UMTS Presentation

Lehrstuhl fr Rechnernetze und Internet
Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut fr Informatik Universitt Tbingen
UMTS Networks
Leo Petrak, Dr. Christian Hoene und Prof. Georg Carle
Course Overview
Motivation Standardization issues UMTS architecture basics UMTS radio link
Physical layer Signaling
UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain Basic functionalities:

Accessing the network Transferring data Detaching from the network Information storage
Mobility QoS Security
Charging UMTS Evolution: from R99 to Rel7 Beyond UMTS
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006
UMTS Radio Link Physical Layer
Radio Communication Fundamentals Dividing Radio Resources Frequency Licensing
Radio Communication Fundamentals
Modulation
QPSK Modulation used in UMTS
Fourier Analysis Wave Propagation Scarcity of Radio Resources
Radio Communication Fundamentals I

Radio communication uses electromagnetic waves as the transmission medium
UEs / Base Stations emit and receive waves of the carrier frequency f
Signal strength of a wave P(t) = P0 cos (2ft - )
P(t) P0
0
-P0
2ft
Radio Communication Fundamentals II - Modulation
Information is encoded by modulating (change midway) a wave of the carrier frequency f
P(t) = P0 cos (2ft + )

Phase - Phase Shift Keying Frequency f - Frequency Shift Keying modulate Amplitude P0 - Amplitude Shift Keying
Modulation in UMTS: QPSK

UMTS uses Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (aus 4-er bestehende)
Four possible sequences of two bits are coded:
0 0 - phase shift of 1/4 1 0 - phase shift of 3/4 1 1 - phase shift of 5/4 0 1 - phase shift of 7/4
P(t)
phase shift: Bit sequence:
1/4 00
3/4 10
5/4 11
7/4 01
7
Radio Communication Fundamentals III - Fourier Analysis

Signal 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2. Harm. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 4. Harm. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 8. Harm. T
Harmonics n
Fourier Analysis: Each signal can be described as an integral (sum) of sine waves
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1. Harm.
P(t ) =
n =1
Pn sin(2 nf t+ n)
The modulated wave is a superposition of many waves of different frequencies of a frequency band f It can be shown that
f r (bandwidth data rate)
Density D(f) 2/r
Bandwidth f
f0 (f0 +1/2r) f Carrier Frequency
Radio Communication Fundamentals IV - Wave Propagation The intensity of electromagnetic waves emitted by a point source (e.g. antenna) decreases with distance Electromagnetic waves add linearly
Interference of waves emitted by different sources
When waves of same frequency interfere, extraction of information difficult
Because a modulated wave occupies a frequency band of bandwidth f , interference may be a problem in mobile communications
Radio Communication Fundamentals V - Scarcity of radio resources
Radio spectrum is a scarce resource

Shared by many systems
It is necessary to clearly separate radio resources used by different entities, e.g.

- Technologies - Users of the same technology "Multiple Access" - "user -> network" (uplink) from "network -> user" (downlink): "Duplex"
it is necessary to efficiently use radio resources Possibilities for separating radio resources
Frequency division Time division Space division Code division Combinations thereof
10
11
Dividing Radio Resources
Frequency division Time division Space division

Cellular networks
Code division Examples: GSM and UMTS
12
Frequency Division
frequency Frequency band 3
Guard band
Radio Spectrum is divided into frequency bands Power emitted outside these bands must be strictly below a certain level To be on the safe side, unused guard bands limit interference between frequency bands Receivers use filtering to receive carrier frequency of interest Already introduced in 1900 to organize usage of radio transmitters, e.g. on ships Usually used in combination with other division techniques
Frequency band 2
Guard band
Frequency band 1
time
13
Time Division
frequency Radio Spectrum usage is divided into time slots
Each sender is assigned a time slot Guard time
Time slot 2
Time slot 3
Time slot 1
Guard time
To avoid collisions, all participating entities need to be synchronized

network needs to periodically synchronize terminals need to consider finite traveling time of synchronization signal, depending on distance between terminal and synchronizing entity!
time
Guard times between slots prevent collisions due to imperfect synchronization Usually used in combination with other division techniques
14
Space Division
Usage of radio resources restricted to certain geographic areas (cells) Transmission power is limited
due to decrease of power with distance to sender, interference is limited
Re-use of same radio resource only at appropriate distance In combination with e.g Frequency Division, very large areas can be covered
reuse frequency band only in distant cells
New antenna techniques (adaptive antenna arrays / MIMO) allow forming "beam" towards specific mobile
15
Space Division - The Cellular Concept

Space Division is today the technique of choice
patented in 1972 by Bell Labs
Instead of each antenna illuminating an area as big as possible (1G Systems), each antenna covers only small area
lower transmission power more efficient use of the spectrum => better coverage higher infrastructure costs need technique for switching moving users from cell to cell: "Handover"
16
Code Division I
Several signals are sent in the same (wide) frequency band and the same time slot Each signal is created by spreading a narrowband signal through the use of a unique user code to a multiple of the original bandwidth (spreading) [Spreizung] The receiver correlates the sum of the received signal with the (time-shifted) user code, and thereby re-obtains the original narrowband signal (de-spreading) power level of different signal needs to be aligned codes need to be uncorrelated, otherwise interference replanning cells becomes easier with this technique
code
frequency
Code 1 Code 2 Code 3
time
17
Code Division II - What are these codes?

Sequences S of 1 and -1 (chips) S = {S1, S2 , ... , Sn}, Si Correlation: C(j) =
Si Ti+j
measures how "different" two codes S and T are uncorrelated codes result in little interference e.g. S = {-1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1} T = {-1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1} C(0) = 0, C(1) = 2, C(3) = 0,... but Autocorrelation A(j) e.g. of S: A(0) = 8, A(1) = 0, A(2) = 4,... Autocorrelation only high if synchronized!
18
{-1,1}
Code Division III - Coding and Decoding

Data D(t) Code S(t)
-1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Coding at sender
D(t) S(t)
Decoding at receiver with correct code
Decoding at receiver with wrong code
Code T(t - )
-1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
D(t) S(t) S(t - ) = D(t)
D(t) S(t) T(t - ) = no data signal

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 19
Code Division III - Spreading

Chip rate greater bit rate
therefore bandwidth becomes higher after spreading [Spreizung]
Data D(t)
TD
D(f) 1/TD
Bandwidth f
f0
f0+TD
D(t) S(t)
TDS
D(f) Bandwidth f f0 f0+TDS f
1/TDS
20
Code Division IV- near-far effect

De-spreading at receiver works best when power levels of different signals are aligned. However: When senders A and B emit with same power, the signal of B at the Antenna is stronger power control is applied constantly
Antenna Controller tells sender with what power to send
B A
Dividing Radio Resources: Summary

Uplink / downlink FDD TDD Different users FDMA TDMA CDMA SDMA
(D Duplex)
(MA Multiple Access)
Frequency Division (FD) Time Division (TD) Code Division (CD) Space Division (SD)
The different techniques for dividing radio resources can be combined, e.g.
pick one technique for separating uplink / downlink pick one technique for separating different users
e.g. FDD - CDMA
22
GSM: FDD + TDMA + FDMA

frequency
GSM uses a both Frequency Division and Time Division Uplink and Downlink use different frequencies: FDD Uplink and Downlink frequency band is subdivided into frequency channels, each of these channels is divided into time slots:
each user sends on a particular frequency band, on a particular time slot
time
In GSM 900 have

25 MHz per direction 124 frequency channels 200 kHz per direction each frequency band has 8 time slots
23
Flash OFDM: FDD + TDMA + FDMA + Frequency Hopping

frequency
time
Uses both Frequency Division and Time Division as GSM plus frequency hopping
Allows flexible assignement of bandwidth Simplifies frequency planning Results in spread spectrum, just as CDMA
24
UMTS: WCDMA I
UMTS uses two different methods for separating radio resources
FDD + CDMA (UTRA FDD) (most popular method) TDD + TDMA + CDMA (UTRA TDD)
FDD + CDMA for UMTS is called WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), because compared to cdmaOne it uses a higher chip rate
chip rate is 3,84 Mega chips / s
chip rate is fixed in cdma2000, chip rate can vary
Qualcomm owns key patents in UTRA FDD and cdma2000

They managed to standardize them
25
UMTS: WCDMA II - why CDMA?

Very resource efficient
possibly more efficient than FDMA and TDMA
Resistance against interference and noise: any undesired signal will be spread when decoding Interception by adversary more difficult
signal strength can be lower than thermal noise => hide signal
Because total power in signal spread out over more frequencies
needs to know code
Can reuse frequencies in neighboring cells

simplifies network planning simplifies introduction of more antennas
Allows flexible bandwidth assignement

by varying spreading factor (chips per bit)
26
UMTS: WCDMA III - Orthogonal Codes

Constructed from a "tree", called OVSF Code Tree Sequences on same hierarchical level or originating from different branches are orthogonal Higher bandwidth (larger bitrate) sessions are assigned shorter code Cshort
such that the overall chiprate does not exceed maximum chip rate this blocks usage of all codes branching off code Cshort
they would not be orthogonal
i.e. (quite logically) a high bandwidth session occupies more resources (codes) and thus reduces bandwidth available to other sessions Use between 1 to 256 chips per bit
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
SF - Spreading Factor
27
UMTS: WCDMA IV Orthogonal Codes cont
Two types of codes

Orthogonal codes
Generated from code tree Orthogonal correlation
High autocorrelation if synchronized Autocorrelation mediocre if unsynchronized Zero correlation between different codes if synchronized Non-zero correlation if unsynchronized
Pseudo Noise codes

Randomly generated with particularly properties Quasi orthogonal correlation
High autocorrelation if synchronized Almost zero correlation between different codes even if unsynchronized
28
UMTS: WCDMA V - Code Distribution

Uplink Direction Scrambling Codes
(Pseudo Noise Code) (Orthogonal Code)
Downlink Direction
Cell separation Users within a cell
User separation
Channelization Codes Data and control channels Spreading Code
from same UE Channelization code x scrambling code
Problem: Synchronization between cells and between UEs hard to achieve Each signal is spread with the spreading code, i.e. channelization code x scrambling code Channelization codes spread all user data to same bandwidth
Have different length
Downlink (Network -> UE):

Neighboring cells use different scrambling codes ("cell ID") Each UE is assigned a different channelization code => UE receives data with unique spreading code
Uplink (UE -> Network):

Each UE is assigned a different scrambling code Each UE may use any channelization code This allows UE to manage bandwidth of its sessions independently
29
UMTS: WCDMA VI - Macrodiversity WCDMA support multipath propagation

Signals can take different path from sender to receiver
Due to reflection, diffraction,... Signal may be picked up by more than one antenna
Signals are collected and aggregated at receiver Improves reception quality This is called Diversity
Utilizing multipath propagation via more than one antenna is called Macrodiversity [Mehrfachverbindungen]
Usually the further away from the antenna, the stronger the signal a UE has to emit (near-far effect) This leads to interference with neighboring cells Macrodiversity allows reducing emission power
SF - Spreading Factor
31
IMT 2000 Worldwide Frequency Plans

1850 1900 20 20 1950 60 2000 30 15 2050 2100 2150 60 60 2200 30 2250 MHz
GSM 1800
DECT UMTS TDD 1900 1950
UMTS FDD 2000 2010 MHz 2100 2150 2200 2250
1850 ITU allocations Europe
IMT 2000
1885 MHz GSM 1800
DECT
IMT 2000
2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz MSS MSS
UMTS UMTS
PHS
UMTS UMTS IMT 2000

Reserved
1880 MHz China GSM 1800 1885 MHz Japan Korea (w/o PHS) North America 1850
1980 MHz MSS 1980 MHz MSS
IMT 2000
A D BE F
MSS
MSS
1895 1918 MHz PCS

A D B EF C C
MSS 2000 2100
MSS 2160 MHz

MSS Mobile Satellite System
1900
1950
2150
2200
2250
32
IMT-2000 Licences in Germany

FDD Frequencies
TDD Frequencies
Source: www.regtp.de Licences oblige operator to cover 25% of the population by end of 2003, and 50% by end of 2005 Licences expire end of 2020 Mannesmann became Vodafone, VIAG became O2, Group 3G became Quam MobilCom returned licence
Summary
UMTS uses QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Keying) as modulation technique UMTS employs WCDMA
Signal is spread using orthogonal codes The higher the bit rate of a signal, the less it is spread Because of near-far effect, power control is important Multiple propagation paths of signal can be combined to improve reception quality
Reception with different antennas: Macrodiversity
34
Lehrstuhl fr Rechnernetze und Internet

Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut fr Informatik Universitt Tbingen
Warum ist das Handy-Telefonieren so teuer? Warum ist UMTS so teuer?
UMTS Auktion Kosten fr jedermann!

Gesamterl war 100 Milliarden DM = 50,5 Milliarden (August 2000) Jhrlich Zinsen fr diesen Betrag 50.000.000.000 * 4% = 2 Milliarden pro Jahr Monatliche Tilgung ber 15 Jahre sind 395,40 Mio pro Monat Vodafone D2 bertrifft Marke von einer Million UMTS-Kunden Jahresziel bereits jetzt erreicht, 21. November 2005 Ungefhr 2,5 Mio (UMTS) oder 45 Mio (Handy) Kunden zur Zeit
157,76 pro UMTS-Kunde pro Monat Oder 394,40/45 = 8,76 pro Handy pro Monat
394,40/2,5 =
Wirtschaftspolitische Einschtzung
Kommentar des finnische Kommunikationsministers Kimmo Sasi 18.09.2002, Tageszeitung "Kauppalehti"
"Ich rate Deutschland zu berdenken, ob man zum Rckkauf der Lizenzen von den Unternehmen bereit ist, die sie wieder abgeben wollen. Und man sollte sie fr denselben Preis zurckkaufen, der von den Unternehmen bezahlt wurde." Der finnische Minister begrndete seinen Vorschlag damit, dass "die gesamte Telekommunikationsbranche nur auf diese Weise wieder auf die Fe kommen kann". "Deutschland und Grobritannien knnten damit die fhrende Position Europas gegenber den USA in der Telebranche zerstren grter industriepolitischen Fehler seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
37
Kosten bezahlen nicht nur die UMTS-Kunden: DTAG und DAX Kurse seit dem 1.1.2000:
DAX
38
Radio Link Signaling
Layer Model for the Radio Link (Uu Interface) Protocols on Uu Interface Channels
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
Usage Example
39
Layer Model for the Radio Link

Control-plane signalling control User-plane data
RRC
L3
PDCP BMC
L2
RLC
Logical Channels MAC Transport Channels PHY Physical Channels

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 L1
Legend see next slides 40
Usage Example
41
Protocols on Uu Interface I
PHY Tasks that are directly related to the air interface
Modulation Error protection of type FEC (Forward Error Correction)
Data transmitted somewhat redundantly by means of Channel Coding
Channel Coding is not the same as Channelization Codes (Slide Set IV)!
Messaging on synchronization, macrodiversity, fast power control Control plane signaling Measurements of conditions on radio interface (handover necessary?) (de)Multiplexing of transport channels to physical channels Providing transport channels to the layer above
42
Protocols on Uu Interface II
MAC Multiplexing of channels
Multiplex different flows of the same user onto the same dedicated transport channel Multiplex flows of several users onto a shared transport channel packet scheduling / priority control possibly encryption (unless done on RLC)
RLC - Radio Link Control Layer Tasks related to protected transmission of data
error protection and error free data transmission segmentation / reassembly flow control directly used by CS domain L3 functions
43
Protocols on Uu Interface III

PDCP - Packet Data Control Protocol
Enables independence of L3 and lower layers
adaptations to facilitate IP on L3 (for PS domain) Makes possible independent development of lower layers and L3 (and above)
E.g. transition from IPv4 to IPv6
header compression
BMC - Broadcast and Multicast Control

scheduling and delivery of cell broadcast and multicast messages
44
Protocols on Uu Interface IV
RRC - Radio Resource Control Control and configuration of protocol stack on Uu Interface
one RRC connection for each UE, which controls the radio link for all sessions of this UE
convenient in case of handover
has control interfaces to all other radio link protocols FDD frequency management mobility management outer loop power control collection of measurement from lower layers broadcast of system information tunneling of core network control information
Session management, mobility management,
45
Usage Example
46
Channels
(sub)layers use Channels to transmit data
Each channel has specific properties
allows decoupling of functionality -> greater flexibility

e.g. one transport channel can carry several types of logical channels
MAC
PHY
Logical Channel 1 Physical Channel 1 Transport Channel 1 Logical Channel 2
CCTrCH Transport Channel 2 Physical Channel 2
Logical Channel 3
Logical Channel 4 Transport Channel 3 Logical Channel 5 Logical Channel 6
CCTrCH:
Coded Composite Transport Channel (Connection between Transport Channel and Physical Channel)
47
RLC
Channels
Logical channels between RLC and MAC
specific to type of information
logical control channels for control plane signaling logical transport channels for user plane data
Transport channels between MAC and PHY

specific to how information is transferred (quality level)
Physical channels used by PHY

actual transmission on physical layer
48
Logical Channels I
Logical Control Channels for control plane signaling
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
distributes information that allows UEs to attach to network
information about radio environment: power levels, network identity..
CCCH Common Control Channel

for exchange of first messages with attaching UE
no specific (dedicated) control channel has been assigned yet
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

for exchange of control information with attached UE
e.g. power control
PCCH Paging Control Channel

for paging UEs
when a UE receives a call it needs to be located
49
Logical Channels II
Logical Transport Channels for user plane data

CTCH Common Transport Channel
unidirectional downlink channel for broadcasting information to all, or a group of UEs
DTCH Dedicated Transport Channel

exchange of user data
50
Transport Channels I
Transport Channels
Specific to how information is transferred Provide specific service quality, e.g.
bit rate, error protection power level, access method, etc
Data packets that are transmitted over Transport Channels are called Transport Blocks
Several are transmitted simultaneously in Transport Block Sets
Each Transport Channel is described by a set of Transport Formats, i.e.

Transport Block size Transport Block Set size Transmission time interval
How long does it take to transmit a Transport Block Set
Type of error protection (Channel Coding and Cyclic Reduncancy Check)

Channel Coding: redundant transmission of information
Efficiency of Channel Coding
For each Transport Block Set transmission, a suitable Transport Format is chosen from the Transport Format Set
51
Transport Channels II
e.g.
BCH Broadcast Channel
downlink, fixed bit rate, high power level (needs to be audible to all) used for BCCH
RACH Random Access Channel

uplink, random access mostly used by CCCH and DCCH (also DTCH)
DCH Dedicated Channel

uplink and downlink, dedicated to a particular UE one DCH may carry several DCCH and DTCH
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel

dedicated user traffic but shared by several users very important for data traffic (no dedicated bandwidth for one user) optional to implement
Note there is no Uplink Shared Channel

At the time of standardization no use was anticipated
52
Physical Channels
Transmission on physical layer e.g.
P-SCH Primary Synchronization Channel (for FDD)
P-SCH sends known, invariant signaling sequence of 256 chips allows UE to synchronize
CPICH Common Pilot Channel

a signaling sequence known to network and UE is spread with the code used in the P-CCPCH, in which further information is available allows UE to "backengineer" the code
P- CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

used by BCCH / BCH uses code diseminated by CPICH so UE can always listen in
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel

physical channel dedicated to a user
53
Mapping of Channels onto each other

Control Plane User Plane
BCCH
PCCH
DCCH
CCCH
CTCH
DTCH
Logical Channels
BCH
PCH
RACH
FACH
DSCH DCH
Transport Channels
P-CCPCH S-CCPCH
PRACH
PDSCH DPDCH
Physical Channels
54
Usage Example
55
Usage Example: voice transmission I*

In the Core Network / UE, a voice call is (trans)coded to 4 12 kb/s
Bit rate depends on current transmission quality on radio link
High bit rate when transmission quality is good Lower bitrate when transmission quality bad -> need more bits for error protection
Transcoded voice bits come in 3 classes A, B and C

Class A most sensitive to transmission errors
Needs more error protection than classes B and C
Hence Class A bits are transmitted in different Transport Channel

Transmission attributes described in Transport Format
All Transport Channels for this voice call are multiplexed onto same Physical Channel
* Example taken from UMTS by Pierre Lescuyer
56
Usage Example: voice transmission II*

DTCH
Logical Channel
DCH A
Transport Block
DCH B
DCH C
Transport Channels
Indicates Transport Formats used to allow decoding
DPDCH
Channel Coding
Physical Channel TFCI A B

Radio Link Frame
* Example taken from UMTS by Pierre Lescuyer
57
Summary
Protocols used on Uu
MAC and RLC on L2 for both control and user plane PDCP and BMC on L2 additionally for user plane to PS Domain RRC on L3 for control plane
Each Layer uses Channel to transport data

Logical Channels, Transport Channels, Physical Channels
58
Course Overview
UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain

Basic functionalities:
59
User Equipment (UE)
Architecture USIM UE Tasks
60
UE Architecture
UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Card)
User subscription dependent part of the UE Contains one or both of
USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) ISIM (IMS Subscriber Identity Module)
MT (MobileTermination)
Terminates radio transmission Adapts TE capabilities to those of radio transmission Couples TE and UICC
TE (Terminal Equipment)
Provides end-user application functions Terminates upper layers Communicates with peer TE on the other end of the communication session May be non-UMTS entity coupled via TAF (Terminal Adaptation Function)
E.g. Laptop, printer,
UE
UICC USIM ISIM Cu R
Mobile Termination (MT) TAF
Uu
towards UTRAN
Terminal Equipment (TE)
61
UICC
Same concept as SIM card in GSM Little plastic card Identifies User
Identifies how to bill this user
User subscription-dependent part of the UE

Separated from rest of UE
allows separate selling and management of physical equipment and user subscription
Unaccessible to user
Creates trusted environment Key to many commercial applications
Without UICC only emergency calls are possible Terminal may hold slots for several UICCs
Allows several subscribers to use same terminal
Separate private / business use of one UE In the future may allow (ad-hoc) networks to access UMTS network
62
USIM USIM contains all user-specific data to enter PS / CS domain

Identities
USIM identity (IMSI - International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
Unique USIM number
temporary USIM identities (TMSI for CS Domain, P-TMSI for PS Domain)

assigned after initial registration used to protect user identity against eavesdroppers
users phone number (MSISDN - Mobile Station International ISDN number)

There can be more than one MSISDN per IMSI
preferred language
used for displaying information
security keys current location list of unaccessable networks

UE Tasks: technology related

With Node B
Rate matching Spreading and modulation Power control Error Correction
With RNC
Signaling for connection set-up and release Signaling for handover Encryption / Decryption Measurements to detect necessity for handover
S/N ratio, error rate, signal strength,...
Power control
With Core Network

mobility management session management
Connection set-up maintainance and tear-down Port negotiation QoS negotiation
location management identity management
Sending data
UE features: user-related
Large display camera with MPEG codec long battery lifetime gaming-capable
fast processor, substantial memory
other user software (web browser,) small and light User API
65
Summary
UE is composed of UICC with USIM/ISIM, TE, MT UICC contains all subscriber-related information Uu interface towards the UTRAN UE has to perform a high number of complex tasks communicating with Node B, RNC and Core Network
66
UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
Architecture Node B RNC cf. TS 25.401 "UTRAN overall description", TS 25.301 "Radio Interface Protocol Architecture"
67
UTRAN Architecture
Node B
responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells
RNC - Radio Network Controller

controls use and integrity of radio resources controls one or more Node Bs
RNS - Radio Network Subsystem

contains one RNC and a set of cells
Core Network (PS Domain and CS Domain) Iups / Iucs RNS RNS Iur RNC Iub Node B
cell
Iups / Iucs
UTRAN
RNC Uu Iub Node B Iub Node B Iub Node B UE
68

Architecture Node B RNC cf. TS 25.401 "UTRAN overall description"
69
Node B Functionality
Spreading and Modulation
code generation supports FDD, TDD or both, and CDMA
Terminates Physical Channels and Transport Channels

Logical Channels terminate at RNC Transport / Physical Channels include error correction
Fast power control ("Inner Loop")

Node B measures strengths of received signals and informs UE if it needs to adjust Target value set by RNC
measures connection quality and strength

handover necessary?
Forwards user traffic
70

Architecture Node B RNC cf. TS 25.401 "UTRAN overall description"
71
RNC Functionality I
Radio Resource Management guarantees stability and Quality of Service (QoS) of radio connection (radio bearer)
Power control ("outer loop") Handover control
should there be a handover? decide based on measurements by UE and Node B signals with UE about handover realization
Admission control and packet scheduling

can a new session be established on the UTRA without compromising the quality of existing sessions? Plan channel use, calculate interference and utilisation levels Configure radio resources accordingly
Code management Macrodiversity management
72
RNC Functionality II
UTRA Control set-up, maintainance and release of radio connection (radio bearer)
System information broadcasting
e.g. radio measurement criteria, ...
Initial Access and Signaling Connection set-up and management

synchronization, broadcast of initial scrambling code,...
UTRAN security functions

protects user and control data by encryption and integrity protection
UTRAN level mobility management

informing new cell (Node B) and UE about handover, new channel, etc Serving RNS relocation
Database handling
stores cell information, and sends it to corresponding Node Bs and UEs
cell identity, power levels, connection qualities, neighboring cell information (needed for handover)
UE positioning
selects and controls UE positioning method
using cell ID, round-trip times, "angle-of-arrival", GPS,...
Forwards user traffic
73
RNC Functionality III - Relocation

For each UE, one RNC is responsible - Serving RNC (SRNC)
typically this is the RNC controlling the cell in which the UE is located
If the UE moves to a cell controlled by a different RNC, this becomes the Drift RNC (DRNC)
control stays with SRNC
Also Macrodiversity may introduce DRNCs SRNC may relocate control to DRNC via Iur
now former DRNC becomes SRNC useful for optimizing routing (data always travels via SRNC)
Core Network Iu DRNC Cells UE

Iur
SRNC
Illustration
Node Bs
RNC
75
Summary
UTRAN is home to
Node B
radio transmission / reception in one or more cells terminates physical and transport channels
RNC
controls use and integrity of radio resources controls one or more Node Bs terminates logical channels UE controlled by SRNC, however data may also travel via DRNC
Interfaces Uu, Iu, Iub, Iur
76
Course Overview

77
Packet-switched Domain
Architecture SGSN Functions GGSN Functions Protocols cf. TS 23.002 "Network Architecture", TS 23.060 "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)"
78
PS Domain Architecture I
Logical architecture
SGSN and GGSN perform
Mobility management Session management Location management Identity management Service negotiation User data transport
HLR Home Location Register

Subscription information Master security keys Location information Equipment information
list of stolen or lost equipment
EIR Equipment Identity Register
EIR Gr Gf Uu UE UTRAN Gb GSM Radio Access Iu SGSN Gn Gn SGSN
HLR IMS Gc Gi External networks Gi Gp
PS Domain
GGSN
GGSN Other PLMN
Signalling Interface Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

PS Domain Architecture II
Possible physical architectures
SGSN/ SGSN/ GGSN GGSN
SGSN SGSN GGSN GGSN
SGSN
SGSN GGSN
SGSN
MGW GGSN
IP Network GGSN
IP Network GGSN
SGSN
MSC Sv.
SGSN
Duplicate nodes for reliability SGSN and GGSN may or may not be colocated, there doesnt need be a 1:1 relationship
SGSNs and GGSNs of one operator are connected by an IP-based network
When CS-Domain IP-based can attach MGWs and MSC Servers to same physical IP backbone as PS domain
80
SGSN Functions
Authentication and Authorization
based on data in HLR
Admission control
does PS domain have enough resources for supporting a new session? Can negotiate lower QoS
Charging data collection Mobility Management

SGSN may change due to mobility
temporary storage of data on subscribers attached

e.g. location
Routing
finding the appropriate GGSN through which session leaves for external networks / the IMS establishes a tunnel (PDP context) to GGSN
81
GGSN Functions
Gateway to other packet-based networks
protocol conversion may act as Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) for the IMS blocking undesired data flows
Routing
of data packets to corresponding SGSN / packet-based network
82
Protocols - User Plane

GTP-U: GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User Plane
tunnels data between SGSN and GGSNs
hides mobility to upper IP layer gives network owner control over where traffic leaves its network
End-to-end IP layer
Application
E.g., IP, PPP Relay PDCP RLC MAC L1

Uu
E.g., IP, PPP Relay GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1

Iu-PS
PDCP RLC MAC L1
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
Gn
GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1
Gi
UE
UTRAN
SGSN IP layer terminating at GGSN
GGSN
83
Protocols - Control Plane I

Control Plane between UE and SGSN
GMM / SM GPRS Mobility Management / Session Management
attaching and detaching of UEs, security, location management
RANAP RAN Application Protocol (see CS Domain) SCCP / RANAP part of SS7 protocol stack (see CS Domain) Signaling Bearer either is rest of SS7 protocol stack or an adaptation to run SCCP on top of ATM or IP
GMM / SM / SMS
GMM / SM / SMS
Relay RRC RRC RLC MAC L1 UE

Uu
RANAP SCCP
Signalling Bearer
RANAP SCCP
Signalling Bearer
RLC MAC L1
L2 L1
Iu-Ps
L2 L1 SGSN
84
UTRAN
Protocols - Control Plane II

Control Plane for SGSN - GGSN or SGSN-SGSN interface
GTP-C GPRS Tunneling Protocol for the control plane
tunnels signaling messages between SGSNs and GGSNs and between SGSNs
GT P-C UDP IP L2 L1 Gn or Gp
GT P-C UDP IP L2 L1
GSN
GSN
85
Protocols - Control Plane III

Control Plane for SGSN - HLR interface (SS7 signaling)
MAP (Mobile Application Part) TCAP for managing control connections between two nodes (from GSM) Runs over SCCP / signaling bearer just as RANAP
MAP TCAP SCCP Signalling Bearer Gr
MAP TCAP SCCP Signalling Bearer
SGSN
HLR / EIR
86
Summary
PS Domain is home to SGSN and GGSN
mobility management session management location management identity management service negotiation
GGSN is gateway to other packet-based networks Important interfaces Gi, Gn and Iu
Protocols used on user plane

one end-to-end IP layer, and a tunneled IP layer local to the PS domain tunneling protocol is GTP-U
Protocols used on control plane

GMM / SM, SMS, RANAP and SCCP
87
Course Overview

88
Circuit-switched Domain
Architecture R99 Architecture Post - Rel4 Protocols and SGW cf. TS 23.002 "Network Architecture", TS 23.205 "Bearer-independent circuit-switched core network"
89
CS Domain Architecture R99

Logical architecture
MSC and GMSC perform
Mobility management Session management Location management Identity management Service negotiation Transcoder control User data transport Subscription information Currently used security keys Location information
HLR Home Location Register / AuC

Subscription information Master security keys Location information Equipment information
List of stolen or lost equipment
EIR Equipment Identity Register
VLR stores
EIR C, D F Uu UE UTRAN A GSM Radio Access Iu
HLR/ AuC
CS Domain
C External networks
MSC / VLR E E, G MSC / VLR
GMSC
Signalling Interface Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

CS Domain Architecture Post-Rel4

MSC split into control node and user traffic transport node
MSC Server
All MSC signaling functions
Mobility management Session management Location management Identity management Service negotiation Transcoder control
Media Gateway (MGW)

All MSC transport functions
User data transport
Signaling Gateway (SGW)

Translates SS7 protocol stack into IP/ATM-based protocol stack
Location as need be
Control of MGW VLR functionality
EIR MSC / VLR Uu UE E, G Iu UTRAN F MSC Server Mc A Signalling Interface GSM Radio Access MGW Nb CS Domain Nc IP
or ATM
HLR/ AuC C, D C GMSC Sv. Mc MGW SGW External networks
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
91
Protocols User Plane

MGW MGW and MGW - RNC
Two possibilities depending on transport network technology
IP based
RTP Real Time Transport Protocol (accompanied by RTCP (RTP Control Protocol) AAL2 offers real-time transport to small packets
ATM based
Payload RTP UDP IP L2 L1 Nb
Payload RTP UDP IP L2 L1 Payload AAL2 ATM L1 Nb Payload AAL2 ATM L1
MGW
MGW / RNC
MGW
MGW / RNC
92
Protocols Control Plane, SS7 I

CS Domain to a large extent relies on SS7 protocols SS7 Signaling System No. 7
Standard signaling system in telecommunication networks Separates control signaling network and user network
E.g. ISDN B-Channels (user) / D- Channel (control)
Performs e.g. call set-up / mgmt / tear-down, resource reservation, mobile subscriber authentication, toll-free numbers, call forwarding, conference calls,
93
Protocols Control Plane, SS7 II

Architectural Elements
SSP Service Switching Point
Originate, terminate or tandem calls Communicates with other SSPs via STPs
STP Service Transfer Point

Routes signaling messages, e.g. based on addresses contained in the message
Dialed number, mobile subscriber number,
SCP Service Control Point

Database
SCP
SCP
SCP
STP STP
STP
SSP SSP
SSP
94
Protocols Control Plane, SS7 III

SS7 protocol stack in fixed networks
MTP Message Transfer Part (Layers 1 3)
reliable message routing between all SS7 nodes
Rerouting around failed links, congestion control, error checking,
Offers service to User Parts and Application Parts Translates from user addresses (telephone numbers etc) into destination point address Non-circuit related signaling, e.g. SCP queries Analog call handling Set-up, manage and release calls
SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part TUP - Telephone User Part ISUP ISDN User Part
For mobile networks additional Application Parts are defined

MAP, RANAP, BICC, ALCAP
L5-7 L4 L3 L2 L1
TUP TCAP ISUP SCCP MTP 3 MTP 2 MTP 1

95
Protocols - Control Plane IV

Control Plane for MSC (Server) HLR/EIR/AuC interface
MAP (Mobile Application Part)
MAP TCAP SCCP MTP 1-3 B,C,D,E,F,G
MAP TCAP SCCP MTP 1-3
MSC (Server)
HLR / EIR / AuC

96
Protocols Control Plane V

RNC MSC / MSC Server
Three possibilities depending on transport network technology
Full SS7 / MTP- based (see previous slides) IP based
SCTP / M3UA enable running SS7 over IP RANAP RAN Application Part establishes separate logical connection to each UE for control traffic
ATM based
AAL5 offers transport to variable-sized packets Signaling Beareris an adaptation to run SCCP on top of ATM ALCAP controls AAL2 of user plane
RANAP SCCP M3UA SCTP IP L2 L1
RANAP SCCP M3UA SCTP IP L2 L1

ALCAP RANAP RANAP ALCAP
SCCP Sign. Bearer AAL5 ATM L1

RNC
Iucs
SCCP
Sign. Bearer
AAL5 ATM L1
MSC97 Sv.
Iucs UMTS RNC Networks and Internet Telephony MSC Sv. Sommersemester 2006
Protocols - Control Plane VI

MSC- MSC and MSC Server MSC Server
MSC MSC protocol stack as in ISDN MSC Server MSC Server protocol stack migrates to SS7 over IP or ATM (ATM not shown)
BICC - Bearer Independent Call Control
BICC M3UA ISUP MTP3 MTP2 MTP1 E ISUP MTP3 MTP2 MTP1 SCTP IP L2 L1 Nc
BICC M3UA SCTP L3 L2 L1
MSC
MSC
MSC Server
MSC Server
98
Summary
CS Domain is home to MSC and GMSC in R99
SS7 Network
With Rel4 split (G)MSC into MSC Server and MGW

Separation control / user plane Introduce IP or ATM based transport network Control signaling with SS7 top and IP/ATM base SGWs translate between pure SS7 signaling and SS7 over IP/ATM
99

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Lehrstuhl fr Rechnernetze und Internet

Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut fr Informatik Universitt Tbingen

Leo Petrak, Dr. Christian Hoene und Prof. Georg Carle

UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain Basic functionalities:

Mobility QoS Security

Charging UMTS Evolution: from R99 to Rel7 Beyond UMTS

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

UMTS Radio Link Physical Layer

Radio Communication Fundamentals Dividing Radio Resources Frequency Licensing

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Radio Communication Fundamentals

Fourier Analysis Wave Propagation Scarcity of Radio Resources

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Radio Communication Fundamentals I

Signal strength of a wave P(t) = P0 cos (2ft - )

Radio Communication Fundamentals II - Modulation

Information is encoded by modulating (change midway) a wave of the carrier frequency f

P(t) = P0 cos (2ft + )

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Modulation in UMTS: QPSK

phase shift: Bit sequence:

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Radio Communication Fundamentals III - Fourier Analysis

Density D(f) 2/r

f0 (f0 +1/2r) f Carrier Frequency

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Radio Communication Fundamentals V - Scarcity of radio resources

Radio spectrum is a scarce resource

It is necessary to clearly separate radio resources used by different entities, e.g.

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

UMTS Radio Link Physical Layer

Radio Communication Fundamentals Dividing Radio Resources Frequency Licensing

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Dividing Radio Resources

Frequency division Time division Space division

Code division Examples: GSM and UMTS

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

To avoid collisions, all participating entities need to be synchronized

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Space Division - The Cellular Concept

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Code 1 Code 2 Code 3

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Code Division II - What are these codes?

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Code Division III - Coding and Decoding

Decoding at receiver with correct code

Decoding at receiver with wrong code

D(t) S(t) S(t - ) = D(t)

D(t) S(t) T(t - ) = no data signal

Code Division III - Spreading

D(f) Bandwidth f f0 f0+TDS f

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

Code Division IV- near-far effect

Dividing Radio Resources: Summary

(MA Multiple Access)

e.g. FDD - CDMA

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006

GSM: FDD + TDMA + FDMA

In GSM 900 have