Volumetric Analysis I. Principle of Titration A.

Add exact volume of a standardized solution (titrant) to a measured amount of unknown

The exact volume of titrant is obtained from a buret.

II. Requirements For Analysis A. R x n should be stoichiometric

B. R x n Rate should be rapid

C. R x n should be quantitative (99.9%)

D. Must be able to determine the equivalence point accurately

III.

How To Prepare a STD Solution A. Def- A solution whose concentration is known exactly

B. Weigh out Primary STD - DissolveDilute- Calculate

C. Prepare solution of approximate normality & standardize it against a Pri STD

IV.

Requirements For Primary STD A. Be of known composition & pure

B. Undergo rapid r x n

C. Undergo stoichiometric r x n

D. Remain stable indefinately at room temperature & be able to withstand drying in an oven without change

E. Have high equivalent weight

V. Scope of Titration Methods A. Precipitation Titration- Determinations fundamental r x n is the formation of a solid 1. Soluble Cl- using STD AgNO3 Cl- + Ag+ -----> AgCl 9
STD Titrant

EP - Indicator or Potentiometric B. Acid-Base Titration-Determinations fundamental r x n is the reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt 1. HA + OH- ------> H2O + A2. H+ + B ------> HB+

3. EP by indicator or pH meter (potentiometric)

C. Complex Formation- Determinations fundamental r x n is based on the formation of a complex

( metal ions + complexing agent (ligand) ------> complex)

1. Metal + Complexing Agent ------Ion (Ligand) ? STD Solution Titrant ---- > Metal - Ligand Complex

2. Complexing Agent + Metal ---------? STD Solution Titrant ----- > Metal - Ligand Complex

3. Indicator a. Metal - Indicator Complex is highly colored when indicator is released from complex (as metal is consumed by titrant) one sees a color change.

b. By potentiometric Methods

D. Oxidation - Reduction Tritrations Determination fundamental rxn involves the transfer of e- from one species to another 1. Ce(IV) + Fe+2 ----> Ce(III) + Fe+3 2.
Cr2O7-2 + 6 Fe+2 + 14 H+ > 2 Cr+3 + Fe+3 + 7 H2O

At EP -See orange (Cr2O7-2) accumulate -Redox Indicator -Potentiometric Method

VI.

Relationship Involving Moles A. Number Moles ' Number g ; GFW Number mg Number mMoles ' GFW
Number Moles Number mMoles ' Number l Number ml

M '

B. M . V (l) = # Moles M . V (ml) = # mmoles

C. #Moles x GFW = # g #mmoles x GFW = # mg

VII.

Relationships Involving Normality A. Gram Equiv Wt. - GEW 1. Acid

GEW '

GFW Number H % ionized per form

2. Base
GFW Number OH & reacted per form GFW picked up per form. of base

GEW '

' Number H %s

3. Redox
GFW transfer per formula

GEW '

Number e &

4. Precipitation & Complexation

GEW ' GFW Total Number of % charges per formula

B. Equivalents Number g Number equivalents ' GEW Number mg Number mequiv ' GEW C. Normality Number equival Number meq ' N ' Number liters Number ml D. Rearrange Normality formula # equiv = N. V (l) # mequiv = N. V (ml) E. Titration of Acids & Bases Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl ----> NaVa = NbVb = # meq Acid = # meq Base So NaVa = NbVb

VIII.

Calculations Involving Moles (Molarity and Equivalents (Normality))

IX.

Molarity A. A 0.500 g sample containing NaH2PO4 is titrated with NaOH according to the equation OH- + H2PO4- > HPO4-2 + H2O If 23.06 ml of 0.0985 molar NaOH is required for the titration, what is the percentage of NaH2PO4 in the sample?

B. Tin (II) is titrated with dichromate according to the following balanced equation
Cr2O7-2 + 3 Sn+2 + 14 H+ > 3 Sn+4 + 2 Cr+3 + 7 H2O

Calculate the weight of Sn(II) in a sample that requires 20.00 ml of 0.1000 M Cr2O7-2 for titration (the atomic weight of Sn = 118.7 g/mole).

X. Normality A. If 23.00 ml of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, requires 46.00 ml of 0.050 N NaOH to reach the endpoint, what is the concentration of acetic acid (normality)?

B. A 100 mg sample of pure Na2CO3 requires 25.00 ml of a HCl solution for titration. 2H+ + CO3-2 > CO2(g) + H2O (2HCl) (Na2CO3) Calculate the normality of the HCl.