CBZE\B@ GKOMBTB@ Z\BGTMG[A

CGZ

CK@XB HKAL[@O DB@ HK\AM@ HKG[@O

@BAB > NB@[DDM@

@MA > 6;648<6;6

GKCBX > B 22= ZOXD X2

XKAKXTK\ > 2 (Xbtu)

[ZLNN XBAB\M@DB

ZEGNB\ LBCMGZBZB@

IBG[CTBX GKO[\[B@ DB@ MCA[ ZK@DMDMGB@

[@MYK\XMTBX
[@MYK\XMTBX TK\L[GB

<:<2
m
 

DBITB\ MXM
DBITB\
DBITB\ MXM ..................................
...................................................
...................................
..................................
..................................
...............................
............. mm

B. Nuduc Zkrhelbb`
Zkrhelbb` ...................
......... ...................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
...................
...................
........... 2

L. Tunub` Zkrhelbb`
Zkrhelbb` ...................
.......... ..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
...................
...................
................
....... 2

H. Bcbt db` Lbfb` ...................................

....................................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
...................
.. 2

D. Cb`dbsb`
Cb`dbsb` Tkerm
Tkerm ...................................
....................................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
...................
.. 2

K. Zreskdur Zkrhelbb` ...................

.......... ..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
...................
..............
.... <

Zkrhelbb` Ck`sb Hkalu`o ......................................................................................... <

Zkrhelbb` Hkram` Hkgu`o.......................................................................................... <

I. Fbsmc pkrhelb
pkrhelbb`
b` ..................................
...................................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
...................
.. 8

Ck`sb
Ck`sb Hkalu`o.........
Hkalu`o..........................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
...............................
.............. 8

Hkram`
Hkram` Hkgu`o
Hkgu`o ...............................
.................................................
...................................
..................................
...................................
.........................
....... 8

O. Zkrtb`ybb`-pkrtb`ybb
Zkrtb`ybb`-pkrtb`ybb`
` ..................
......... ...................
...................
..................
...................
..................
..................
...................
..................
......... 8

F. Zkalbfb
Zkalbfbsb`
sb` ..................................
...................................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
.........................
........ 8

M. Gksmapucb
Gksmapucb`
` ................................
.................................................
..................................
..................................
...................................
............................
.......... 4

N. Dbitbr
Dbitbr pustbg
pustbgb
b .................................
..................................................
..................................
..................................
...................................
......................
.... ;

G. Gksucmtb` yb`o dmbcbam ..................

........ ...................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
...................
............ ;

C. Xbrb` db` absugb`

absugb` ..................
......... ...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
...............
...... ;

A. Cbapmrb`
Cbapmrb`................................
.................................................
..................................
..................................
...................................
............................
.......... ;

mm
 

B.  Nuduc Zkrhelbb`

Ck`sb hkalu`o db` hkram` hkgu`o
L.  Tunub` Zkrhelbb`
Xktkcbf akcbgugb` gkombtb` dbcba pkrhelbb` m`m dmfbrbpgb` b`db dbpbt
2.  Ak`k`tugb` nbrbg tmtmg bpm (i) ck`sb hkalu`o

<.  Ak`k`tugb` gkgubtb` ck`sb hkalu`o (p)

8.  Ak`k`tugb` nbrbg tmtmg bpbm (i) hkram` hkgu`o

H.  Bcbt db` Lbfb`

2.  Aknb eptmg ck`ogbp
<.  Ck`sb hkalu`o
8.  Hkram` hkgu`o
4.  Cbybr
;.  Xualkr hbfbyb (cmcm` btbu cbapu)

D.  Cb`dbsb` Tkerm

Hkram` db` Ck`sb akrupbgb` bcbt eptmg. Bcbt eptmg bdbcbf bcbt yb`o prm`smp gkrnb`yb
 lkrdbsbrgb` fugua-fugua pkab`tucb` db` pkalmbsb`
pk almbsb` hbfbyb. Gbcbu hkram`, prm`smp
pr m`smp
gkrnb`yb lkrdbsbrgb` fugua pkab`tucb` hbfbyb skdb`ogb` pbdb ck`sb, prm`smp
gkrnb`yb lkrdbsbrgb` fugua pkalmbsb` hbfbyb.
2.  Hkram`
Hkram` bdbcbf lk`db yb`o dmlubt u`tug akab`tucgb` hbfbyb (rkickgter) db`
akrkickgsmgb` lbyb`ob`. Xmsm pbdb hkram` dbpbt nuob dmlubt akck`ogu`o hkalu`o
btbupu` hkgu`o.

Hkram` lkrlkdb dk`ob` ck`sb. Fb`yb sbtu smsm pbdb hkram` yb`o akamcmgm iu`osm
u`tug akab`tucgb` hbfbyb ybg`m smsm augb hkram`, skdb`ogb` pbdb smsm lkcbgb`o
hkram` tmdbg absbcbf bpbpu` lk`tug`yb gbrk`b hbfbyb akab`o tmdbg akckwbtm
hkram`.
2.  Hkram` Hkalu`o
Hkram` hkalu`o akamcmgm augb hkram` lkrlk`tug hkalu`o gkcubr skpkrtm sktk`obf
 lecb. Hkram` hkalu`o lkriu`osm u`tug akab`tucgb` db` gkaudmb` ak`yklbrgb`
hbfbyb yb`o dbtb`o. Hkram` hkalu`o (ge`vkgs) lmbsb dmsklut hkram` `kobtmi gbrk`b

 lkrsmibt ak`yklbrgb` sm`br hbfbyb (dmvkrok`).

2
 

<.  Hkram` Hkgu`o

Hkram` hkgu`o akamcmgm augb hkram` lkrlk`tug hkgu`ob` gkdbcba skpkrtm wbnb`
 pk`ooerk`ob`. Hkram` hkgu`o lkriu`osm u`tug akab`tucgb` db` gkaudmb`
akaiegusgb` hbfbyb yb`o dbtb`o. Hkram` hkgu`o (ge`gbi) lmbsb dmsklut hkram`
 pesmtmi gbrk`b lkrsmibt akaiegusgb` sm`br hbfbyb (ge`vkrok`).
(ge`vkrok`).

2.  Ck`sb
Ck`sb bdbcbf subtu lk`db trb`spbrb` yb`o akamcmgm dub smsm ck`ogu`ob` lkrupb
hkalu`o btbupu` hkgu`o. Ck`sb lkriu`osm u`tug akalmbsgb` btbu ak`krusgb`
hbfbyb (rkibgter). Ck`sb lmbsb`yb tkrlubt dbrm gbhb btbupu` pcbstmg. Zbdb abtkrm m`m
bgb` dmlbfbs dub tmpk ck`sb lkrdbsbrgb` lk`tug/okeaktrm ck`sb ybmtu ck`sb hkalu`o
db` ck`sb hkgu`o.

b.  Ck`sb Hkalu`o (Ge`vkgs)

Ck`sb hkalu`o lkriu`osm u`tug akaiegusgb` hbfbyb yb`o dbtb`o. Ck`sb hkalu`o

(ge`vkgs) lmbsb dmsklut ck`sb pesmtmi. Dmsklut pesmtmi gbrk`b dbpbt akaiegusgb`
hbfbyb (ge`vkrok`).
 l.  Ck`sb Hkgu`o (Ge`gbi)
Ck`sb hkgu`o lkriu`osm u`tug ak`yklbrgb` hbfbyb yb`o dbtb`o. Ck`sb hkgu`o
(ge`gbi) nuob dmsklut sklbobm ck`sb `kobtmi. Dmsklut `kobtmi gbrk`b dbpbt
ak`yklbrgb` hbfbyb (dmvkrok`).
h.  Hkgu`o hkalu`o (ge`vkgs -ge`gbi)

K.  Zreskdur Zkrhelbb`

Zkrhelbb` Ck`sb Hkalu`o

2.  Xusu`cbf ck`sb pbdb dudugb``yb db` cktbggb` dm b`tbrb cbybr db` sualkr hbfbyb
<.   @ybcbgb`cbf sualkr hbfbyb, gkaudmb`
gk audmb` bturcbf pesmsm lk`db db` cbybr bobr pbdb cbybr
tkrlk`tug lbyb`ob` yb`o pbcm`o tbnba
8.  [gurcbf nbrbg lk`db (s) db` nbrbg lbyb`ob` (s”) 
(s”)  
4.  [cb`om pkrhelbb` lklkrbpb gbcm dk`ob` gkdudugb` lk`db yb`o lkrlkdbQ
lkrlkdbQ
Zkrhelbb`
Zkrhelbb` Hkram`
Hk ram` Hkgu`o
2.  Xusu`cbf bcbt skpkrtm obalbr
<.   @ybcbgb`cbf sualkr hbfbyb db` bturcbf gkdudugb` lk`db db` cbybr bobr pbdb cbybr

tkrlk`tug lbyb`ob` pbcm`o tbnba

<
 

8.  [gurcbf nbrbg lk`db (s) db` nbrbg lbyb`ob` (s”) 

(s”)  
4.  [cb`om pkrhelbb` lklkrbpb gbcm dk`ob` gkdudugb` lk`db yb`o lkrlkdb
I.  Fbsmc pkrhelbb`
Ck`sb Hkalu`o
 @e Nbrbg lk`db (ha) Nbrbg lbyb`ob` (ha)

2 8 ha < ha
< < ha < ha
8 < ha 8 ha
4 2 ha < ha
Hkram` Hkgu`o
 @e Nbrbg lk`db (ha) Nbrbg lbyb`ob` (ha)
2 ;,; ha ; ha
< 4,; ha ; ha
8 4 ha ;,; ha

4 2,; ha 8 ha

O.  Zkrtb`ybb`-pkrtb`ybb`
2.  Tk`tugb` nbrbg iegus (i) ck`sb hkalu`o yb`o b`db ou`bgb` dbcba pkrhelbb`!
<.  Tk`tugb` gkgubtb` ck`sb (Z) yb`o b`db pkrou`bgb` dbcba pkrhelbb`!
8.  Tk`tugb` nbrbg iegus (i) hkram` hkgu`o yb`o b`db ou`bgb` dbcba pkrhelbb`!
Nbwblb`>
2.  Nbrbg iegus (i) ck`sb hkalu`o ybmtu 2,; ha
<.  Gkgubtb` ck`sb (Z) ybmtu </8
8.  Nbrbg iegus hkram` hkgu`o ybmtu <,; ha

F.  Zkalbfbsb`
Ck`sb bdbcbf lk`db lk`m`o yb`o dmlbtbsm eckf dub pkraugbb` lkrdbsbrgb` lk`tug
 pkraugbb``yb. Ck`sb dmlkdbgb` ak`nbdm dub abhba, skpkrtm yb`o gbam ou`bgb`
 pbdb pkrhelbb` m`m, ybg`m ck`sb hkgu`o
hkgu `o db` ck`sb hkalu`o
hk alu`o.. Zbdb pkrhelbb` m`m gbam
ak`ykcmdmgm smibt dbrm lbyb`ob` yb`o dmlk`tug eckf ck`sb hkgu`o db` ck`sb hkalu`o
db` fulu`ob` b`tbrb nbrbg lk`db, nbrbg lbyb`ob` db` tmtmg iegus ck`sb. Zkrhelbb`
 pkrtb`db ybg`m pbdb ck`sb hkgu`o, pkrcbgub` yb`o dmcbgugb` sklb`ybg tmob gbcm
 pkrhelbb` dk`ob`
dk `ob` vbrmbsm
vbr mbsm nbrbg lk`db gk ck`sb (s) dmaucbm dbrm
dbr m :,8 a, :,4 a db` :,;
8
 

a. Lkrdbsbrgb` pk`obabtb` tkrcmfbt lbfwb skabgm` nbuf nbrbg lk`db dk`ob` ck`sb,
abgb nbrbg lbyb`ob` skabgm` dkgbt. Xkrtb ck`sb hkgu`o tmdbg akalk`tug lbyb`ob`
dmlkcbgb`o ck`sb, akcbm`gb` dm lkcbgb`o ck`sb, skfm`oob smibt lbyb`ob``yb dmgbtbgb`
 lbyb`ob` abyb, tkrlbcmg db` dmpkrgkhmc. Gkaudmb` pkrcbgub` gkdub pbdb ck`sb
hkalu`o, dk`ob` hbrb yb`o sbab pbdb ck`sb hkgu`o. Fbsmc pk`obabtb` yb`o

dmpkreckf lbfwb skabgm` nbuf nbrbg lk`db, abgb smibt lbyb`ob` yb`o dmlk`tug
skabgm` nbuf. Xkfm`oob smibt lbyb`ob` ck`sb hkalu`o ybg`m `ybtb, tkrlbcmg db`
dmpkrlksbr. Zbdb nbrbg tkrtk`tu dbrm ck`sb, bgb` dbpbt dmtkaugb` sbtu tmtmg Dmb`b
hbfbyb mtu dmiegusgb`., skcb`nut`yb tmtmg tkrsklut dm`babgb` tmtmg iegus. [`tug `mcbm
dbrm tmtmg iegus dbrm absm`o-absm`o ck`sb, pbdb ck`sb hkgu`o dmpkreckf lbfwb
skabgm` nbuf lk`db abgb nbrbg iegus`yb skabgm` lksbr. Tb`db `kobtmi pbdb ck`sb
hkgu`o tmdbg akapk`obrufm `mcbm`yb, `bau` fb`yb u`tug ak`b`dbgb` lbfwb
 lbyb`ob` yb`o tkrlk`tug tmdbg lkrbdb dm lkcbgb`o ck`sb akcbm`gb` dm dkpb` ck`sb
dbcba fbc mtu bdbcbf lbyb`ob` abyb. Xkcbm` mtu, gbam nuob ak`k`tugb` `mcbm

 pkalksbrb` lbyb`ob` dbrm

dbr m gkdub ck`sb tkrsklut, ybmtu dk`ob` akalb`dm`ogb` nbrbg
 lbyb`ob` dk`ob` nbrbg lk`db. Lkrbdbsbrgb` fbsmc dbrm b`bcmsms dbtb dbpbt dmgbtbgb`
 lbfwb skabgm` nbuf nbrbg lk`db, abgb `mcbm pkalksbrb``yb skabgm` gkhmc. Fbc m`m
 lkrcbgu u`tug gkdub ck`sb. @bau`, pbdb ck`sb hkalu`o
hk alu`o u`tug nbrbg :,4 a au`ogm`
tkrnbdm gksbcbfb` prbgtmgb` dbcba akcbgugb` pk`ougurb`, sklbl m`m tmdbg sksubm, m`m
gbam blbmgb`. Gkgubtb` ck`sb btbu dbyb ck`sb bdbcbf gkabapub` sbtu ck`sb u`tug
akaubtgb`/ak`ouapucgb` btbu ak`yklbrgb` lkrgbs sm`br yb`o dmtkrmab`yb. Zbdb
 pk`k`tub` dbyb ck`sb ulm ck`sb hkgu`o skabgm` lksbr nbrbg lk`db, abgb
dbyb/gkgubtb` ck`sb skabgm` lksbr. Db` u`tug ck`sb hkalu`o skabgm` lksbr nbrbg

 lk`db, abgb dbyb/gkgubtb`

db yb/gkgubtb` ck`sb skabgm` gkhmc. Dbrm pkrhelbb` yb`o dmcbgugb`
d mcbgugb` m`m,
dbpbt dmgbtbgb` lkrfbsmc, gbrk`b b`tbrb tkerm yb`o bdb dk`ob` fbsmc dbrm pkrhelbb`
yb`o dmcbgugb` sksubm. _bcbupu` nbrbg iegus u`tug ck`sb hkalu`o pbdb nbrbn :,4 a
dmblbmgb`.
M.  Gksmapucb`
Gksmapucb` Lkdbsbrgb` fbsmc dbrm b`bcmsms dbtb skrtb pkalbfbsb`, dbpbt dmsmapucgb`
 lbfwb >
b.  Xmibt pkalmbsb` hbfbyb pbdb ck`sb oblu`ob` bdbcbf `ybtb,tkobg db` dmpkrlksbr.
 l.  Xmibt-smibt lbyb`ob` yb`o dmlk`tug eckf ck`sb hkgu`o
hkgu `o bdbcbf abyb, ttkobg
kobg db`

dmpkrlksbr. Xkdb`ogb` ck`sb hkalu`o ybmtu `ybtb, tkrlbcmg db` dmpkrlksbr.

4
 

h.  Fulu`o
Fulu`ob`
b` b`tbrb nbrbg lk`db, nbrbg lbyb`ob` db` nbrbg iegus ck`sb bdbcbf
skabgm` nbuf nbrbg lk`db, abgb nbrbg lbyb`ob``yb skabgm` dkgbt db` nbrbg
iegus`yb rkcbtmi sbab btbu tktbp
N.  Dbitbr pustbgb
\uab`tb, Abab`. (<:<2).  Zrbgtmgua MZB dm XD.
XD. Tb`okrb`o Xkcbtb`. [`mvkrsmtbs
Tkrlugb.

B`e`ma. (<:26). \m`ogbsb`
(<:26). \m`ogbsb` Abtkrm Hkram` db` Ck`sb (Hkgu`o + Hkalu`o) Ck`ogbp
 Dk`ob` He`tef Xebc . Dmbgsks pbdb <9 @evkalkr <:<2 dbrm
fttps>//www.imsmgblh.hea/<:26/:;/hkram`-ck`sb-hkgu`o-hkalu`o.ftac. 
fttps>//www.imsmgblh.hea/<:26/:;/hkram`-ck`sb-hkgu`o-hkalu`o.ftac.

B`e`ya. (<:<2). Hkram` db` Ck`sb  ‘   Hkalu`o db` Hkgu`o . Dmbgsks pbdb <9
 @evkalkr <:<2 dbrm 
dbrm fttps>//www.studmelkcbnbr.hea/hkram`-ck`sb-hkalu`o-hkgu`o/.
fttps>//www.studmelkcbnbr.hea/hkram`-ck`sb-hkalu`o-hkgu`o/. 

G.  Gksucmtb` yb`o dmbcbam

Gktkrlbtbsb` bcbt u`tug akcbgugb` prbgtmgua
prbgtmgua
C.  Xbrb` db` absugb`
Xklbmg`yb akamcmgm bcbt yb`o ck`ogbp bobr fbsmc`yb bgurbt db` abgsmabc.
A. Cbapmrb`

Zkrtbab-tbab, smbpgb`
bcbt db` lbfb` yb`o
dmpkrcugb` u`tug
akcbgugb` gkombtb`
 prbgtmgua ck`sb
hkalu`o db` hkram`
hkgu`o, skpkrtm cmcm`,
gkrtbs, ck`sb hkalu`o
db` hkram` hkgu`o skrtb
 pk`oobrms. Xkcbm` mtu,
tblkc pk`obabtb` db`
 nuob bcbt tucms u`tug
ak`hbtbt fbsmc
 pkrhelbb`.

Tbfbp bwbc

;
 

9
 

Zresks gkombtb` 2.   pkrhelbb` ck`sb

hkalu`o
skcb`nut`yb, susu`cbf ck`sb
hkalu`o pbdb dudugb``yb
db` cktbggb` dm b`tbrb cbybr
db` sualkr hbfbyb ybmtu
cmcm`. @ybcbgb` cmcm` db`
bturcbf pesmsm lk`db db`
ck`sb bobr pbdb cbybr
tkrlk`tug lbyb`ob` pbcm`o
tbnba db` ucb`om dk`ob`
gkdudugb` lk`db yb`o
 lkrlkdb.

<.   pkrhelbb` hkram`

hkgu`o
susu`cbf hkram` hkgu`o,
 pbdb dudugb``yb db`
sualkr hbfbyb ybmtu
cmcm` db` cbybr. @ybcbgb`
cmcm` db` bturcbf pesmsm
 lk`db db` ck`sb bobr
 pbdb cbybr tkrlk`tug
 lbyb`ob` pbcm`o tbnba
db` ucb`om dk`ob`
gkdudugb` lk`db yb`o
 lkrlkdb.

?
 

8. 

6
 

Tbfbp bgfmr Xktkcbf ak`kaugb` lbyb`ob`

 pbcm`o tbnba, ugurcbf nbrbg
 lk`db db` nbrbg lbyb`ob`
lbyb`ob`
dk`ob` gkdudugb` lk`db yb`o
 lkrlkdb-lkdb db` hbtbt fbsmc
 pk`ougurb` pbdb tblkc
 pk`obabtb`.

=
 

2:
 

22
 

2<