INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT INSECT PESTS OF WINTER VEGETABLES

Dr. Syed Nurul Alam

Entomology Division, BARI Joydebpur, Gazipur

PROBLEM

Vegetable crops are highly prone to pest attacks. Farmers look for quick fix to protect their crops.

Devastating Outbreak of a borer pest Spodoptera litura

Chalan Bill Area, Sirajganj

18 January 2008

Devastating Outbreak of S. litura

Lathyrus

Mung

Chili

Okra

Aroids

Tomato

Spodoptora on different crops

Management of S. litura

Action Taken (IPM Package)

Release of larval parasitoid Bracon habetor @ 1200 adult/ha/week Mass trapping of S. litura males by sex pheromone water trap (BARI trap) from the seedling stage of the crop at 30 No chemical insecticide spray at all.

Different borer and sucking pests are becoming serious threat to crop production, especially vegetable crops.

Main reasons:
Indiscriminate use of toxic chemical pesticides. Effect of climate change?

In Bangladesh due to indiscriminate use of pesticides, its consumption increased several folds in the last decade.
60,000
Pesticide consumption (ton)

2500
Pesticide use rate/ha

50,000 40,000

2000 1500

30,000 1000 20,000 10,000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year 500 0

In Bangladesh during 1997-2008, pesticide consumption increased 328.4% and per ha pesticide use increased 598.8%.

Year wise insecticides use pattern in Bangladesh

Daily Star August 28, 2007

Upazilla: Shahjahanpur, District: Bogra

NEWS IN RTV, JANUARY 2008

Farmers in Islampur, Jamalpur are seriously suffering from Eggplant shoot and fruit borer infestation
One farmers harvest only 120 Kg healthy Eggplant out of 2000 kg. Infestation rate by Egg plant Shoot & Fruit Borer (ESFB) was 94%. Even after spraying of cocktails of insecticides at two days interval

Indiscriminate use of toxic chemical pesticides lead to the 3 sad Rs: Resistance, Resurgence and Residues. Elimination of natural enemies of pests. Upsetting the ecological balance. Environmental degradation /pollution . Beyond the identities. economics: farmer, practices and

Enter food chain and lead to bioaccumulation and biomagnifications.

Safety of our future generation is a big challenge now.

Consequence.

Pest resistance
Eggplant fruit & shoot borer

Country bean pod borer

Helicoverpa armigera

Consequence.

Pest resistance
Diamond back moth

Whitefly

Red spider mites

Jassid

Thrips

Outbreak of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura

Case study:
Tarash, Sirajganj / Singra, Natore

Insecticide use pattern in different crops

Source: Bangladesh Crop Protection Association

Source: Bangladesh Crop Protection Association 1.6

90 80 70
Percent of total use

79.93
1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4

60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Kg or liter/ha

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

9.5

10.56
0.2

0.2

Rice

Vegetables
Crops

Others

0 Rice Vegetables Crops ESFB

Insecticide use pattern on different crops during 2006

Intensity of insecticide use in different crops during 2006

One of the main weakness of chemical pesticides is Ignorance about

the effect of natural enemies, predators, parasitoids and microbial on pest population.

Detritivores 19%

Harbivores 17%

Detritivores 8% Neutral 15%

Harbivores 23%

Parasitoids 24% Predators 40%

Parasitoids 22% Predators 32%

Bio-diversity in lowland irrigated rice in Indonesia (Settle et al., 1996)

Bio-doversity in brinjal, country bean and bitter gourd fields at Jessore 2003-04 (Alam et al., 2005)

Should we destroy around 80% non-harmful organisms in the name of plant protection?

Solutions
DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES, WHICH MUST BE EFFECTIVE, CHEAP, SUSTAINABLE AND NON-HAZARDOUS.

What is IPM
IPM or Integrated Pest Management is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.

Major components of IPM

Cultural, Physical & Mechanical, Behavioral, Biological, Use of pest resistant varieties, Use of botanicals and biopesticides and Chemical pesticides control as last resort.

Development of management packages

Fruit fly is widespread in Bangladesh and damages 50-70% of the cucurbit fruits. Farmers can not effectively control the pest with insecticide. Even after 3-4 times weekly insecticide spray infestation was not less than 30%.

Fruit fly infested cucumber

Fruit fly attack on sweet gourd

Fruit fly attack on bitter gourd

Steps of integrated management of cucurbit fruit fly

Magic box

+
weekly removal of infested fruits from the field Pheromone trap

+
Community approach = Effective + Economic + Environmental friendly control measure for cucurbit fruit fly

Case study: Kachua, Jessore 2006

Fruit fly is not only pest problem of bitter gourd

Farmers are helpless

Borers, Spodoptera litura & Pumpkin caterpillars are serious problem

IPM packages: Sanitation. Pheromone bait trap. Community approach Weekly releases of two parasitoids, i) egg parasitoid, Tricogramma chilonis (@ 1gm parasitized eggs/ha/week) and ii) larval parasitoid, Bracon habetor (@ 1 bunker /ha/week).

Chemical control (not registered against cucurbit crop pests):

Spinosad (Tracer 45SC) @ 0.4 ml/liter of water (PHI 3 days) Flubendiamide (Belt 24WG) @ 0.5 g/liter water (PHI 7 days) Voliam Flexi (Thiamethhoxam + Chlorantraniliprole) @ 0.5 ml/liter of water Emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5SG) @ 1g/liter of water

at 10-15 days interval 2-3 times

Less than 5% infestation

Brinjal, Solanum melongena is the most important vegetable in Bangladesh and a potential exportable item

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer:

A serious threat to brinjal production in Bangladesh

??

Larvae Eggs

Pupae

Adult

Life Cycle of Brinjal shoot and fruit borer

Life cycle of BSFB

SEX PHEROMONE BASED MANAGEMENT OF BRINJAL SHOOT & FRUIT BORER

+
Removal of infested shoot & fruit

Mass trapping with sex pheromone

+
No/less spray

Community Approach

Brinjal fruit infestation by BSFB around 10%

Release of Trichogramma in the field

Release of Bracon habetor in the field

BSFB management during Summer

Use of BSFB sex pheromone trap starting from two weeks of seedling transplanting Sanitation at weekly interval Weekly release of egg parasitoid, Tricogramma evanescence (@ 1 gm parasitised eggs/ha/week) and larval parasitoid Bracon hebetor (8001000 adult /ha/week) Two spraying of bio-pesticide Spinosad (Tracer 45 SC @ 0.4 ml/liter of water).

BSFB management during Winter

Use of BSFB sex pheromone trap starting from two weeks of seedling transplanting Sanitation at weekly interval Weekly release of egg parasitoid, Tricogramma evanescence (@ 1 gm parasitised eggs/ha/week) and larval parasitoid Bracon hebetor (8001000 adult /ha/week)

Chemical control:
Spinosad (Tracer 45SC) @ 0.4 ml/liter of water (PHI 3 days) Flubendiamide (Belt 24WG) @ 0.5 g/liter water (PHI 7 days) Voliam Flexi (Thiamethhoxam + Chlorantraniliprole) @ 0.5 ml/liter of water Emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5SG) @ 1g/liter of water at 12-15 days interval 2-3 times

Brinjal Thrips
Thrips palmi Damage is most obvious on the underside of the lower leaves, where areas appear brownish and dried up. In severe cases, the entire leaf dries up. Similar damage is seen along the midvein on the upper leaf surface. Adults lay their eggs within leaf tissues and the young hatch after several days. Adults are excitable and fly off if disturbed. Pupation occurs in the soil usually at the base of the plant.

This pest also damages watermelon, muskmelon, bottle gourd, cucumber, chili pepper, tomato, and potato crops

Management
Use of white sticky traps Application of neem seed extract (500 g / 10 liter of water) White sticky trap + insecticide Chlorfenapyr spray Chemical control: Fipronil (Ascend 50 SC) @ 0.5 ml/liter of water (PHI 7 days) Chlorfenapyr (Intrepid 10SC) @ 1 ml/liter water (PHI 3 days) at 12-15 days interval 2-3 times

Dont use pesticide indiscriminately, as there are many predators and parasitoids of thrips

Neem seed kernel extract can effectively control different sucking pests especially jassid and whitefly

Use of sticky traps for sucking insect pests

Field set up

Can effectively trap Aphids & White fly

Can effectively trap thrips

Can be successfully used in the IPM packages

Use of Resistance Varieties BARI Begun-8

Immune to Bacterial Wilt Heat tolerant Shiny black purple color Yield: 45-50 tons/ ha

Integrated management of insect pests of country bean

Borers

Aphids

Bio-rational based IPM package

Hand picking of infested flower and pods Community approach Weekly releases of two parasitoids, i) egg parasitoid, Tricogramma chilonis (@ 1gm parasitized eggs/ha/week) and ii) larval parasitoid, Bracon habetor (@ 1 bunker /ha/week). Spraying of soap water (@ 5 gm powder soap/low Two spraying of bio-pesticide Spinosad (Tracer 45 SC @ 0.4 ml/liter of water) for summer beans only.

Chemical control same as BSFB

Insect pests of cabbage

Spodoptera litura

Diamond back moth

Release of larval adult/ha/week

parasitoid

Bracon

habetor

1200

Mass trapping of S. litura males by sex pheromone water trap (BARI trap) from the seedling stage of the crop at 30 No chemical insecticide spray at all.

Chemical control same as BSFB

Insect pests of Tomato

Tomato Fruit Worm

Tomato Leaf Curl Virus

Tomato Fruit Borer

Developed IPM Package against Pests of Tomato

Cultivation of virus resistant germplasm. 3-4 Release of bio-control agents at 15 days interval Pheromone trapping during summer months against S. litura

TLCV resistant line TLB 182 also high yielding

Chemical control same as BSFB

Early summer cultivation at Tunirhat, Panchagar

Bio-rational based Management of S. litura in aroids

Mass trapping of S. litura males by sex pheromone water trap (BARI trap) from the seedling stage of the crop maintaining 30 m2 distance. Release of larval parasitoid Bracon habetor @ 1200 adult/ha/week No chemical insecticide spray at all.

Dr. Syed Nurul Alam

01711 907886
Ispahani Biotech, Konabari, Gazipur

01937 900022 01937 900079

Protegra Crop Care, Mirpur, Dhaka

01711 562360

The Daily Star. 22 June 2011

Bio-pesticides emerge as crop saviour

The insect is smaller than a rice granule, but it can destroy eggs of many crop-damaging pests and help farmers save crops. It is tiny insect -- Trichogramma wasps -- is one millimetre or less in length. - The Daily Star. 22 June 2011

Entomology Division, BARI: Assisting farmers, entrepreneurs, exporters, consumers. Its contribution is now recognized nationally, internationally.

Dr. Syed Nurul Alam

Entomology Division, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh Cell: 01711 907886 E-mail: alamsn09@gmail.com