Tane 36: 1-14 (1997)

ORCHIDS OF G R E A T AND SOUTH WEST ISLANDS, T H R E E KINGS ISLANDS GROUP, NORTHERN NEW ZEALAND P.J. de Lange
Science & Research Division, Regional Station, Auckland Conservancy, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908, Newton, Auckland

SUMMARY Published accounts of the flora of the Three Kings Island group suggest that these islands have a depauperate orchid flora, with only four taxa having been recorded. During a scientific expedition to the Three Kings Islands in December 1995 a list of orchid taxa of South West and Great Island was compiled. A total of 17 taxa within 9 genera was recorded; 17 from Great Island, with 3 (possibly 4) of these extending to South West Island, from which orchids had previously not been reported. Of the 17 taxa noted, 2 taxa occur further north on the Kermadec Islands, while the remaining 15 taxa reach their northern limits within the New Zealand Botanical Region on the Three Kings. The orchid flora of the Three Kings is compared with the Kermadec and Poor Knights Islands groups, as well as that recorded from Te Paki. With respect to these locations it is concluded that the Three Kings orchid flora is still expanding. Keywords: New Zealand flora; Three Kings Islands; indigenous orchids; biogeography. INTRODUCTION The Three Kings Island group (referred to hereafter as the Three Kings) is a nature reserve 58km northwest off Cape Reinga (Fig. 1). The flora, vegetation and geology of the islands has been described by previous workers Cheeseman (1891); Baylis (1948, 1958); Oliver (1948); Hayward & Moore (1987); and Brook (1989). Two endemic species, well known internationally, Pennantia baylisiana and Tecomanthe speciosa, are presently known from the wild as solitary individuals on Great Island (Oliver 1948; Baylis 1977; Wright 1983; Murray & de Lange 1995). Despite the significance of the islands' vascular flora, and its high level of endemism (Oliver 1948, Wright 1983), comparatively
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'Except for orchids, and unless otherwise stated, the taxonomy of all vascular plants mentioned follows that suggested by Allan (1961), Moore & Edgar (1970), and Connor & Edgar (1987).

T h r e e K i n g s Islands
North East 1

0 Great Island
\ T Princes Is

m&
\ > Farmer Rocks

k
* * South West 1 5km

West 1

Great Island ( M a n a w a Tawhi)

Crater Head

Hapuka Point

Farmer Rocks

Tasman Bay

Fig. 1. Location of the Three Kings and Poor Knights Islands groups including details of the locations of geographic features of Great Island named within the text.

few botanical accounts have been published in the last twenty years concerning the general vascular flora and vegetation of the group. During the first week of December 1995 I was one of eight Department of Conservation staff who visited the Three Kings, making landfalls on Great, North 2

East and South West Islands (Fig. 1). I compiled notes on the conservation status of the endemic vascular plants and flora of Great and South West Island, and sampled peat profiles for macrofossils, pollen and tephra from a swamp in "Tasman Valley" , Great Island. In the course of these studies it became apparent that Great Island has a significantly more diverse orchid flora than available literature would suggest (Cheeseman 1888, 1891, Oliver 1948, Baylis 1958). While the first report of orchids from South West Island was made. The orchid flora of both islands is discussed below.
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ANNOTATED LIST OF T H R E E KING ISLANDS ORCHID T A X A A l l orchids recorded for the Three Kings Islands are listed alphabetically and an indication of their relative abundance given. Those taxa verified by vouchers within the Auckland Institute and Museum Herbarium (AK) have the relevant herbarium specimen cited. A search of the A K database revealed only four previous herbarium orchid collections from the Three Kings. First records (published or herbarium specimens) are cited. Acianthus sinclairii Hook.f. Abundant on Great Island but scarce on South West where only one plant was seen. On Great Island this species is most frequently seen in thick leaf litter under dense kanuka (Kunzea ericoides s.l.) forest. In these sites it is often associated with Corybas cheesemanii. Most plants observed were seeding but several flowering plants were found in small depressions near "Tasman Stream". Bulbophyllum pygmaeum (Smith) Lindl. Scarce. A single patch (c. 5cm diameter) noted on shaded rocks below Hapuka Point, Great Island. The scarcity of this species and absence of such perching orchids (sensu Molloy 1988) as Dendrobium and Earina from the Three Kings is paralleled by the complete or near absence of other normally epiphytic indigenous vascular plant genera e.g. Astelia, Collospermum. Possibly the extremely dry spring and summer conditions and added risk of salt burn during storms, provides less than ideal growing conditions for epiphytic plants. However other factors may also be involved (see discussion).

Not an approved New Zealand Geographic Board name. As the topography of Great Island is so varied past field parties have bestowed a variety of unofficial names to aid in their work. In recognition of this all informal names used previously and by our party such as "Tasman Valley" are indicated by the use of quotation marks (see Fig. 1).

Caladenia minor Hook.f. Scarce. This species was first reported from Great Island as C. carnea var. minor (Oliver 1948) but no indication of abundance was given. I found only one plant, which was in full flower (colour dark pink). This specimen was growing under light kanuka scrub near "Bald H i l l " Great Island. Oddly despite large areas of apparently suitable habitat Caladenia species appear to be extremely uncommon on the Kings. Caladenia "green column" Scarce. A single flowering plant of this undescribed taxon was discovered in thick leaf mould under kanuka near the lighthouse, Great Island. On the mainland this is a common species found throughout Te Paki (McCrae 1990) its perceived scarcity on Great Island may have been an artifact of the timing of our visit; nevertheless fruiting specimens should still have been conspicuous. It is therefore possible that the plant I observed was a recent arrival, otherwise as suggested for C. minor, some other factor(s) may be acting upon the ability of Caladenia to successfully colonise the island. Corybas cheesemanii (Kirk) Kuntze A K 224943 Abundant on Great Island under kanuka within deep leaf mould. This species is especially common on the ridges connecting "Tasman Valley" with "Baylis Stream" but is also locally common to abundant where there is suitable habitat. Corybas cryptanthus Hatch A K 224944 Scarce, however exact status uncertain, as this saprophytic species is easily overlooked and suitable habitat is common on Great Island. One patch of C. cryptanthus was discovered under a mat of the moss Ptychomnion aciculare in close association with C. cheesemanii above "Tasman Stream", Great Island. The population was recognised only through the discovery of their seed capsules borne upon the conspicuously elongated peduncles typical of this species. The colony grew within mouldy leaf litter under an extremely dense canopy of kanuka. C. oblongus (Hook.f.) Reichb.f. Scarce. One flowering plant growing on a rock amongst mosses within Tasman Stream, Great Island. Cyrtostylis oblonga Hook.f. One small colony of c. 18 plants, some with withered flowers or fruiting capsules, were noted in association with Acianthus sinclairii and Corybas

cheesemanii, under kanuka on a steep ridge below the lighthouse, Great Island. Leaf shape was variable, and plants corresponding to the form sometimes known as C. rotundifolia Hook.f. were also present. Drymoanthus adversus (Hook.f.) Dockrill A K 224940 Abundant on Great Island, but local on South West Island (AK 224938) with only occasional, widely scattered plants observed. This epiphytic species is notable as the only orchid with this life style which has made a more than successful colonisation of the Three Kings. This may stem from its ability to colonise a wide variety of substrates, certainly on Great Island it was frequently observed on a both tree trunks and branches as well as rocks and rock outcrops within the forest. On South West, however this species was restricted to a single Three Kings milk tree (Streblus smithii) growing within the most sheltered part of the coastal forest. The range of plant "hosts" utilised on Great Island certainly makes interesting reading, with kanuka the most frequently used, but specimens also grew on pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) (frequent), cabbage tree (Cordyline kaspar) (frequent), Pennantia baylisiana (one instance), Myrsine oliverii (occasional), mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus subsp. "Three Kings" ) (occasional), Three Kings rangiora {Brachyglottis arborescens) (occasional) and coastal maire (Nestegis apetala) (occasional). A l l plants observed were setting abundant seed.
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Microtis parviflora R . B r . Local. Occasional flowering plants noted on bare clay, especially along the western cliffs from the Trig to "Deep Cove", Great Island, where it was frequently intermixed with M. unifolia. A dried-off specimen examined on South West Island may have been this species. M. unifolia (G.Forst.) Reichb.f. A K 24121 Abundant. Probably the most common orchid on Great Island, although this species appears to be scarce on South West Island. On Great Island this species is widespread in all suitably open sites, even occasionally occurring as a low epiphyte on pohutukawa. First recorded from Great Island as M. porrifolia by Cheeseman (1888, 1891). Both flowering and seeding plants were noted during this visit.
Three Kings specimens of mahoe differ consistently from mainland, other offshore island, and Kermadec specimens in their markedly smaller foliage. Aside from their stipule characters which place Three Kings plants within the present concept of M. ramiflorus subsp. ramiflorus (R.O. Gardner pers. comm., 1995), all Kings material thus far examined has the leaf range seen in the Norfolk Island endemic M. ramiflorus subsp. oblongifolius.
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Pterostylis alobula (Hatch) L.B.Moore A K 24120 Locally common amongst kanuka scrub on Great Island. Flowering specimens not seen. It was this species which was recorded by Oliver (1948) as P. trullifolia based on a collection (that cited above) comprising a sterile rosette and insect damaged portion of a flowering plant (flower absent). At the time of Oliver's publication P. alobula had not yet been segregated from P. trullifolia (see Hatch 1949). P. puberula Hook.f. One tiny rosette of a Pterostylis located within a Zoysia pauciflora mat on "Bald H i l l " , Great Island was probably this species. Plants of P. puberula often form single rosettes, with populations usually widely scattered over the bare earth or low scrub. In my experience the fresh colour of the rosette leaves of P. puberula are typically a washed out whitish silver colour, a characteristic which readily distinguishes it from other similar small-leaved Pterostylis. The Three Kings plant exhibited this colouration, while the type of habitat it occurred in is not one usually frequented by other small-leaved rosette forming Pterostylis. Although flowering or fruiting material is needed to verify the record of this critically endangered endemic (Cameron et al. 1995), I am sufficiently confident of my identification to include this species within the orchid flora of the Three Kings. Pterostylis puberula as P. nana, was treated as a vagrant by de Lange & Molloy (1995). Recently it has been shown that the New Zealand plants of the P. nana complex are indeed distinct from their Australian counterparts, and they should now be known by their earlier name P. puberula (B.P.J. Molloy pers. comm., 1995). Accordingly this species should no longer be considered a vagrant, and with only three other small populations known for the country, P. puberula must rank as one of New Zealand's most restricted and threatened vascular plants. P. tasmanica D.L.Jones A single dried-off fruiting plant of P. tasmanica was observed on "Bald H i l l " , Great Island, in the same general area as the preceding species. Pterostylis tasmanica is commonly found within the same type of habitat favoured by P. puberula and has thus far been found in association with two of the three known mainland sites of that species. It would be interesting to search other known mainland habitats of P. tasmanica to see if further populations of P. puberula can be found. Pterostylis tasmanica is treated as a rare species by Cameron et al. (1995) and as a vagrant by de Lange & Molloy (1995).

Thelymitra longifolia agg. Next to Microtis unifolia, orchids of the Thelymitra longifolia agg. are the most common orchid on Great Island, whereas on South West Island Thelymitra longifolia agg. is scarce. Two forms of T. longifolia occur on the Three Kings; the smaller autogamous form (T. longifolia s.s) and the larger scented entomophilous one first recognised as different from T. longifolia s.s. by McCrae (1990) and considered a distinct, undescribed species by St George (1995). The systematic status of both forms requires further study (B.P.J. Molloy pers. comm., 1995). On Great Island both forms are frequently sympatric, but of the two, the entomophilous form is the more common. This taxon is frequently encountered along the exposed banks of Tasman Stream, in short scrub near the landings and on "Bald H i l l " , Great Island. Both taxa were observed flowering on Great Island and South West Island. Thelymitra longifolia was first recorded from the Three Kings, from Great Island by Cheeseman (1888, 1891). It is not clear which form or if both forms were discovered by Cheeseman, a matter which still needs to be resolved as I could not locate any Three Kings Cheeseman specimens in A K and there is no record of the herbarium ever having had them (E.K. Cameron pers. comm., 1995 cf. Oliver 1948). However later collections made by Baylis and Bell comprise both forms, viz autogamous (AK 26672) and entomophilous (AK 22777) and it is highly likely that Cheeseman observed and possibly collected both forms. T. pauciflora R . B r . Locally common on Great Island, although plants were rarely seen with open flowers despite the hot dry sunny conditions experienced during this visit. It would seem likely that the Three Kings plants belong to the same slender, autogamous form, with pale blue flowers, which is widespread within the offshore islands of the Hauraki Gulf, and swamps of Northland and the lower Waikato. This form, along with several other New Zealand forms presently included within T. pauciflora, are possibly worthy of some level of taxonomic recognition (B.P.J. Molloy pers. comm., 1995). T. "rough leaf" A K 224941 Scarce. A few plants of this undescribed taxon grew on bare clay above the landing at North West Bay. These were seriously damaged by chewing insects but the harshly textured tuberculed leaf surface distinguished this species from any other associated Thelymitra species. Other mainland occurrences of this taxon are always in association with soils or coal measures containing the remains of kauri (Agathis australis). The occurrence of this species on the Three Kings, where kauri has never been recorded before is therefore, of considerable interest

as it may indicate the former presence of kauri on these islands. DISCUSSION Within the New Zealand Botanical Region (as defined by Allan 1961), of the 17 orchid taxa recorded from the Three Kings, only Acianthus sinclairii and Microtis parviflora extend further north to Raoul Island within the Kermadec Island group (Sykes 1977). Three orchid taxa, Microtis parviflora, Pterostylis tasmanica and Thelymitra pauciflora are indigenous species shared with Australia (Jones 1988, Jones 1994, Molloy 1994). Of these three, Microtis and Thelymitra are widely distributed orchids which in Australia occur further north than the latitude on which the Three Kings lie (347'S) (Jones 1988). It is still too premature to define the Australian distribution of the recently described Pterostylis tasmanica (Jones 1994), so I cannot state whether the Three Kings record constitutes the northern limit for the species in Australasia. The same is also true of the distribution of Thelymitra "rough leaf" as there is some evidence which suggests that this taxon might occur in Australia (B.P.J. Molloy pers. comm., 1995). Thus in summary, of the 17 orchid taxa present on the Three Kings three are indigenous species, while a fourth may also be, with the remainder considered endemic to New Zealand. Regarding the overall orchid diversity of the Three Kings: it would seem that as the vegetation of Great Island has regenerated (Turbott 1948; Bay lis 1951; Cameron et al. 1987) so has the potential for further orchid taxa to establish. It would seem most unlikely that many of the species mentioned here would have been overlooked by earlier botanical workers, especially during the period 1935 1948, over which time the islands were meticulously surveyed within periods when orchid plants would be reasonably conspicuous. This explanation however, may not hold true for my discovery of 3 (possibly 4) species of orchid on South West Island. The only published accounts of this island's flora and vegetation available, are those of Cheeseman (1891) and Baylis (1958), neither of whom spent much time on the island. So it is quite possible that species of a temporal nature, such as orchids, were simply overlooked. Nevertheless, South West Island was thoroughly explored by A . E . Wright and E . K . Cameron on 26 November 1983 and no orchids were discovered then ( E . K . Cameron pers. comm., 1996), so it is possible that the orchids I located are recent arrivals to
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The Australian orchidologist M . Clements considers that New Zealand plants treated by Moore & Edgar (1970) as T. pauciflora are not that species, but a closely allied and endemic taxon for which the name T. colensoi Hook.f. is available (St George 1995). Pending further taxonomic changes I have accepted the view recommended to me by Dr B.P.J. Molloy (pers. comm., 1995) that, for the time being, the New Zealand members of this complex are best referred to T. pauciflora s.l.
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Island Group Kermadecs Three Kings Poor Knights Table 1. Region.

Terrestrial

Perching

Total
2 17 12

2 15 8

2 4

The orchid flora of three oceanic island groups within the New Zealand Botanical

the island. However, it is also reasonable to suggest that the much smaller size of South West (40ha (Taylor 1989)), may act as a physical constraint on both the range and diversity of potential orchid habitats. Indeed the fact that none of orchids I recorded on South West are common could support this suggestion. Great Island at 408ha (Taylor 1989), obviously has a much wider scope for the evolution of a varied range of suitable orchid micro-climates and habitats, hence the more diverse array of orchid species recorded from there. Direct comparison of the Three Kings orchid flora with that described from Te Paki, the nearest and most probable mainland seed source suggests that the orchid flora of the Three Kings has the potential to expand further. McCrae (1990) recorded 41 taxa from the Te Paki Farm Park, and many of these species are also found on the Three Kings. However the greater spatial extent, diversity of substrates, differences in microclimates and vegetation types of Te Paki, means that a direct comparison of orchid diversity between this area and the much smaller and wholly maritime Three Kings is not especially relevant. A more meaningful impression of the Three Kings orchid flora has therefore been obtained through comparison of the orchid diversity of the Three Kings with that of the Kermadec and Poor Knights Islands, as these are similar "oceanic" island groups (Table 1). Table 1 shows that two orchid species occur on the Kermadec Islands (Sykes 1977), and as noted previously these are also present on the Three Kings. Twelve species have been recorded from the Poor Knights Island group (de Lange & Cameron 1996), of which eight are terrestrial species, six of which are
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'While these figures remain the same they have been adjusted to accommodate recent improvements in our knowledge of Te Paki orchids, viz the deletion of Crytostylis reniformis which is not considered distinct from C. oblonga (B.P.J. Molloy pers. comm., 1995) and the addition of Pterostylispuberuladiscovered at North Cape by L.J. Forester and G.M. Crowcroft in October 1990 (de Lange 1996). The term oceanic is used loosely here, as the biota of both the Three Kings and the Poor Knights Islands have strong links with northern New Zealand, while neither group has been sufficiently isolated from mainland New Zealand to develop a truly disharmonic biota like that of the Kermadec Islands (Sykes 1977; D.R. Towns pers. comm., 1996).
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found also on Great Island; and four epiphytic species, of which only Drymoanthus adversus is shared with the Three Kings. It is clear that the orchid flora of the Kermadec Islands is under-represented, i.e. it is disharmonic, which is what one would expect for such an isolated oceanic island group. As the major constraint acting on orchids colonising that island group is its geographic setting it will not be considered further here. Unlike the Kermadec Islands the Poor Knights provides a better comparison because although closer to the mainland than the Three Kings it has many similarities with regard to its history of isolation and biota (Brownsey & Jackson 1984; Hayward 1991). The most obvious difference between the orchid flora of both island groups is that the Poor Knights has fewer species. It is also notable for the presence of the perching orchids Dendrobium cunninghamii, Earina autumnalis and E. mucronata (de Lange unpubl. data), which are absent from the Three Kings, despite their local presence at Te Paki (McCrae 1990). Aside from Drymoanthus which is present on both island groups, the general absence of perching orchids from the Three Kings could stem from a variety of factors. The dry maritime climate of the Three Kings is one possible factor which could regulate the presence and abundance of some orchid and non-orchid epiphytes. Certainly it was suggested as a factor limiting perching orchid abundance in Te Paki by McCrae (1990). However with regard to the Three Kings orchid flora it does not appear to be an obvious constraint, because the Poor Knights have a similar arid climate (R. Pierce pers. comm., 1995) and yet support more perching orchid genera. Furthermore Great Island is actually larger than the two main islands of the Poor Knights combined (Taylor 1989) and so should have a slightly less arid climate, so in effect if climate was the limiting factor controlling perching orchid presence, one would expect more species with this lifestyle on the Three Kings rather than the reverse. A more plausible explanation therefore, is the general lack of suitable habitat for these genera on the Three Kings and the geographic isolation of the island group. Following the first point, it is a fact that the Three Kings has a paucity of suitable long-lived perch trees (Oliver 1948, Baylis 1958) while sheltered inland rocky outcrops and bluffs are scarce. By comparison the Poor Knights vegetation contains a much greater diversity of forest types, containing a wider range of suitable, long-lived "host" trees (de Lange unpubl. data), while the rhyolitic breccia of this island group is conducive to the production of numerous sheltered bluffs and rock outcrops (Hayward 1991). As for geographic isolation, the Three Kings lie c. 58km northwest of Cape Reinga, well west of the prevailing wind (F.J. Brook pers. comm., 1996), and as such are less likely to receive orchid and other similar wind dispersed plant seed from the nearest available seed source Te Paki. A fact which may also

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account for the absence of wind dispersed weeds such as pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) on the Three Kings, despite this species increasing presence in large parts of western Te Paki. Unlike the Three Kings the Poor Knights Island group is much closer to the mainland (c. 24km) and its location immediately adjacent to the eastern Northland coast, with its still extensive areas of coastal forest containing large numbers of perching orchids, means that the dispersal of these orchids to the island group is more likely. The only perching orchid contradiction to this pattern is Drymoanthus adversus, which is extremely common on the Three Kings and yet scarce on the Poor Knights. This scarcity is puzzling because this species appears to be an extremely tolerant and "catholic" species, capable of colonising a wide variety of habitats, from dry shrubland to tall wet forest. I have also found it frequently throughout northern New Zealand on dry coastal rock faces, alongside such "hot rock" associates as Cheilanthes and Pellaea calidirupium (see Brownsey & Lovis 1990). With its ability to colonise such extremes of habitat its abundance on the Three Kings is understandable, but its near absence from the Poor Knights is not. Aside from the near absence of perching orchids, the Three Kings has a more abundant and diverse range of terrestrial orchids than the Poor Knights. This stems primarily from differences in the range of habitats present on both island groups, as well as their overall size. Great Island, with its predominantly open serai kanuka forest, short coastal scrub and large areas of exposed clay, as well as the permanently damp "Tasman Valley" and much greater land area (408ha vs a combined 275ha for the major islands of the Poor Knights (Taylor 1989) provides an ideal orchid habitat. Furthermore the thick mulch produced by the dominant vegetation type, kanuka forest, holds considerable moisture and has a rich fungal flora, conditions suitable for an even wider range of terrestrial orchid species than has presently been recorded from Great Island. By comparison the dense and generally dry pohutukawa dominated forest of the Poor Knights has little attraction for any but the most hardy of terrestrial orchids. This forest type produces a thick litter of broad leaves and twigs which break down only slowly, hold little moisture and minimal fungi (P. Buchanan pers. comm., 1995). Furthermore the dense canopy and thick understorey tiers results in minimal light striking the forest floor. So it is only on the ridges leading to, and the actual summit of Oneho H i l l (Aorangi Island), where dense kanuka forest of a form comparable to Great Island occurs, that the greatest orchid diversity of the Poor Knights is found (de Lange & Cameron in prep.). In conclusion the Three Kings orchid flora is a product of the range of habitats available there and the ability of orchids to colonise them. Since 1946 when goats were eradicated from Great Island, the regeneration of a diverse range of serai vegetation types has created ideal conditions for the colonisation

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and expansion of the terrestrial orchid flora. This paper has shown that since Oliver's 1948 publication of the Three Kings flora the orchids on the Three Kings has expanded from 4 taxa to 17. This expansion in orchid species and abundance will probably continue for as long as the serai nature and habitat diversity of Great Island remains. The only notable absences from the Three Kings orchid flora, are the perching orchid genera Dendrobium and Earina, genera which are unlikely to colonise the islands until such time as the vegetation composition changes to that of a more stable, long-lived forest type. Aside from the possible absence of suitable habitat for some perching orchids, the only factors constraining the further diversification of the Three Kings orchid flora is its isolation from mainland seed sources. This paper has compared the Three Kings orchid flora with the Kermadec and Poor Knights Island groups. The Three Kings is notably richer in species than both these groups. With regard to the Kermadec Islands, the distance from New Zealand seed sources is probably the major constraint on orchid diversity, while comparison with the Poor Knights suggests that the greater diversity of serai habitats on the Three Kings than on that island group has been the major factor influencing orchid abundance and diversity of species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the considerable assistance I received from Brian Molloy with regard to the taxonomic status, endemicity and distribution of New Zealand orchid taxa. I would also like to thank the elders of the Ngati Kuri for their spiritual guidance and blessing to visit Manawa Tawhi (Great Island) and the adjoining islands of the Three Kings - revered wahi tapu to this iwi. The Northland Conservancy of the Department of Conservation is kindly thanked for permitting my participation in their December 1995 visit to these islands. I thank Fred Brook, Peter Buchanan, Don McKenzie, and Ray Pierce for their company in the field and specialist comments on various aspects touched by this paper. Ewen Cameron, Gillian Crowcroft, David Towns and Rhys Gardner provided useful and constructive criticism on an earlier version of this paper. REFERENCES Allan, H . H . 1961: Flora of New Zealand Volume 1. Government Printer, Wellington. Baylis, G.T.S. 1948: Vegetation of Great Island, Three Kings Group. Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 3: 239-252. Baylis, G.T.S. 1951: Incipient forest regeneration on Great Island, Three Kings group. Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 4: 103-109. Baylis, G.T.S. 1958: A botanical survey of the small islands of the Three Kings group. Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 5: 1-12. Baylis, G.T.S. 1977: Pennantia baylisiana (Oliver) Baylis comb. nov. New Zealand Journal of Botany 15: 611-612. Brook, F.J. 1989: Sheet N l and N2 North Cape and Three Kings (1st Edition). Geological Map of New Zealand 1: 63 360. DSIR, Wellington. Brownsey, P.J. & Jackson, P.J. 1984: Asplenium pauperequitum - a new fern species from the Poor

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Knights Islands, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 22: 315-322. Brownsey, P.J. & Lovis, J.D. 1990: Pellaea calidirupium - a new fern species from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 28: 197- 206. Cameron, E.K., Baylis, G.T.S. & Wright, A . E . 1987: Vegetation quadrats 1982-1983 and broad regeneration patterns on Great Island, Three Kings Islands, northern New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 24: 163-185. Cameron, E.K., de Lange, P.J., Given, D.R., Johnson, P.N. & Ogle, C . C . 1995: New Zealand threatened plants list (1995). New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 39: 18-28. Cheeseman, T.F. 1888: Notes on the Three Kings Islands. Transactions & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 20: 141-150. Cheeseman, T . F . 1891: Further notes on the Three Kings Islands. Transactions & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 23: 408-424. Connor, H.E. & Edgar, E . 1987: Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960-1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983-1986. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25: 115-170. de Lange, P.J. 1996: Pterostylis puberula - is it really so scarce? New Zealand Native Orchid Group Journal 60: 16-18. de Lange, P.J. & Molloy, B.P.J. 1995: Vagrancy within New Zealand threatened orchids: what are our conservation priorities ? New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 40: 13-14. de Lange, P.J. & Cameron, E.K. in prep.: The vascular flora of Aorangi Island, Poor Knights Island Group. Hatch, E . D . 1949: New Zealand forms of Pterostylis R.Br. Transactions & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77: 234-246. Hayward, B.W. 1991: Geology and geomorphology of the Poor Knights Islands, northern New Zealand. Tane 33: 23-37. Hayward, B.W. & Moore, P.R. 1987: Geology of Three Kings Islands, northern New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 24: 215-232. Jones, D . L . 1988: Native orchids of Australia. Reed, Australia. Jones, D.L. 1994: New species of Orchidaceae from south-eastern Australia. Muelleria 8:177-192. McCrae, D.P. 1990: A survey of the orchid flora of Te Paki Farm Park. Auckland Botanical Society Journal 45: 29-44. Molloy, B.P.J. 1988: Host range of native perching orchids. New Zealand Native Orchid Group Newsletter 25: 9-10. Molloy, B.P.J. 1994: Pterostylis tasmanica D.L.Jones - a new name for the bearded greenhood indigenous to New Zealand. The New Zealand Native Orchid Group Journal 51: 14-16. Moore, L . B. & Edgar, E . 1970: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. II. Wellington, Government Printer. Murray, B.G. & de Lange, P.J. 1995: Chromosome numbers in the rare endemic Pennantia baylisiana (W.R.B.Oliv.) G.T.S. Baylis (Icacinaceae) and related species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 563-564. Oliver, W.R.B. 1948: The flora of the Three Kings Islands. Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 3: 211-238. St George, I. 1995: A list of New Zealand orchids. The New Zealand Native Orchid Group Journal 57: 35-38. Sykes, W.R. 1977: Kermadec Islands flora - an annotated check list. DSIR Bulletin 219, Government Printer, Wellington. Taylor, G.A.S. 1989: A register of northern offshore islands and a management strategy for island resources. Northern Region Technical Report Series No. 13. Department of Conservation, Auckland. Turbott, E.G. 1948: Effects of goats on Great Island, Three Kings, with descriptions of vegetation quadrats. Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 3: 253-272.

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Wright, A . E . 1983: Conservation status of the Three Kings Islands endemic flora in 1982. Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 20: 175-184.

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