Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Neric Acosta
Faculty, Department of Political Science
Institutions
Inclusion
Investments
LAND OF PROMISE
-Natural resources
-Cultural diversity
- Locus/ driver of economic
growth
MINDANAO
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
BROKEN PROMISES
-Historical Injustices
-Armed Conflict
Early 1970s-1990s (MNLF)
Late 1970s-Present (MILF)
-Poverty and Social Exclusion
High Poverty Incidence/
Inequities
-Terrorism
1990s-Present (Abu Sayyaf)
MINDANAO
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT-
ANCESTRAL DOMAIN
Towards perpetual peace – or strife?
MINDANAO
PRIMACY OF INSTITUTIONS
- good governance
- accountable government
- democracy/rule of law
(predictability and continuity)
INSTITUTIONS
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
INSTITUTIONS MATTER
-Douglass North
INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONS MATTER
Two Kinds of Institutions:
1.Those that affect the cost of
doing business, reduce the cost
of market exchange;
2.Those that protect property
rights (constitutions, separation
of powers, electoral
accountability).
INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONAL ANOMALIES
- Jose Pidal
- Diosdado Macapagal Highway
- Jueteng Payola
- Garci Scandal
- Fertilizer Scam
- P.P. 1017
- E.0. 464
- Oplan Bantay Laya/ ‘EJK’/HR
- ZTE-NBN Deal- SC Decision on
Executive Privilege
INSTITUTIONS
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE
“PARTLY-FREE” (2008)
INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE
INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE
INSTITUTIONS
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE
INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE
“WEAK” (2008)
(Overall Score: 67/100)
Legal Framework 86/100
Actual Implementation 50/100
Implementation Gap Very Large 36
INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE
”Political financing is effectively unregulated. Journalists
and judges are frequently threatened and killed (25
journalists have been killed since 2004). Public access to
information is guaranteed in the constitution, and the legal
information framework is well regarded. However, in
practice, politically charged documents have been
withheld. Oversight of state-owned enterprises is
inconsistent and poses little risk of investigation.”
INSTITUTIONS
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE
”Ranked 131 out of 179” (2008)
Scored 2.5
INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE
"Nothing has changed or improved from a year
ago. The results of our previous report are still
very much applicable."
TI Regional Director Pascal Fabie (May 2008)
INSTITUTIONS
UNFULFILLED PROMISE
The practice of Official Development Assistance (ODA) has
not been beneficial… what is needed are:
“concrete actions to improve the transparency of
both donors and developing country governments,
to end the policy conditions donors attached to
aid and to end the practice of using aid to promote
donor economic and foreign-policy interests.”
INVESTMENTS/INFRASTRUCTURES
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
UNFULFILLED PROMISE
Life Expectancy (2003)
BOTTOM 10 YEARS
Antique 62.6
Kalinga 62.5
Apayao 62.4
Eastern Samar 61.7
Western Samar 61.4
Basilan 60.6
Lanao del Sur 57.9
Sulu 52.8
Maguindanao 52.0
Tawi-Tawi 51.2
Source: UNDP 2005 Phil Report
INVESTMENTS/INFRASTRUCTURES
UNFULFILLED PROMISE
High School Graduate (2000 vs. 2003)
Top Losers YEARS
Sarangani -24.8
Maguindanao -19.9
Davao Oriental -12.6
Zamboanga del Norte -10.2
Quezon -5.2
Lanao del Norte -4.1
North Cotabato -3.8
Southern Leyte -3.6
Mt. Province -3.5
Camarines Norte -3.4
Source: UNDP 2005 Phil Report
INVESTMENTS/INFRASTRUCTURES
UNFULFILLED PROMISE
Real per capita Income (1997 NCR Pesos)
Bottom 10 Real per capita income
Guimaras 17,049
Romblon 16,712
Marinduque 15,938
Saranggani 15,014
Masbate 14,454
Zamboanga del Norte 14,218
Maguindanao 14,198
Basilan 13,265
Tawi-Tawi 10,780
Sulu 8,430
Source: UNDP 2005 Phil Report
INVESTMENTS/INFRASTRUCTURES
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
UNFULFILLED PROMISE
Human Development Index (2003)
Bottom 10 Index
Lanao del Sur 0.480
Eastern Samar 0.474
Western Samar 0.469
Saranggani 0.448
Zamboanga del Norte 0.446
Masbate 0.442
Basilan 0.409
Tawi-Tawi 0.364
Maguindanao 0.360
Sulu 0.301
Source: UNDP 2005 Phil Report
INVESTMENTS/INFRASTRUCTURES
UNFULFILLED PROMISE
Mindanao Poverty Incidence (2003-2006)
Province Region Rank Poverty Incidence (%)
Tawi-Tawi ARMM 1 78.9
Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga Peninsula 2 63.0
Maguindanao ARMM 3 62.0
Apayao CAR 4 57.5
Surigao del Norte Caraga 5 53.2
Lanao del Sur ARMM 6 52.5
Northern Samar Eastern Visayas 7 52.5
Masbate Bicol Region 8 51.0
Abra CAR 9 50.1
Misamis Occidental Northern Mindanao 10 48.1
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board
INVESTMENTS/INFRASTRUCTURES
UNFULFILLED PROMISE
ARMM Poverty Incidence (2006)
“55.3 %”
(National average of poverty incidence is 26.9%)
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board
INVESTMENTS/INFRASTRUCTURES
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
Social Cohesion
”Social exclusion and widespread poverty
threaten peace-building.”
(No peace without equity and economic
growth; no growth in the context of
conflict and strife.)
-UNDP 2005 HDR Report
INCLUSION
Social Cohesion
-Francis Fukuyama
INCLUSION
Social Cohesion
-Francis Fukuyama
INCLUSION
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
Social Cohesion
Development as FREEDOM
INCLUSION
Social Cohesion
Lumads
Christian migrants
Muslim communities
INCLUSION
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT
A fiasco due to
weak governance
MINDANAO
Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT
MINDANAO
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT
BAD FAITH
- Lack of transparency
-Absence of TRUST
-Ulterior agendas
WEAK/BAD
GOVERNANCE KILLS-
EXACERBATES
CONFLICT, ‘Pandora’s
Box’
MINDANAO
Towards 2010
-”Chacha”
-Federalism
Towards 2010
- Emergency Rule
- Martial Law
Institutions Investments
Inclusion