FIRST AID OBJECTIVES: After hours of varied teaching-learning activities, the level III students will be able to:

1. Define the following terms: 1.1 First Aid 1.2 Emergency care 1.3 Hemorrhage 1.4 Hematoma 1.5 Trauma 2. Explain the following in first aid as to its: 2.1 Purpose 2.2 Needs and values 3. Determine characteristics of a good first aider. 4. Identify the clothe materials commonly used in first aid. 5. Enumerate the guidelines for giving emergency care. 6. State the golden rules of emergency care. 7. Determine the hindrances in giving emergency care.

DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. First aid an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care medical assistance is not available or delayed. 2. Emergency care is an immediate health care procedure done to protect an emergency victim and keeping him safe from further injury, shock or other incidents. 3. Hemorrhage escape of blood from a ruptured vessels, externally or internally. 4. Hematoma an accumulation of blood within the tissue that clots to form a solid swelling. refers to physical wound or injury produced by external forces. Psychological definition: an emotional shock or an experience that has a more or 5. Trauma

less permanent effect of the mind especially the subconscious mind. FIRST AID AS TO ITS: 1. Purpose a. To alleviate pain. b. To prevent added / further injury / danger. c. To prolong life. 2. Needs and Values of First Aid a. To minimize, if not, totally prevent accident. b. To prevent added injury or danger. c. To train people to do the right thing at the right time. d. Accident happens and sudden illnesses are common and often serious. e. People very often harm rather than help. f. Proper and immediate care is necessary to save life.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER 1. Observant should notice all signs. 2. Resourceful should make the best use of things at hand. 3. Gentle should not cause pain. 4. Tactful should not alarm the victim. 5. Empathetic should be comforting. CLOTHE MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN FIRST AID 1. Dressing a. definition: any sterile cloth materials used to cover the wound. b. other uses: b.1 control bleeding b.2 protects wound from infection b.3 absorbs liquid from the wound such as blood, plasma and pus c. kinds of dressing c.1 roller gauze c.2 square or eye pads c.3 adhesive 2. Bandages -any clean cloth materials sterile or not, used to hold the dressing in place. GUIDELINES FOR GIVING EMERGENCY CARE 1. Getting started a. Planning an action b. Gathering of needed materials c. Initial response as follows:

A ask for help I intervene D do not further harm 2. Emergency Action Principles a. b. c. d. Survey the scene. Do a primary survey of the victim. Activate medical assistance / transfer facility. Do a secondary survey of the victim.

Survey the scene Is the scene safe? What happened? How many people are injured? Are there bystanders who can help? Identify yourself as a trained First Aider.

Do a primary survey of the scene Check for vital body functions: A Airway Is the victim conscious? If the victim is conscious, assess breathing. If the victim is conscious, start immediately airway management (open airway) Is the victim breathing? If the victim is breathing, is it shallow or deep? Does he appear to be choking? Is he cyanotic, suggesting poor oxygenation? If the victim appears to have any difficulty breathing immediately support his breathing (maintain adequate open airway). If the victim is not breathing, provide initial ventilation.

B Breathing

C Circulation Is the victims heart beating? If it is, then how is it? (assess pulse) If not, perform CPR. Is he severely bleeding? If he is, control bleeding. Is the patient unconscious? Does the patient complain of back pain? Is there altered sensation? Is there any part soaked in blood? Does the chest heaves in gasping attempt to breath? Is the environment a threat to the patient?

D Disability

E Expose and Environment

3. Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or Transfer Facility A bystander should make the telephone call for help (if available). A bystander will be requested to call for a physician. Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility.

4. Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance: What happened? Number of persons injured. Extent of injury and first aid given. Telephone number from where you are calling. Person who activated medical assistance must drop the phone last.

Do a secondary survey of the victim do the head to toe assessment follow the: D Deformities C Contusion A Abrasion P Pain B Bleeding T Tenderness L Laceration S Swelling

D- Directly O-Observed T-Treatment or Therapy S-Short-course GOLDEN RULES OF EMERGENCY CARE 1. What to do: a. Do obtain consent, when possible. b. Do think the worst; its best to administer first aid for the gravest possibility: c. Do call or send for help. d. Do remember to identify yourself to the victim. e. Do provide comfort and emotional support. f. Do respect the victims modesty and physical privacy. g. Do be as calm and as direct as possible. h. Do care for the most serious injuries first. i. Do assist the victim with his of her prescription medication. j. Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.

k. Do handle the victim to a minimum. l. Do loosen tight clothing. 2. What not to do: a. Do not further harm the victim like the ff: -trying to arouse an unconscious victim -administering fluid/alcoholic drink b. Do not let the victim see his own injury. c. Do not leave the victim alone except to get help. d. Do not assume that the victims obvious injuries are the only ones. e. Do not deny a victims physical or emotional coping limitation. f. Do not make any unrealistic promises. g. Do not trust the judgment of a confused victim. h. Do not require the victim to make decision. HINDRANCES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE 1. Unfavorable surrounding a. night time b. crowded city streets; churches; shopping mall c. busy highways d. cold or rainy weather e. lack of necessary materials or helpers 2. Presence of crowds a. Crowds curiously watch, sometimes heckle, sometimes offer incorrect advice. b. They may demand haste in transportation or attempt other improper procedures. c. A good examination is difficult while a crowd look on.

3. Pressure from victims and relatives a. The victim usually welcome help, but if he is drunk, he is often hard to examine and handle, and is often misleading in his responses. b. The hysteria of relatives or victim, the evidence of pain, blood and possible early death, exert great pressure on the first aider. c. The first aider may fail to examine carefully and may be persuaded to do what he would know in calm moments to be wrong.