing of items easy to understand. Home button on every page to cancel transaction any time.

Easy quantity entry by pressing the big large visible numbers.

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Wide scroll bar for easy navigation ,two options either print out list of items or place order.

Credit card details can be inserted through gesture system fast,easy.

Greeting message after completion of transaction to ease customers

Assumption: * login is only used to maintain the personalized settings like theme colour etc. for that particular user * only those stores are mentioned in the store selection menu which has specific maintained websites. * The list of items and prices are fetched from their websites by parsing the website data, so that it can be easily accessed by the end user in KIOSK mode. *Print list will automatically print the list of items clicked from external printer; this functionality is for those users who want to shop that particular store physically. *User id and password will be entered through gesture recognition system; this system is the same as the one which is used for login purpose.

References
1. Bartech (1988), Automatic Minibar -Special Projects [Online] Available at: http://www.bartech.com/minibars.php# [Accessed on: 10-4-2011]. 2. Samsung, AMOLED Screens [Online] Available at: http://amoled.samsungsdi.com/ [Accessed on: 10-4-2011]. 3. Won-Jin Kim(2009), Effective Design of Cushioning Package to Improve Shockproof Characteristics of Large-Sized Home Appliances [Online] Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a909289609 [Accessed on: 11-04-2011].

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4. Microsoft, Kinnect for XBOX-360 [Online] Available at: http://www.xbox.com/enGB/kinect [Accessed on: 11-04-2011]. 5. Elissa Baxter, (2010) Failure to Launch [Online] Available at: http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/failure-to-launch-20100120-mk8g.html [Accessed on: 12-04-2011]. 6. Preece Robbers, (2002), Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction [Online] Available at: http://oro.open.ac.uk/5250/ [Accessed on: 15-04-2011]. 7. Ben Shneiderman, (2010), Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction [Online] Available at: http://www.amazon.com/DesigningUser-Interface-Human-Computer-Interaction/dp/0321197860 [Accessed on: 20-04-2011]. 8. Baldiris ET. Al. (2007), Towards User modelling and Adaptive System for All,

[Online] Available at: http://labsrepos.iit.demokritos.gr/conferences/UM2007/UM2007_WS5_TUMAS.pdf Accessed on: 25-04-2011].

9. Webmaster, (2007), Fridge of the future [Online] Available at: http://uk.danfossuniverse.com/page2076.aspx [Accessed on: 25-04-2011].

Bibliography
1. Peerce Rogers, Interaction Design, John Wiley & Sons 2002. 2. Christine Faulker, Essence of Human Computer Interaction, prentice hall 1998. 3. Alan Dix, Janet Finlay, Human Computer Interaction 3rd Ed. , Prentice Hall, 2004. 4. P.Johnson, Human Computer Interaction, McGraw-Hill, 1992. 5. Ben Shneiderman, Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective HumanComputer Interaction, 5th ed., Pearson 2005. 6. Jens Rasmussen, Henning B. Andersen, Niels Ole Bernsen, Human Computer Interaction: Research Directions in Cognitive Science, Vol.3, USA: IEA 2 1991. 7. Linda Macaulay, Human Computer Interaction for Software Designers, UK: International Thomson Computer Press 1995. 8. M.Harrison & H. Thimbleby, Formal Methods in Human Computer Interaction , UK: Cambridge University Press 1990.

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