A Practical Training Seminar Report On

Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur

Submitted as a Partial fulfillment of the B. Tech program In Electronics & Communication Engineering of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

SESSION 2011-12 Submitted to: Mr. Sandeep Jain (Lecturer, Deptt. Of ECE) Submitted by: Ashish Sharma VIT-E (EC) VII SEM.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

A Practical Training Seminar Report On

Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur

Submitted as a Partial fulfillment of the B. Tech program In Electronics & Communication Engineering of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

SESSION 2011-12 Submitted to: Mr. Sandeep Jain (Lecturer, Deptt. Of ECE) Submitted by: Ashish Sharma VIT-E (EC) VII SEM.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

3 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Acknowledgement

It is my honors on my behalf to acknowledge Mr. R.S. tyagi (Director E) and staff of Doordarshan Kendra Jaipur for their supervision and support rendered during my training. I also thanks to Mr. N.K. Khandelwal(DDE), Mr. R.S. Meena, Mr. Moola Ram, Mr. M.C. Bansal, Mr. Banne Khan, Mr. Rajeev Gupta, Mr. Pankaj Bhutani, Mr. A.K. Tambi, Mr. S.N. Mathur, Mr. Dinesh Sharma, Mr. R.K. Gupta(AE), Mr. M.C. Paliwal, Mr. K.C. Jain, Mr. Harishchandra(ADE), Mr. Sanjay Kulshrishtha, Mr. Ajay Sharma(PEX), Mr. C.K. Warthey(ASD) for providing expert comments and valuable advice for making me familiar with the communication and communication instruments to initiate my training.

Ashish Sharma B. Tech, IV Year, VII Sem. Electronics and Communication VIT (EAST), Jaipur

4 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Preface

It is a pleasure to present the industrial training report of 30 days, which we have done at CPC Doordarshan as a part of our Engineering curriculum. It helps us to put our theoretical knowledge, which we gain from our course to practical experience in an industrial environment. This report gives an overview of all the technical departments. The functionality of these departments has been illustrated in this report.

5 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Table of Contents

y y y y y y y y

Introduction of CPC About DDK, Jaipur Introduction of broadcasting Two channel Automated P/B system Feed Room(MSR) Studio Editing Electronic News Gathering (ENG)

6 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Table of Figures

y y y

Fig 1- Photo of MSR. (Page-14) Fig 2- Photo of Studio 1. (Page-16 ) Fig 3- Photo of Studio 2. (Page-17)

7 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Introduction to CPC

Central production unit (CPC) was established in 1989, in Asiad complex as a national production, New Delhi to plan and produce high quality program bank, covering almost every aspect of our cultural, heritage & some quality entertainment programs. CPC controls the function of 5 channels:1. DD India 2. DD Sports 3. DD Bharti 4. DD National 5. DD News y y DD India: - Makes available programs for viewers outside India like South East, Middle East, CIS & neighboring region of Europe and West and Central Africa. DD Sports: - It Includes coverage of sports events held in country & most of the national level tournaments in all disciplines, recording of sport related programs such as live telecast of daily one hour quiz program on sports. DD Bharti: - This channel shows catering programs on various genera, such as music, dance, culture, health & fitness and the segment of children. DD National: - This is a channel which is shown free of cost in allover India. It shows news, entertainment programs, live telecasts, movies, daily serial. DD News: - It is news based channel shows news on current affairs, sports, political, business, etc.

y y y

The Central Production is under the charge of the Director who is responsible for the program of the Kendra & its administration. The Superintendent engineer looks after maintenance & proper functionality of transmitters, studios and other technical equipments of the station. There are different sections of CPC. The whole centre is divided into three wings: -

8 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Engineering Wing 1. Electronics Engineering Wing 2. Electrical Engineering Wing 3. Civil Engineering Wing Program Wing 1. Pure Program Wing 2. News Wing Administration Wing 1. General Administration Wing 2. Security Wing

Electronics Engineering Wing deals with repairing & maintenance of equipments. Electrical Engineering Wing deals with works related to electrical equipments & power supply. Civil Engineering Wing is to do all works & maintenance related to civil engineering & construction. Pure program Wing consists of units of production & transmission except that which related to news gathering & live broadcasting. News Wing is related to news gathering & broadcasting. CPC can be broadly divided into two units. 1. Production unit 2. Earth Station Production Unit: contains following sections y Studio A(News & Current affairs) y Studio B y Production control Room(PCR) y Camera Control Unit(CCU) y Feed Room(Master Switching Room) y Central Apparatus room(CAR) y Electronics News Gathering(ENG)

9 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

The production unit of television broadcasting exists to originate a composite audio video signal. It also processes the associated circuitry in the control room before routing it to earth station. The recording, editing, sorting is the main production feature of this unit. a. Both studio(A & B) consists of following three controlling: 1. PCR (Production Control Room) consists of Audio console & Vision mix. 2. CCU (Camera Control Unit) controls the parameters of the camera like iris control lens, illumination control, white & black balance. 3. Studio Floor is used for production of live events like masters of the game & news etc. b. Electronic News Gathering: Professional ENG cameras. Beta cam is manufactured by Sony of model BVP 90P, BVP 701SP & DVCPRO manufactured by Panasonic. c. Feed Room consists of reception of outside coverage through IRDS & then controlling of their routing. y Earth Station is the department where the process of the up linking of the signal is controlled. The signal is passed through multiplexer amplifier & carried by the carrier frequency & after no modification it is uplinked at a particular frequency. Therefore these are the departments, which control the main functioning of central production center. PAS-10 satellite is used for the transmission of these three channels.

10 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ABOUT THE DDK, JAIPUIR

ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP:THERE ARE TWO DIRECTORATES AKASHWANI DOORDARSHAN

     

TOTAL STAFF STRENGTH IS ABOUT 250. TECHNICAL STAFF IS 125. STARTED IN 1977 AS UDK TYPE:- BROADCASTING AND PRODUCTION STUDIOS CAME IN 1987 STUDIOS:  RECORDING STUDIO  TRANSMISSION STUDIO  TRANSMISSION:  DIGITAL EARTH STATION  TERRESTRIAL X-MISSION  DD NATIONAL/REGIONAL  CH# 5  DD NEWS  CH#8

11 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION OF BROADCASTING

What is broadcasting:The process of sending information to a distant place is called broadcasting.

Need:We can not send information to a distant place with good quality of intelligence.

y Means of broadcasting:1. Terrestrial 2. Satellite 3. Internet 1. Terrestrial (line of sight) :y H.P.T. (High Power Transmitter) > 1 kW y L.P.T. (Low Power Transmitter) > 100 W y V.L.P.T. (Very Low Power Transmitter) = 10 W

2. Satellite: - In this signal is transmitted to satellite which is at 36000 KM from earth.

y HISTORY: The birth of broadcasting in India has started on an experimental basis in the year 1921when times of India in collaboration with P & T department broadcasts a musical programme.  In the year 1930 radio broadcasting started operating under the Indian broadcasting company.

12 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

 The government took over the charge of broadcasting in March 1935.  A separate office of the controller of broadcasting was created.  The landmark in the history of broadcasting is the change of the name of the Indian broadcasting to air in 1936 and in the same year Delhi station was formed.  From 1936 onwards the development of air was very slow, nine stations were opened up in different places like Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Lucknow and Tiruchi.  From 1956 on wards air was popularly known as AKASHWANI.  On 12th November 1947 the voice of Gandhi ji was broadcasted in air and since then it is celebrated as broadcasting day.  AIR and DOORDARSHAN aims to provide information, education and entertainment for the public.  Television (Doordarshan) started in India in the year 1959 with black and white transmission.  The black & white transmission was converted fully into color in 1982 during Asian games.

Two Channel Automated P/B System 13 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

This new entertainment channel launched by Prasar Bharti on January 26, 2002 is available in the satellite mode, on the PAS-10 satellite, in the band that carries the DD News channel. The channel focuses on the health, music, dance & heritage with special emphasis on the Indian way of life. It carries programmes on yoga, Meditation, alternative system of medicines, aerobics & other aspects of healthcare in the health segment every day. It holds daily children & youth segment featuring programmes such as cartoons, talent hunt shows, wild life films, news etc. The channel also offers music, dance, travel & tourism shows, programmes on heritage & literature. This is a fully digital & automatic channel. So it is also called as two channel automated P/B system. In this type of system we use a server based technology in which we load all those programs description in the memory of a computer based system called omnibus. And then no need to stay there for controlling manually. Programs will run automatically one after another according to given time interval. The whole production controlling in the 2 channel automated P/B system is controlled by a specially designed system is know as omnibus which works on the technology with which we are well introduced named as profile PDR having capacity of 540 gigabytes for which we use 16 hard disks, each having capacity of 36 GB. In terms of time this system has a capacity of 72 hours. We can understand this system.

FEED ROOM (MSR) 14 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Feed room basically known as Master Switching Room & Satellite Feed Room. All the feeds from various sources like satellite, studio & other channels are known as feeds. The different types of feeds can be broadly divided into two categories: y y Satellite Feed Oversight Feed

Fig 1

Equipments Used In Master Switching Room

y Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD 2600 & IRD 2800): These are new generation of IRDs. Both provide output as high quality video, audio & data for satellite, cable & telecom program distribution. Control & management can be obtained via the IRD front control panel, an optional infrared remote control or an attached pc terminal. It also supports remote

15 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

management control & software download via transport stream links. Both contain a demultiplexer MPEG2 video decoders as well as data & VBI insertion function. Functioning: Input to receiver is transferred to demultiplexer in mpeg2 transport video & audio recorder process resulting in video audio & data stream. The end output is modified to suit the required output format according to installed output modules. Applications: 1. Satellite receiving 2. DSNG 3. Cable head end receiving 4. Telecommunication & Microwave 5. Business TV/radio reception 6. Network video distribution

Routing Switchers: It is used for up linking the channel parameters. Output of receiver is routed to different channels. These are used when regular changes are too frequent. This is a more flexible approach, rather than taking circuit directly from source to destination it is broken at a number of strategic points. At these points a patch panel is introduced, with an uplink providing continuity of the signal. Uplink provides convenient monitoring points. It is useful in event of fault finding & when carrying out alignment checks. FEED>>>>IRD>>>>ROUTER>>>>OUTPUT Video & Audio Patch Panel: These are connected router switcher. These patch panel are used to join respective inputs to their respective outputs. Microwave Links: It is of 2 types as written: 1. Continental 2. STL (Studio To Transmitter Link) Each type has two units as given below: 1. One for reception 2. Other for transmission Each unit has two parts i.e. HF & LF.

y y

16 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Basically microwave link is used for short distance transmission & oversight feed, it is also received by microwave link. Gig wave link is also used which has same purpose as that of microwave link. Output of STL received is better of quality. y STAB (Stabilizing Amplifier): STAB helps in clipping the sync. Pulses of 50% level, regenerate them & fix them back to the video signal. It provides end control for the adjustments of various levels like video level, chroma level, and sync. Level, burst level and chroma phase level etc. It is also possible to adjust these controls from a remote location. y Digital Synchronizer: It is also known as Noise reducer. It reduces the undesired noise signals so as to improve the quality of the signal. y Waveform Monitor: It is used to check the quality of the signals. y Video Distribution Amplifier: Video is distributed by 75 ohm circuit, consequently separate distribution amplifier (DA) outputs are needed. y Phone In Line: This facility is provided so that if correspondent want to give any information in the form of only audio.

OB VAN (Outdoor Broadcasting Van) 17 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

y y y y y y

This van is a complete van for recording and editing. This van has 8 cameras setup. Inside it there are Audio consol and Vision mixer. There are 8 VTRs for display. There is a direct connection of van with the Earth Station. For controlling there is a CCU.

Fig 2

18 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Fig 3

Working:
As the OB van has 8 cameras, they are placed at desired locations. The output signals from each camera are feed to the OB van where these signals are divided in two parts one is video and other is audio. Video signal is feed to vision mixer whereas the Audio signal is feed to audio consol. In vision mixer all the video are mixed and they are controlled by CCU and final signal produced is called PGM. Similarly audio signal is also mixer in audio consol and final both of them are mixed and transmitted to earth station.

STUDIO 19 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

This is the production unit of CPC where the live programs like Master of game, Meri Baat, Prasnotari and News and Current Affairs are held. This unit consists of following parts: 1. Studio Floor 2. Camera Control Unit 3. Production Control Unit

Fig 1.

20 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Fig 2 Then after these parts the communication process goes on through feed room, earth station etc. Now well discuss separately about each part: y Studio Floor: This place requires large space and ceiling as compared any other technical area. Action in this area includes staging, lighting, performance by artist and arrangement to pick up picture and sound. Hardware require for these activities in a studio (typical size 20*20*8.5 cubic meter) are: 1. Very efficient air condition because of lot of heat dissipation by studio light and presence of large number of persons including invited audience, performing artists and operational crew. Uniform and even flooring for smooth operation of camera dollies and boom microphones, etc. 2. Acoustic treatment keeping in mind that a television studio is a multipurpose studio with lot of moving person and equipments during a production.

21 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Supporting facilities like properties, wardrobe and makeup, etc. Effective communication facilities for the floor crew with the production control area. Studio cameras (three to four) with one of the cameras fitted with teleprompter system and pressure dolly. Luminaries and suspension system having girds or battens (hand/motorized operation). Pick up wall socket for audio operations. Tie lines box for video and audio lines from control room. Cyclorama and curtains tracks for blue and black curtains for chroma keying and limbo lighting respectively. Audio and video monitoring facilities. Studio warning light and safety devices like fire alarm system and firefighting equipments etc. Digital clock display.

Operational requirements from the technical crew may vary from programme to programme. These requirement for lighting, audio pick up and special effects etc. depends upon the programme requirement such as establishing a period, time, formal or informal situation.

Equipments used in studio floor:

Camera: This is the most important equipment for any program, because it is the equipment which gets focus on program and the program goes through this equipment in other units. A camera can be of several types but the camera that we use in CPS is HK-388 series camera whose brief description is as follows: HK-388 Series Camera: The HK-388 series digital video camera is efficient and maintenance work is reduced drastically. Function of video camera is switchable for the selection of two TV systems. Some important feature of this camera is: y Optical fiber cable is used for digital transmission and TRIAX cable is used for analog transmission. y A signal to noise ratio of NTSC: 62 dB, PAL: 60 dB is obtained. y Some details known as SlimDTL and Skin-DTL are used to improve the quality of picture.

22 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

y The body of camera head is made of aluminium. Specifications: 1. Input Signal: External sync signal: VBS 1 Vp-p +ve polarity 75 ohms 2. Output Signal: Composite video signal: VBS 1 Vp-p 3. Power Supply: Camera head: AC 100/117/220/240 VA HK-388W : Approx. 130VA Lights: There are basically two types of light: 1. Hard lights 2. Cool lights Now a day cool light are used in studios as these lights produces lesser heat than hard lights & hence it does not alter the surrounding temperature. These are the cool lights which generally gives about 3200 Kelvin color temperature that is required for camera for its proper operation there are many effects present in human face that are required to modify while performing any program like, to reduce the age effect & face colors etc. So for these operations a temperature of around 3200 Kelvin is required to provide cool lights. We cant use ordinary lights on the places of these lights since there more than 250 lights in studio. Plasma & BARCO wall Projector: There are two screens kept on backside of news reader used to display clippings recorded in the VTR. BARCO wall monitor is also placed in studio floor which is used by news reader to show weather information. Teleclimber & Telescope controller: It is used to control the movement of grid by lowering down or raising their level. Earphones: The function of earphone is to convey the commands given by the product site in the PCR to the news reader. The earphones are switched on when news are telecasted & the news reader can hear the command from the news reader. Therefore earphones are essential part of a studio as they are the equipments with help of which the news reader starts speaking, gives a break or perform.

23 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Lapel Mikes: Lapel Mikes are commonly known as collar mikes. It is a small mike which can be attached to ones collar using clip. The function of it is to send the voice of the reader to the PCR. There the audio test of voice received from the lapel mike is done. The word which we hear from the TV sets, are therefore spoken by the news reader & picked up by the lapel mike in the studio. Teleprompter: It is the equipment which rolls & stops the news on the screen, which is to be read by newsreader. A switch in the teleprompter can control the speed of the rolling the news on the screen. The same switch is used to give breaks whenever required. The equipment is controlled by a person sitting in a studio that controls its functioning according to the ease of the newsreader. Mute switch: Mute switch acts as very important equipment used by the news reader, when the news is being telecasted live. Mute switch is provided just below the news desk where the newsreader speaks. When it is pressed, the voice, which is transferred by the lapel mikes to the PCR, is disconnected. Therefore the news reader presses this switch whenever required. y Camera Control Unit: It plays a vital role in completion of any program. It is that place where the final output of camera cameras & after modification of that picture the rest process occurs. The television cameras which includes camera head with its optical focusing lens, pan & tilt head, video signal preamplifier view finder & other associated electronic circuitry are mounted on camera trolleys & operate inside the studios. The output of camera is pre-amplified in the head & then connected to camera control unit (CCU) through long multi-care cable (35 to 40 cores), or triax cable. All the camera control voltages are fed from the CCU to the camera head over the multicore camera cable. The view finder signal is also sent over the camera cable to the camera head view finder for helping the camera man in proper focusing, adjusting & composing the shots. The video signal so obtained is amplified, H.F. corrected, equalized for cable delays, D.C. clamped, horizontal, & vertical blanking pulses are added to it. The peak white level is also clipped to avid overloading of the following stages & avoiding over modulation in the transmitter. The composite sync signals are then added & these video

24 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

signals are fed to a distributor amplifier, which normally gives multiple outputs for monitoring etc.

The equipments that perform the work of the work of modification, present in Ccu are: y y y y y y y y y Base station Video Crossbar Video Distribution Amplifiers Monitors Wave Form Monitors Camera election Unit Master Control Panel Operation Control Panel Power Supply Control For Camera Unit

Base Station: All the outputs of camera of studio floor is fed to base station then base station provides this output to VDAs which further in contact to CCU, Which in turn connect to MCPs. Video Crossbar: A crossbar can have control of 8 cameras & we can connect 5 crossbars at one MCP. Means through a MCP we can control 40 cameras with the help of crossbars. VDA (video distribution amplifier): Video is distributed in the same way as pulses. Video signals are distributed by 75 ohm circuits, consequently separate distribution amplifier (DA) outputs are needed for each. VDAs are usually much more sophisticated than their pulse counter parts having performance up to 5.5 MHZ with minimum impairment to the signal. The distortion introduced by a DA should be immeasurably small as the signal passes through the distribution system. Monitors: These are ordinary monitors which are used to see the output of the programmes. In a CCU section there is a big importance of monitors. These are used to view the output of final modified picture. Monitors present in this section of studio are: 4 for camera, 1 for PGM, 1 to view preview & 1 is that which shows the final on- air output coming from PCR section. Operation Control Panel: They are used for controlling the output of four cameras of studios. One panel is used for each separate camera. We can improve & sharpens the color quality of the video.

25 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Master Control Panel: It is used as a master of all controls for cameras. It is used for maintenance or precision adjustment. One MCP panel can control up to 40 cameras when used in combination with CCU unit. Camera Selection Unit: Used when controlling a lot of cameras from a MCP. One CCU unit can control up to 8 cameras. This unit has a terminal which outputs the selected cameras signal. Power Controls: A big arrangement is required for power control in studio. As we describes prior that more than 250 lights are used in a studio floor. So how these can be controlled? To control these light a process known as light PINMATRIX is used. In which we use a pin containing a diode to which when we put in a pre arranged whole system the particular light glows up in studio. This is the just light controlling process. Dimmer: Lights are by passed through dimmer by the use of fuses which are present in light controlled & not by switch on the pin matrix. It consists of UPS rating 5 to 300 KW of model SONY BCT 90 L. frequency=50 MHz y Production Control Room: PCR as its name suggests, the final production is done from this room. Both engineer and program producer co-ordinate each other. In this room all video output are display on the monitor say multicameras output, computer graphics, VTRs & at the same time OBs output. Then the production switch that is called a line edited panel edits this output. From here various outputs mixes & gives special effects. Edited output is sent to VTR. Activities in this area are: 1. Direction to the production crew by the producer of the programme. 2. Timing a production/telecast. 3. Editing of different sources available at the production desk. 4. Monitoring of output off air signal.

Hardware provided in this area includes: 1. Monitoring facilities for all the input & output sources (audio/video). 2. Remote control for video mixer & special effect (ADO) etc. 3. Communication facilities with technical areas & studio floor.

26 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Vision Mixing & Switching: Unlike films, television media allows switching between different sources simultaneously at the video switcher in production control room operated by the vision mixer on the direction of the program producer. The producer directs the cameraman for proper shots on various cameras through intercom & the vision mixer (also called VM engineer) switches shots from the selected cameras with split second accuracy, in close cooperation with producer. The shot can be switched from one video source to another video source, superimposed, cross faded, faded in or faded out electronically with actual switching being done during the vertical intervals between the picture frames. Electronic special effects are also used now a day as a transition between the two sources.

27 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

TV Studio Lighting
Light is electromagnetic radiation that stimulates the eye to give the sensation of color & luminosity. This visible spectrum is from 400 to760 nanometer. Sensitivity of our eye is maximum at 555 nanometer. The intensity of light is measured in LUX. One standard candle at a uniform distance of 1 meter from a surface of 1 square meter gives illumination of 1 LUX. It is also called as Lumens/m2

1m 1m

Standard Candle (Dia. 1) 1 LUMEN

1m surface Area 1m

Fig. 1 Illumination of 1 Lumen from a surface of 1metre/m2

Quality of light is measured in color temperature i.e. 0 Kelvin. More color temperature means light towards Blue region, less color temperature means light towards Red region. Color temperature of Tube light is 6500 K. Color temperature of lamp used in House is 2800 K. Color temperature of Tungsten filament lamp used in TV studio is 3200 K. Average day light color temperature is 6500 K. What is the difference between stage lighting and TV studio lighting? The stage light we are able to see by two eyes, whereas TV picture is created by only one camera so the sense of depth i.e. three dimensional effect is not achieved. This three dimensional effect in TV studio in created by special lighting, called as three point lighting.

28 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

In three points lighting main lights are (1) Key light (2) Fill light (3) Back light. Forth light is Back ground light. The function of there lights are as under:

Basic Three Point Lighting

Key light: This is the principle light for illumination. It gives shape and modeling by casting shadows. It is treated like "sun" in the sky and it should cast only one shadow. Normally it is a hard source.

Fill Light: Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch lights in the eyes. Normally it is a soft source.

Back Light: Separates the person from the background, reveals background interest and shape. Normally it is hard source.

Background Light: It Separate the person from the background revealing interest and shape. Normally it is hard source.

In three pointing light has the ratio of 3/2/1 (Back? Key/Fill) for mono and 3/2/2 for color provides good portrait lighting. Light Sources Light source fall into two categories:1. 2. Hard Soft

29 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

1.

A Hard Source behaves as a point source and casts a single hard edged shadow.

Fig.2 A Hard Source A Fresnel spotlighting is at its "hardest" in the fully flooded condition.

2.

A Soft Source behaves as a large area source taking into account the relative size of object and light source and the distance separating them.

Fig.3 A Soft Source The construction of the Soft Edged Spotlight is shown below.

30 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION



OBJ

   !   

      

rg r o r

OBJ

Poi t o r

i gl H r g h ow

ltipl h ow Givi g OFT g

Fig. 4 Component of a hard Light Barn doors are fitted to soft edged spotlights to restrict illumination to specific areas.

31 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

EDITING
Editing is meant to edit or to produce the final program after modifications. In CPS editing plays an important role. We need editing to cut clip from a complete program to use that in news section. Lets assume a programme held in USA, which we received through IRDs in feed room and have its complete recording in video cassettes and now we want to show 1 3minute of this 2-hour program in News. Then the process that wills produce this 3-minute clip from 2-hours program will be called editing. Editing can be of two types: y Linear Editing and y Non Linear Editing

Linear Editing

In linear editing we view the complete program through some playing equipments and then cut desired part of program and then record that in a special type of cassette through any recording equipment and then send it to News control room where these are used st the time of News broadcasting. This is about linear editing. Equipments used in linear editing section: y Video tape recorders(Beta cam, DVC PRO) y Audio Receiver y Video Receiver y Remote for VTRs y Video Cassettes y Monitors Video tape recorder: We use two or three VTRs in editing section which can be used for playing cassettes to be edited and recording also.

32 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Audio and Video Receiver: These do the same job as they do in other production control like DD INDIA and DD SPORTS. These receive audio and video of the program playing in VTRs in analog form which then recorded. Remote for VTRs: This is special equipment used in editing section. As we describing prior that we use two or three VTRs for playing cassettes. Means at a time we play two or three cassettes to which we have to edit and it will be so complicated task to use control panel of VTRs separately. So we use remote panel that can control more than two VTRs at a time. We just need to put VTRs on remote mode then with the help of this remote we can control more than two VTRs at a time. We just need to put VTRs on remote mode then with the help of this remote we can control any of the VTR used in unit. DVC PRO: It is a special type of equipment used to record the edited program in cassette. We can use VTRs too for recording purpose but the difference between VTR and DVCPRO is that VTR is an analog equipment and DVCPRO is works digitally. Mostly we use this equipment for recording in editing section. Video Cassettes: These are special type of cassettes used to record the edited program.

Non-Linear Editing

When we use the term NLE, we mean editing video from your hard drive, NLE requires two things: editing software and a video capture card to gets the video into your computer. Once the video clip are digitized and on your hard drive they can be assembled in any order, with the drag of a mouse, much like moving around sentences in a word processing program. Non linear editing software is timeline based. You start by selecting the in and out points of your scene. Remember, that since everything is digital, we can get frame accurate edit points every time. Each scene is then placed on the timeline. You can lay down more than one track of video and audio onto your timeline. If you want to set your video to music, you start by placing the captured sound file onto the timeline. Next you select and arrange all of your video scenes. You can move scenes and clips around in your video just by dragging them with your mouse. It really is that easy!

33 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

The best part about NLE is the effects. Since the video is in digital form, we dont have to worry about time base correctors and frame synchronizers. Our own imagination and the software we choose to use only limit our effects. We can add special filters to clean up and restore picture quality, or to place ripples or swirls in the video. We can create awesome transitions between scenes such as page turn, flips, roll ups, and breakaways, plus the standard dissolves and wipes. When it comes to titling and graphics, NLE lets you go crazy. You can use any windows true type font, so foreign languages are no problem at all. Want to add a logo or computer graphics you designed onto your video, its a piece of cake. In fact we can make it fly, bounce, or spin onto the video. Of course all our titles graphics can be superimposed and mixed with our video. You can also add cool plug-ins to your NLE software to create awesome 3D transitions and effects onto the same scene. The power of NLE is truly incredible. Now every videographer can create video that look and feel like network productions. The video you can create using our video capture cards and software will have your audience cheering, with everyone wanting to see more and asking how you did it. While it is the video editing software that lets you actually create the video, it is the video capture card that determines the quality of you video. y Video Capture: our video card use various compression methods, called CODEC (compression/decompression), to digitize & pack the video onto your hard drive. It is very important that you select correct compression method to support your final video production. In todays world of digital video-graphy, it is important to realize that there is much more than old fashion video tape to deliver your content. y Graphics: Graphics design is the arrangement of flat layout of text & images for books & magazines, newspaper, advertisement, publicity sheets, posters & host of the other products of printing process. It is a field that employs the skills of an enormous number of designers. In CPG, graphics has its own role. It is used to produce background effects or for initial mantas etc. As at the part of news for showing the coming up information of any program some graphics software are used: Adobe Photoshop: To produce still images. 3D MAX: To convert these still images into a moving form.

34 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ELECTRONICS NEWS GATHERING (ENG)

Electronics news gathering basically consists of recording an event using cameras and submitting the recorded cassettes in the library of CPC Doordarshan. Equipments used for news gathering: y Cameras: There are 2 types of cameras used: 1. Digital camera 2. Analog camera

This digital camera is manufactured by Panasonic and is called DVCPRO. The cassette used is small in size and weight is quiet less. Recording is done digitally by DVCPRO. These types of cameras have high sensitivity to light and we can get more clarity in the video cassette recorder even in low light. Sony manufacture the analog camera used and is called BETACAM. The cassette used is large in size as compare to the cassette used in digital cameras and is also more. The ENG cameras are commonly known as camcorder as they contain a head and VCR, which record both audio and video signals. To obtain proper color quality, some filters are used for adjustment the color temperature. Four types of filter are used in the ENG cameras, which work in wearing light. These filters can be change according to the requirement & the best color quality is obtained in the video recording.

SPECIFICATIONS:
y y y y y y Power supply voltage : 12 V DC Power consumption : 21 W Operating temperature : 32 F to 104 F Operating humidity : LESS THAN 85% Continuous operating time : 90 min Weight : 5.85 kg

Mikes: These are used to record sound. These are classified in two types of microphones:

35 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

1. Dynamic mikes 2. Condenser mikes Dynamic mikes require a battery in which dielectric between the electrodes converts sound into electric energy.

Condenser mikes has condenser microphones which includes: 1. Gun mike 2. Short gun mike 3. Lapel mike One mike is also provided in the camera. y Sun burn: It is a device used to lighting & it is used with color camera. y Laptop: It is basically used for sports coverages.

36 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Satellite Parameters
Following satellites are used for transmission & receiving signals: y INSAT 2E y INSAT 3C y PAS-10 y ASIA SAT y INTEL SAT

To tune any signal we require these parameters: 1. Frequency Error Correction (FEC): It is used for up linking signal. Its value can be 2/3, 3/ 4, 7/8 etc. 2. Symbol Rate: It is a parameter for down linking signal. It can be 5, 3.5, 3.8 etc. 3. Downlink Frequency: It is the frequency at which the signal is down linked.

For Asia vision which is telecasted from CPC following parameters are used: y y y y Uplink frequency = 6218.5 MHz Downlink frequency = 3993.5 MHz FEC = 7/8 Symbol rate = 6.6665 MSPS

37 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION