REGISTER NUMBER:30907106021

ENOSE
ABSTRACT
Onboard the space station, astronauts are surrounded by ammonia. It flows through pipes, carrying heat generated inside the station (by people and electronics) outside to space. Ammonia helps keep the station habitable. But it's also a poison. And if it leaks, the astronauts will need to know quickly. Ammonia becomes dangerous at a concentration of a few parts per million (ppm). Humans, though, can't sense it until it reaches about 50 ppm. They cant sense them until the concentration becomes too high. That is astronauts need a better nose! Or electronic nose or E nose as it is widely known!! It's a device that can learn to recognize almost any compound or combination of compounds. The "electronic nose " is a relatively new tool that may be used for safety, quality, or process monitoring, accomplishing in a few minutes procedures that may presently require days to complete.

REGISTER NUMBER:30907106021

Why ENose?
Currently, the only early-warning system for air contaminants in the International Space Station is the astronauts' noses. As perfumers and wine connoisseurs know, the human nose can be wonderfully sensitive to the subtleties of fragrance. But it has major drawbacks as a safety device. The human olfactory system can't detect many substances until their concentrations reach several times their hazardous level, and it's insensitive to some substances altogether. And then there's fire. Before an electrical fire breaks out, increasing heat releases a variety of signature molecules. Humans can't sense them either until concentrations become high and then there is no way out! That is why NASA developed ENose. The JPL Electronic Nose (ENose) is designed as an event or incident monitor to provide rapid, early identification and quantification of changes in the atmosphere caused by leaks or spills of analytes (chemical species) to which it has been trained. With minimal crew interfacing, the autonomous ENose Sensor Unit will monitor the quality of the recycled air in the ISS by continuously sampling air and documenting events where potentially trained-for chemical substances have been released. Ultimately, the ENose could serve as the sensory part of an intelligent safety system.

REGISTER NUMBER:30907106021

WORKING OF ENOSE:
ENose uses a collection of 16 different polymer films. These films are specially designed to conduct electricity. When a substance -- such as the stray molecules from a glass of soda -- is absorbed into these films, the films expand slightly, and that changes how much electricity they conduct. Because each film is made of a different polymer, each one reacts to each substance, or analyte, in a slightly different way. And, while the changes in conductivity in a single polymer film wouldn't be enough to identify an analyte, the varied changes in 16 films produce a distinctive, identifiable pattern. The ENose Sensor Unit uses an array of nonspecific chemical sensors controlled and analyzed electronically, mimicking the mammalian nose. The pattern of sensor response across the array is recorded; the data are analyzed, and the identity and quantity of the chemical species provoking the response is calculated, using a data analysis program designed for this task. JPL has developed a platform which forms the Sensor Unit of an electronic nose. When the electronic nose is coupled with microprocessors for device control, data acquisition, data analysis and external communication; with power conditioning and with input/output connections for data and power, a fully functional electronic nose is formed. In the laboratory, the Sensor Unit is coupled with a desktop or laptop computer. The 1st generation ENose Sensor Unit flight experiment, which flew aboard the STS-95 (1998), used an HP-200LX Palmtop Computer for device control and data acquisition; data were collected and analyzed after landing. In the 2nd Generation ENose Sensor Unit, the unit was coupled with a desktop and/or laptop computer for lab experiments. The volume of this design is ~760 cm3, about 35% of the original ENose

REGISTER NUMBER:30907106021

ENOSE AS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORS

Measuring smells continuously and in real time, means better profits for emitting companies, better community relations, prospects for expansion and savings in abatement running costs. Environmental managers are being increasingly required to control industrial smell and other invisible airborne chemicals. Good measurement is the essential ingredient for effective management. Now smell can be identified and measured both indoors and outdoors with ENose equipment and services. Response can be timely, complaints can be eliminated, equipment can be run cost effectively and pressure from EPAs and community representatives will be a thing of the past. This device consist of arrays of robust and fast acting chemical sensors, supplemented by novel patented electronics and software. Chemicals in the air are detected by the sensor arrays, registering complex odours. A permanent record is sent to your computer via line or wireless connection, where it is identified, quantified and alarms for abnormal events.

ENOSE AS SECURITY DEVICES

ENoses can be used in many security and safety contexts, where airborne chemicals are a signal of something requiring urgent attention. Likely scenarios are safety in planes, trains and buses where timely detection of oil fumes or overheating wiring will save lives. In other situations, on production lines or in fume ducts and pipelines, ENose sentinels will continuously monitor for leaks or unwanted events, and alert the management.Graffiti vandalism is costing State and Local Governments many millions of dollars a year. Market studies have shown that people feel unsafe in areas with graffiti, and fewer passengers will use public transport which has graffiti on and inside its vehicles and on stations and infrastructure.The Mk3 ENose has been proved to be an effective graffiti paint detector. In a recent field study with a large rail corporation, the ENose distinguished between spray paint and solvent and could detect paint being used at a distance of 45 metres. ENoses deployed in rail garages will be a new and important deterrent and cost saving measure.

REGISTER NUMBER:30907106021

ENOSE FOR DIAGNOSIS

ENoses are being used in animal and human health and medical research. Use of ENoses in sheep and cattle electronically equipped race-ways to detect disease and monitor the state of the animal's health will greatly assist in flock management and save time and cost in treating specific animals rather than whole flocks. Non-invasive diagnosis of several human diseases from the patient's breath is feasible using ENose technology. Collaborative studies using ENose are going on with The University of New South Wales aimed at specifying an ENose for early identification of lung cancer in order to achieve effective early intervention and positive prognosis of a disease that kills over 8000 Australians per annum.

ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS

Identification of spilled chemicals in commerce (for U.S. Coast Guard). Quality classification of stored grain. Water and wastewater analysis. Identification of source and quality of coffee. Monitoring of roasting process. Rancidity measurements of olive oil (due to accumulation of short-chain aldehydes). Detection and diagnosis of pulmonary infections (e.g., TB or pneumonia). Diagnosis of ulcers by breath tests. Freshness of fish. Process control of cheese, sausage, beer, and bread manufacture. Bacterial growth on foods such as meat and fresh vegetables.

REGISTER NUMBER:30907106021

CONCLUSION
Electronic noses were originally used for quality control applications in the food, beverage and cosmetics industries. Current applications include detection of odors specific to diseases for medical diagnosis, and detection of pollutants and gas leaks for environmental protection. In the future, the ENose could be used in monitoring crew cabins for vehicles to the moon and other destinations or be stationed on a moon base. Other potential applications include detecting a smoldering fire before it erupts, sniffing for unexploded land mines and monitoring for chemical spills in a work area. There are also possible applications in medical diagnosis.