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Processes:
Process Group Knowledge Area
Planning
Executing
Closing
Plan Quality
The difference between Plan quality, Perform Quality Assurance, and Perform Quality Control
Plan Quality Find quality standards and requirements for products and project management. Create the quality management plan. Perform Quality Assurance Use measurements from quality control to make sure we are following the standards. Determine if project comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures- Quality audit. Perform Quality Control Measure quality to see if we are meeting the standards. Submit change request.
Definition of Quality The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of the project fulfills requirements.
PMBOK Guide, Fourth Edition
Definition of Grade
Grade is a category assigned to products or services having the same functional use but different technical characteristics. If the product or project performance is of low quality. It is always a problem. Low grade is (limited number of product features) is not a problem if it meets requirements.
Gold plating
Giving the customer an extra. PMI does not recommend. Gold plating adds no value to the project.
Quality Theorists
Demming
- Customer Satisfaction - Cycle PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) - 14 steps to TQM Poor Quality 15% Worker 85% Process
Juran
- Juran Trilogy: Quality Planning Quality Control Quality Improvement - Principle 80/20 Quality is fitness for use
Crosby
4 statement: - Conformance to requirements - Zero Defects - Quality prevention - Cost of no conformance Cost of poor quality
Ishikawa
- CWQC Circle warranty quality control) - Continuous improvement - Cause and Effect Fishbone Ishikawa Diagram Design Statistics
Customer Satisfaction
Customers Needs and Expectations
Project has to: Understand Evaluate Define
Customers Requirements
Manage Requirements
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Management Responsibility
Management is responsible to provide the project team with the support necessary to successfully achieve quality objectives. Management support is crucial to ensure participation of all project team members, as well as other stakeholders.
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Marginal analysis
Optimal quality is reached at the point where the incremental revenue from improvement equals the incremental cost to secure it.
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Mutual Exclusivity
When one choice excludes another or two events can not both occur in a single trial.
Example, choosing to replace a metal-based product component with a plastic-base component negates any options that involve using an aluminium-base component.
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Normal Distribution
The most commonly used probability density distribution chart (bell shaped). Used to measure variations.
Mean = (O + 4ML + P) / 6 Standard Deviation or Sigma = (P O) / 6
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Statistical Independence
The probability of one event does not affect the probability of another.
Example, the errors in an order entry process wont have any correlation to the mechanical breakdown of a truck in the transportation system.
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Quality policy A formal statement of how management will perform with respect to quality The Project manager is responsible for ensuring the project team uses the companys quality policy
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Plan Quality
Identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and product, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance.
PMBOK Guide, Fourth Edition
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Outputs
.1 Quality management plan .2 Quality metrics .3 Quality checklists .4 Process improvement plan .5 Project document updates
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Benefits:
Less rework, Lest waste, lower labor and materials cost Fewer product returns Improve customer satisfaction
Costs:
Prevention costs Appraisal costs Failure costs
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Cost of Quality
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Control chart
A graphic display of results of a process over time, used to determine if a process is in control.
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Control chart
Out of control: A data point falls outside of the upper and lower control limit or rule of seven. Assignable cause/ Special cause variation: A data point or rule of seven that required investigation to determine the cause of variation
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Benchmarking
Looking at other projects (within the organization or outside) to identify best practices, get ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring performance.
Example, you will find that last project in your company had 20% fewer defects than one before it. You would want to put in practice any of ideas they used to make such a great improvement.
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Statistical sampling
Choosing part of a population of interest for inspection. Studying the entire population would: Take too long Cost too much Be too destructive Sample frequency and sizes should be determined during the Plan Quality process.
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Flowcharting
A graphical representation of a process showing the relationships among process steps During quality planning, flowcharting can help the project team anticipate quality problems that might occur.
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Quality metrics
Used in the quality assurance and quality control processes to measure how well your project meet quality expectations. The tolerance defines the allowable variations on the metrics.
Some examples, a metric related to the quality objective of staying within the approved budget by 10% or The number of items that fail inspection or The number of bugs found in software that being developed
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Quality Checklist
A list of items to inspect, a list of steps to be performed. Quality checklists are used in the quality control process.
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Perform Quality Assurance to answer Are we using the standards? Can we improve the standards while the project work is being done?
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Outputs
.1 Organizational process asset updates .2 Change requests .3 Project management plan updates .4 Project document updates
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Quality audit
Independent review to determine whether project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
The audits may be scheduled or random, conducted by internal or outside auditors.
Process Analysis
Follows the steps outlined in the process improvement plan to identify needed improvements. Process analysis includes root cause analysisa specific technique to identify a problem and develop preventive actions.
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Is a change needed?
Perform Integrated change Control A formal process that defines how project documentation and deliverables, changed, and approved
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Outputs
.1 Quality control measurements .2 Validated changes .3 Validated deliverables .4 Organizational process assets updates .5 Change requests .6 Project management plan updates .7 Project document updates
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Flowcharting
Show how process or system flows from the beginning to end & a picture of the whole process In Plan quality: analyze potential future quality problems & determine quality standards In Perform quality control: analyze quality problems
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Histogram
A vertical bar chart showing how often a particular variable state occurred. This tool helps illustrates the most common cause of problems in a process by the number and relative heights of the bars.
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Pareto chart
A specific type of histogram, ordered by frequency of occurrence. Helps identify which root causes are resulting in most problems. The project team should address the causes creating the greatest number of defects first.
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Pareto chart
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Run chart
A run chart shows the history and pattern of variation. Run charts show trends in a process over time, variation over time, or declines or improvements in a process over time.
Example, trend analysis to monitor technical performance to see How many errors or defects have been identified?
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Scatter diagrams
This tool allows the quality team to study and identify the possible relationship between changes observed in two variables.
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Inspection
Looking at the deliverables and see if they conform to documented standards and requirements. The results of an inspection generally include measurements and may be conducted at any level. Inspections may be called reviews, peer reviews, audits, or walkthroughs.
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Validated Changes
Any changed or repaired items are inspected and will be either accepted or rejected before notification of the decision is provided.
Validated deliverables
If defects found, the team needs to fix themand then those repairs need to be checked, to make sure the defects are now gone. Validated deliverables are an input to Verify Scope for formalized acceptance. A goal of quality control is to determine the correctness of deliverables.
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Summary
Quality MUST BE planned, designed, and built innot inspected in. Plan quality: find quality standards and requirements for products and project management. Perform Quality assurance: determine if project comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures. Perform Quality control: identify causes of poor process or product quality and recommend and/or take action to eliminate them.
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Key terms
Definition of Quality Quality v/s Grade Gold plating Prevention over Inspection Marginal analysis Continuous Improvement (Kaizen) Just in Time (JIT) Total Quality Management (TQM) Responsibility for quality Impact of poor quality Cost benefit analysis Cost of Quality (COQ) Benchmarking Design of Experiments (DoE) Statistical Sampling Quality Metrics Quality Audits Mutual Exclusivity Probability Normal Distribution Statistical Independence Standard Deviation (or Sigma) 3 or 6 Sigma Cause and effect diagram Flowcharting Histogram Pareto chart Run chart Scatter diagram Control chart Rule of Seven
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