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M. salarieh, A. Doroudi, G.A. Sobhi and G.R. Bashiri Research Inistitute of petroleum Industry.
Key words:
Capillary pressure curve, Simulation, hysterises, Water coning, Well production.
ABSTRACT:
Capillary forces are one of effective parameters in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs which are notable in the porous media. Capillary pressure is one of input data in reservoir simulation process which should be considered in history matching procedures. This paper is going to study the role of capillary pressure by using a black oil software named IMEX. The data is about a given reservoir which is studied for, the curvature and capillary pressures Hysterises is simulated and also water coning in well is a checking point for capillary pressure effect.
Capillary Pressure ?
Capillary pressure is one of important parameter in porous media. This term is related to capillary phenomena in capillary tube. The connected porous in a reservoir rock could be considered as capillary tube with very low diameter. Because of different wettabillity in porous surface with respect to two phases (i.e. water and oil) different forces are distributed on the contact surface, if the surface is enough small, it causes a bending inside the one of phases. It means that the pressure of two phases is not equal on the contact surface. In this case, the lower pressure is related to the phase whose curvature of surface is towards to inside. The difference is named capillary pressure which could be measured. as shown by Pc and is. PO PnP = Paw The notion w & nw is wetting phase and Non-wetting phase respectively, this amount is always a positive quantity and also is depended to different factor such as rock and fluid properties and the structure of porous media. It is recommended that the petroleum engineers calculate for water and oil as below: Pc = PO - P w The notations o and w show the oil and water phases. Therefore it can sometimes be negative.
wettability) are not the same, shortly, the main role of capillary pressure is in the initial distribution of fluids in reservoir. It can also affect on fluid flow. In numerical reservoir simulation, capillary pressure is applied for input file and can be an important parameter for history matching. The displacements on Pc curve (i.e. displacement vs Saturation) transfers the curve and the curvature can also be changed. However the displacement of Pc to a higher position shows the effective parameters on Pc (like decreasing the permeability, increasing the surface tension and wettability), the curvature in Pc can be related to the pore size distribution.
Experiments
In this paper, a given reservoir with the specification in tables 1,2,3, and figure 4 was simulated and run with IMEX. We estimated three cases, without Pc, with Pc, and high amount of Pc. Then, choosing an initial Pc curve and changing the curvature in four stages the curve is converted to an bias line and results were compared, finally the survey is continued with capillary pressure hysterises and without it.
Conclusion A - Effect of Pc
In order to study the effect of Pc in our given reservoir simulation in three cases (without Pc , low Pc and high Pc) we studied the production behavior of productive wells, such as shown in figure 2, the down curve is related to low Pc and the upper curve is for high Pc, the figure 5 & 6 show the simulation output. According to the curves, the wells have the best productive situation whenever the Pc is zero and the rate of oil was increasing versus time. In this case, the water coning is delayed or not happened, but the condition differs if Pc increase. These results could be considered in history matching. It is illustrated in figure 3 that Pc decreasing will be caused the curvature in Pc curve at all four stages and finally it will be converted to a straight line, the effect of curvature on production behavior is also surveyed which is illustrated in figure 7 & 8. According to these curves, the low curvature in Pc graph will leads the production procedure toward to water coning.
Radius at block boundaries (ft) 1300 1131.5 663.9 332 78.3 38.1 18.5 9 3.9 2.5 Thickness of blocks [Upward] (ft) 20 20 20 20 21.25 23.75 25 25 37.5 37.5 25 3.75 8.75 7.5 6.25 8.75 10 11.25 15 18.75
Table 2 The values of saturation functions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Swi -------0.15 0.45 0.50 0.30 0.60 0.65 0.70 Krw -------0.0 0.0392 0.0497 0.8166 0.0798 0.10 0.1244 Kro -----------0.95 0.1770 0.1200 0.8862 0.0374 0.0163 0.0020 Swi -------0.40 0.35 0.25 0.55 0.20 0.80 0.75 Krw -------0.0305 0.232 0.0102 0.0630 0.004 0.1870 0.1525 Kro -----------0.2450 0.3325 0.5876 0.0722 0.75 0.0000 0.0001