Measuring effects of distributive and procedural justice on job satisfaction

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submitted By

Mc070402001 ABDULMALIK

Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan

Dedication

To my Father and Teachers specially instructor HRM619 Also to

VU

Acknowledgement
During this research I needed help from my department and the department offered the help, so first of all I acknowledge the help of my colleagues, senior staff and executives of the Education Department. The heads of the schools from where I got the data for this research, I am very grateful for them.

Executive Summary
Being a student of HRM, I conducted a research on the organizational justice. It is very important for an organization to be fair in its all deals and manners. It should be fair with employees. Along with justice, employees satisfaction to its job is very important for the job he is doing. Organizational justice plays a vital role in employees job satisfaction. So this research deals with organizational justice and its impact on job satisfaction. The purpose of this study is very simple to understand, as it is described above, that organizational justice plays a vital role in job satisfaction, which is a basic need for the organization. This report comprises the research dealing with the data collected directly from the employees of Education department and its analysis, which shows the satisfaction level of the employees. The factors influencing the level of job satisfaction

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1. Introduction:

Organizational commitment has been an increasingly field of study since past research shown its importance to the organization as a whole. Research is a key feature in every organization. And for this purpose almost every organization has its own R&D section/department. This department has the duty to do research leading the organization to the development. As it is human nature that it is to be guided, trained and developed through training and other processes. So the HRM is the field where we can practice all the skills to improve the human nature and everything concerning with it. All these steps are performed through research. And so this proposal is for the research purpose. We will observe the key characteristics of distributive justice, and will go with Measuring Job Satisfaction This project statement is all about the features described in its topic. We will go step by step with the core concepts of organization, job, job satisfaction and its impact on the nature of employee. This all will be included in this research project. Every organization has an internal structure, which has the employees as main part. This human power is always needed for the organization. And this human power needs continuous development by training, supervision monitoring, mentoring etc. Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in the study of job satisfaction. Employee perceptions of distributive and procedural justice have been related to a variety of important work outcomes, significantly job satisfaction. In the present project, we will discuss these concerns.

1.2 Background:
Job satisfaction refers to peoples perception of fairness in organizations, consisting of perceptions of how decisions are made regarding the distribution of outcome and the perceived fairness in distribution of remuneration. In the organizational context, procedural justice is considered an important resource in social exchange, where else, distributive justice considered to be more closely related to job satisfaction. Another form of justice that focuses on employees job satisfaction is the quality of the interpersonal treatment received during the enactment of organizational procedures. (1) So we can say Distributive justice strongly influences the development of job satisfaction. Research on fairness shifted to an emphasis on procedural justice in the 1980s. In the organizational context, procedural justice is considered an important resource in job satisfaction (1). Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the means used to determine the amount of benefits. Past research demonstrates that procedural justice often is more predictive of a variety of work attitudes, including job satisfaction. (2) 1.2 Introduction of the organizations business sector The target organization in this research deals with education. It is basically a service provider organization. Its employees are teachers. In Pakistan, remuneration for the teachers is very low. 1.3 Introduction of the organization The target organization for this study is education department of Punjab. Everybody knows about it. The reason for the selection of this organization is basically the general perception about this department, they are 1. Being under control of government it has many laps in it. 2. Its employees (teachers) have a low level of job satisfaction.

3. Budget for the department is very little. 4. Employees salary is much less in amount 1.4 List of competitors Till 1990 the education department had no competitors, but post 1990, the number of private sector schools started to grow and this growth became rapid in the start of 21st century. So in these days, with a little exaggeration we can say that, in every street or even in every home there is a private school. 1.5 Objectives: Research will be guided towards these objectives 1. To measure the perception of employees regarding organizational justice in education department. 2. To find out the level of organizational justice (i.e. distributive justice) applied in the department 3. To find how much improvement is needed 4. To chalk out the ways, how that improvement can be made. 5. To measure the satisfaction level of the employees 6. To find an association of organizational justice with job satisfaction 7. To suggest the ways to improve job satisfaction level in employees of Education department of Punjab. This study will end up to the recommendations for improvement in job satisfaction of employees of education department of Punjab. 1.6: Significance: This research will help the organization in following aspects. 1. The organization will get a guideline for future objectives concerning with employees job satisfaction 2. The organization will come to know the job satisfaction level of its employees. 3. The findings and conclusions of this research will guide the organization. 4. This research will help the organization to know the level of organizational justice and as a result: 5. The organization will come to a better level of organizational justice meeting the desired level of job satisfaction.

Chapter 2 Data Processing, Analysis & Interpretation

2.1. Data Collection Sources Data used in this study is primarily taken from the employees of the organization directly. Also visits to different schools are made to observe the employees daily routines directly. 2.2 Data Collection Tools/Instruments 2.2.1 2.2.2 Observations Questionnaire Observations were very easy to be made by me as I am an employee of the department. Also an observation can clear the situation which any other data source may not clear. The reason to select the questionnaire is also very clear that it is a primary source. Respondent feel himself/herself free to respond. As name is optional in the questionnaire used in this study, so they had no hesitation, giving their response. 2.3. Subjects/Participants: My target population will be Education Department (Govt. of Punjab). This organization as perceived and imagined has many more laps in its structure and its many more employees are having a low level of job satisfaction (Hypothesis made to drive the project). This organization is an ideal organization for research for some key features as It is an HR organization because input and output both (i.e. STUDENTS) fall in HUMAN RESOURCE category. Teachers working (employees) are already HR. Some management sub departments are there but overall it deals with HR. Being under control of Govt. it has many laps New and new policies are experimented for this sector Many amendments are being made in basic structure, now a day. Being a part of the Education Sector I can make observations deeply as I have a keen interest in this organization. Two Sampling Frames will be used 1. 9 Teachers from 3 schools running in public sector 2. 9 Teachers from 3 schools running in private sector Convenient sampling technique will be used and the schools will be chosen randomly (because it is not convenient to contact all the teachers in Punjab or even Distt, Hafizabad) from different areas of Hafizabad district, so that the results could be generalized easily. 2.4. Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation: Questionnaire is used to collect first hand data. Major statistical techniques used are average, mean, and percentage. Questionnaire is designed according to likert scale. The responses have numerical values from 1 to 5. 1 = not at all, 2 = no, 3 = not sure, 4 = yes, 5 = certainly. Responses are collected as mentioned above from 6 schools (3 teachers from each school). Data collection from private schools was also necessary because the private schools are also registered from government of Punjab, and also affiliated with their respective BISEs. They along with being competitors are also reinforcing institutions for institutions in public sector as they are accommodating a large number of students in them who can not be accommodated in public schools. However main importance will be given to public sector and private sector will be discussed from only a few angles. 2.4.1 Data processing In questionnaire contained these questions.

Your qualification_______________________ 1. Your teaching span 2. You are qualified more than minimum requirement of you post 3. Your scale is 4. Your salary package (in Thousands) 5. Marital status 6. Number of family members 7. Your salary package is sufficient 8. You have earning resource other than your job 9. You have sufficient time for your family 10. Students are quiet satisfied with your teaching 11. Attitude of your senior authorities is good 12. Your co-workers are co-operative 13. Incentive is given for good performance 14. Punishment is given for bad performance 15. Punjab Govt. is paying according to the service you deliver 16. Govt. is conducting your continuous professional development 17. Environment of school is supportive for learning process 18. You frequently get tired of teaching 19. Is teaching helpful for you learning 20. Biasness is involved in recruitment of new teachers 21. Standard of teaching in Govt. sector is better than that in private sector 22. Your environment in school is peaceful 23. Your environment in school is supportive for teaching 24. You think, your job is secure 25. You think, you can easily support a family consisting of 4 members. 26. Your salary package is equivalent to the packages in other deptts. If above question got the answer 3,4,5 then please go to the Q. No. 31 27. It is less than other deptts (If got answer 1,2,3 then please go to No. 29) 28. How much less (1= slight difference & 5= huge difference) 29. It is more than other deptts

(If answer is 1,2 please go to Q. No 31) 30. How much more (1= slight difference & 5= huge difference) 31. Annual budget for Education. Deptt. is sufficient. 32. Time to time benefits is available for teachers (budget increments, different schemes for the employees like other deptts.) 33. You consider this job best for your inner self 34. Increment is given on the basis of performance 35. Reward is distributed evenly among good performers 36. Higher authorities treat all teachers as equal 37. I am fairly rewarded considering the responsibilities I have. 38. I am fairly rewarded considering the qualification I have. 39. my current pay and benefits are exactly what I deserve 40. Before punishment, it is investigated properly that who is responsible 2.4.2. Data Analysis First 6 questions are warm up questions, and no analysis is needed for them. Remaining 34 questions are important, more or less. So we will mention only those questions which are more relevant to the topic and has an influence on the results and conclusions of this study. Now we will go for the question no. 7 It stated as Your salary package is sufficient 44 % people answered yes and 11 percent answered certainly. It means more than 50 percent people consider the salary package sufficient Question 8 was You have earning resource other than your job Only eleven percent said yes, remaining responded as no. Question 10 was Students are quiet satisfied with you teaching 33 percent respondent were not sure about this, remaining respondents showed yes for this question Question 11 was Attitude of your senior authorities is good 88 percent people agreed with above statement Question 12 was Your co-workers are cooperative 88 percent respondent agreed with this Question 13 was Incentive is given for good performance It got answer as 34% as No, 11% as not sure, 55% agreed with this Question 15 was Punjab government is paying according to the service you deliver 66% agreed with this, 11% were not sure, remaining said no

Question 17 was Environment of you school is supportive for learning process 88% agreed with this Question 18 was You frequently get tired of teaching 77% responded as no, 11% were not sure Question 20 was Biasness is involved in recruitment of new teachers 33% responded as yes, 33% as not sure and 33% did not respond Question 24 was You think, your job is secure 90 percent said yes Question 25 was You can easily support a family consisting on 4 members 90% said yes Question 26 was Your salary package is according to that in other departments 70 % responded as No, remaining were not sure These 70 % responded as Yes for 27, which stated as, It is less than other departments, and in succeeding question, 80 % responded as little difference. Question 33 was You consider this job best for your inner self 100% response was positive Question 36 was Higher authorities treat all teachers as equal This question got response as, 65% as No, 35% as Not sure Question 37 was I am fairly rewarded according to the responsibilities I have. Response was 50 % as No remaining not sure Question 38 was I am fairly rewarded according to the qualification I have. 70% as No Question 39 was My current pay and benefits are exactly what I deserve Got answer 80% as No

1. According to question number 7, 50 % teachers consider the salary package sufficient. It also means that 50 % do not consider it sufficient. 2. About 90 % of teachers have no other earning resource, so considering the probability, it can be concluded from the results that 40 % teachers are not satisfied with their job salary wise. 3. Two third of whole have the students satisfied with their teaching. It means that 33 % are not performing well, why are they like this we will discuss in coming lines. 4. 88 % teachers are happy for the attitude of their senior authorities and co-workers. (results from 11 & 12) 5. 55% agreed with that the incentive is given for good performance, 34% said no for that. 6. According to response to 15th statement, we can say that Punjab government is paying according to services delivered by teachers. 7. Environment in schools is supportive for learning process; as a result, most teachers do not get tired of teaching.

8. For the question about biasness in recruitment, teachers responded equally for yes, no and not sure. 9. Job of education department Punjab is secure. 10. Its employees can easily support the family consisting on 4 members. 11. Salary package is less than other departments running under rule of Punjab government. 12. Teachers are satisfied internally. 13. Biasness is involved in rewarding process, so the teachers are not rewarded for the responsibilities and qualification accordingly. 14. 80 % consider the benefits are not according to the extent, they deserve. 2.4.3. Data Interpretation Now we interpret and inter-relate the 14 points concluded in above section. 1. If we see the point 1 in context of point 11, we can say that the salary package is less than other department, but the teachers are sill satisfied (more or less) with their job, despite that majority has no earning resource other than job. 2. In these financial circumstances they are performing good as 2/3 of teachers get their students satisfied with their teaching 3. Biasness is involved in recruitment. 4. Government is not paying the teachers accordingly. During above discussion, some questions arise in the mind 1. If the teachers are not paid accordingly then how their satisfaction level is high as they shown. 2. Why answer to question about biasness has so variation in its result These questions were asked to a DEO, who answered as 1. Teachers are not paid according to the other departments, yet they are supporting their families consisting on 6-10 members. Many other factors were mentioned but most important were a. Teachers are doing their job near to their home. b. They have time for their family more than other department employees. c. A large number of vacations are available in education department. 2. Involvement of biasness varied time to time. Now we come to the Private sector We will not go for details. Major negative points can be highlighted as under. 1. Salaries are very low. 2. Environment is not so much supportive for learning process. 3. Most teachers are not qualified accordingly as they are in public sector. The only positive point is that, they are satisfied with their job. HOW To this question, DEO answered as: Because they are not much qualified, they consider they are better, where they are. And they consider so very rightfully, because there is a large number of unemployed youngsters. 2.5. Summary Majority of teachers in public sector have less earning, yet they are satisfied. Not much but satisfied, and the reasons of their satisfaction are other benefits indirectly drawn from the department policies. Private sector has many laps, and needs many improvements.

Chapter 3 Conclusion, Recommendations & Limitations

3.1. Conclusions Majority of teachers in public sector have less earning, yet they are satisfied. Not much but satisfied, and the reasons of their satisfaction are other benefits indirectly drawn from the department policies. Private sector has many laps, and needs many improvements.

3.2. Recommendations Public sector has less number of laps, so little effort may improve it very much. The recommendations for improvements are as under (The recommendations include the points suggested by the respondents at the end of questionnaire)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Biasness should not be involved in recruitments. Salary packages should be according to the other departments running under government of Punjab. Biasness in incentives and rewards for performance should be abolished. Senior authorities must have constructive mind Senior authorities must be co-operative. Teachers financial status should be improved.

3.3. Limitations Job satisfaction level is not as high as this research shows, because o In our society teaching is considered as a sacred profession, so teachers hesitate to show their non satisfaction. o In our remote area, most teachers have never done this type of work, or they havent ever seen, so they hesitated to show their inner self. o They had to respond before their seniors so they may be hesitated.

Section II
Introduction of the student:
Abdulmalik, student of MBA (HRM) from virtual university of Pakistan under enrolment number mc070402001 Last degree obtained: Organizations name: Designation: Experience: BSC (PU) Education department of Punjab Secondary School Teacher (SST) Science 5 years

Bibliography
1: Loi, R., Hang-yue, N. dan Foley, S. 2006. Linking employee justice perceptions to organizational commitment and intention to leave: the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 79: 101-120 2: Warner, J.C., Hegtvedt, K.A. dan Roman, P. 2005. Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice: How experiences with downsizing condition their impact on Organizational Commitment. Social Psychology Quarterly. 68(1):89-102.