1 Class 08 ST.

ANDREWS JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 2009 Preliminary Examinaton Index Number Name

PHYSICS, Higher 2 Paper 2 Structured Questions 2nd September 2009 (1400 Hrs 1515 Hrs) Candidates answer on the question paper. No additional materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

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1 hour 15 minutes

Write your name, index number and Civics Group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer all questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiners Use Total Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 This question paper consists of 18 printed pages including this page.

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Data
speed of light in free space , permeability of free space, permittivity of free space, c o o = 3.00 x 108 m s-1 = 4 x 10-7 H m-1 = 8.85 x 10-12 F m-1 (1 / (36)) x 10-9 F m-1 elementary charge, the Planck constant, unified atomic mass constant, rest mass of electron, rest mass of proton, molar gas constant, the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, gravitational constant, acceleration of free fall, e h u me mp R NA k G g = 1.60 x 10-19 C = 6.63 x 10-34 J s = 1.66 x 10-27 kg = 9.11 x 10-31 kg = 1.67 x 10-27 kg = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1 = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 = 1.38 x 10-23 J K-1 = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2 = 9.81 m s-2

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3 Formulae uniformly accelerated motion, s v2 work done on/by a gas, hydrostatic pressure, gravitational potential, W p = u t + a t2 = u2 + 2 a s = p V = g h =

Gm r

displacement of particle in s.h.m., velocity of particle in s.h.m.,

x v

= x0 sin t = v0 cos t
2 = (x 0 x 2 )

resistors in series, resistors in parallel, electric potential,

alternating current/voltage, transmission coefficient,

= R1 + R2 +

1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + V
x T where k

Q 4 0 r

= x0 sin t = exp (-2 k d) = 8 2m(U E) h2

radioactive decay, decay constant,

= x0 exp (- t) =
0.693 t1
2

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. In the preparation of the tide tables for coastal resorts and harbours, surveyors made use of graphs of the depth of water against time at a particular place. One such graph is shown in Figure 1.1.

Depth of water /m

7 6 5 4 3 t/ hours 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Figure 1.1

(a)

Determine, to 1 significant figure, the period of this oscillation, T.

T = .hours [ 1 ]
(b)

Determine, to 1 significant figure, the amplitude of this oscillation, A. A = .m [ 1 ]

(c)

A boat approaches the harbour at low tide. It needs a depth of at least 4.23 m to enter the harbour. How long would the boat have to wait before it can enter?

Time to wait = hours [ 2 ]

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5 (d)

With reference to Figure 1.1,

(i)

write down an expression for the variation of the depth of water,y in metres, with time t in hours,

[1]

(ii)

calculate the two values of t within the first 8 hours, when the depth of the water in the harbour is 5.32 m,

t = ..hours and .hours [ 2 ]

(iii)

within the first 8 hours, how long is the water in the harbour greater than 5.32 m in depth?

Time = hours [ 1 ]

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6 2 (a)

Explain why the specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is greater than its specific latent heat of fusion. .. .. . .. .. [ 2 ] In an electrical method to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid, the liquid flows past an electric heating coil and in the steady state the inlet and outlet temperatures are 10.4 C and 13.5 C respectively. The experiment was carried out twice, using the following flow rate and power: Flow rate/ kg s-1 3.2 x 10-3 2.2 x 10-3 Power/W 27.4 19.3

(b)

(i)

State one advantage of repeating the experiment using the same values of inlet and outlet temperatures. .. ..[ 1 ] Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

(ii)

Specific heat capacity = J kg-1 K-1 [ 2 ]

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7 (c)

A system of ideal gas is made to undergo some changes in pressure and volume as shown by the P-V diagram below.

P B C

D V

When the system is taken from A to C via B it absorbs 180 J of heat and does 130 J of work.
(i)

Calculate the heat change of the system in going from C to A via D, if the work done on the system is 40 J.

Heat change = J [ 3 ]
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(ii)

Calculate the thermodynamic temperature of A if the temperature of C is 310 K and its internal energy is 300 J.

Temperature of A = . K [ 2 ]

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9 3

A helical spring is clamped vertically. The free end of the spring is attached to a sheet of aluminium and a mass, as illustrated in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1

An electromagnet is placed near to the centre of the aluminium sheet. The mass is displaced vertically and, with the electromagnet switched off, the mass is released. The electromagnet is switched on and damped oscillations are observed. State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
[1]

(a)

(i)

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10

(ii)

Explain why the oscillations are damped. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. [5]

(b)

Suggest how critical damping could be demonstrated in Figure 3.1. ... .. . . . . .. .. [3]

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11 4

In Singapore the power stations are sited near the coast because sea water is used to condense steam into water. The transmission of electric power over long distances from the power station to our home would not be feasible without transformers. A step-up transformer near the power plant boosts the plants output root-meansquare (r.m.s) voltage from 12.0 kV to 240 kV and a series of step-down transformers near the homes reduces the r.m.s voltage to a final value of 240 V at our homes. The voltage has a frequency of 50 Hz.
(a)

Determine the turns ratio of the transformer that is located near the power plant.

Np Ns (b)

= . [ 1 ]

Explain why
(i) the voltage is stepped up near the power plant, and

. .. . ..[ 2 ]
(ii) a.c. voltage is required to transmit the electrical energy .

. .. .[ 1 ] Determine the r.m.s current delivered to an electric kettle rated at 700 W that is connected to a power socket in the house.

(c)

r.m.s. current = .A [ 2 ]

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12 (d)

Calculate the peak output voltage to the electric kettle.

Vo = .V [ 1 ] (e)

In Fig. 4.1 below, sketch the time (t) variation of the thermal power (P) generated by the kettle in (c). Mark all important values on the axes. [2]

P/W

t/s

Fig 4.1

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13 5 (a)

Explain the term stimulated emission. . .. . [ 2 ] Explain how laser action is achieved. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . [ 4 ] Explain why the energy of electrons in solids is represented by energy bands, whereas those in isolated gas atoms are represented by discrete energy levels. . .. .. .. . .. .[ 3 ]

(b)

(c)

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14 6 (a)

In a radioactive decay, the activity of the atoms at time t is given by

A= A0 exp(- t)

where A0 is the activity at the start of the decay and is the decay constant. Every year, a private detective visits a nuclear waste disposal site where 90 Sr is disposed. He records the activity of the disposal site 38 yearly. On his visit in 1998, he noticed a significant reduction in the activity. He suspects that a quantity of the isotope may have been stolen from the site. After reporting his discovery, he continued to monitor the activity. The activity he recorded from 1990 to 2003 is as shown in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1

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15 (i)

Using the graph, estimate the decay constant, .

= s-1 [ 2 ] Hence, or otherwise, estimate the half-life of radioactive isotope.

(ii)

Half-life = s [ 1 ]
(iii)

Suggest 2 possible reasons why despite the low value of the decay constant, the nuclear waste disposal site could still pose a health hazard to humans.

.. [ 2 ] Using the graph, show that the number of radioactive nuclei present in the year 1997 is 3.99 1015. [2]

(iv)

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16

(v)

It was eventually discovered that 0.8 kg of 90 Sr was stolen in 38 1997. Determine the number of nuclei stolen.

Number of nuclei stolen = [ 1 ] A potential terrorist suggests that the stolen isotopes could have been replaced by isotopes of a different type, but of an equivalent initial activity to cover up for the theft. State and explain whether the detective could have used a graph similar to Figure 6.1 to detect this substitution.

(vi)

[ 2 ] The carbon-14 dating technique for dating archaeological materials depends on the assumption that when living organisms assimilate carbon ( 12 C) from the atmosphere they also assimilate some 6 radioactive carbon-14 ( 14 C) atoms. The organism thus becomes 6 slightly radioactive, emitting -particles at a rate of 0.80 Bq for each gram of total carbon content in the organism. When the organism dies no more carbon is taken up and the carbon-14 present decays. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5.7 103 years.

(b)

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17

(i)

Sketch, on axes in Figure 6.2 below, a graph to show how the activity of carbon-14 in one gram of sample having an initial activity of 0.80 Bq will vary with time over a period of three halflives.

Figure 6.2 [2] (ii)

In a dating experiment 2.5 g of carbon from a sample of ancient wood gave a count rate of 0.75 Bq after allowing for background radiation. Use the graph to estimate the age of the wood.

age of wood = .years [ 2 ]

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(iii)

Suggest why an activity of 0.80 Bq would be hard to detect accurately in a typical A Level Physics laboratory.

[ 1 ]

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