Basic Function of a Standard Telephone Set 1.

Ringer circuit The ringer circuit, which was originally an electromagnetic bell, is placeddirectly across the tip and ring of the local loop and its sole purpose is to alert thedestination party of incoming calls. The tone of the ringer should be loud enough to beheard from a distance. In modern telephones, the bell has been replaced with andelectronic oscillator connected to the speaker. Today, ringing signals can be of anyimaginary sound. 2. On/off hook circuit The on/off hook circuit (sometimes called a switch hook) isnothing more than a simple single-throw double-pole (STDP) switch placed across the tipand ring. The switch is mechanically connected to the telephone handset so that when thetelephone is idle (on hook), the switch is open. When the telephone is in use (off hook), theswitch is closed, completing an electrical path through the microphone between the tip andring of the local loop. 3. Equalizer circuit Equalizers are combinations of passive components (resistors,capacitors, and so on) that are used to regulate the amplitude and frequency response ofthe voice signals. The equalizer helps solve an important transmission problem in telephoneset design, namely, the interdependence of the transmitting and receiving efficiencies andthe wide range of transmitter currents caused by a variety of local loop cables with differentdc resistances. 4. Speaker Thespeaker is the receiver for the telephone. The speaker converts electricalsignals received from the local loop to acoustical signals (sound waves) that can be heardand understood by a human being. The speaker is connected to the local loop through the hybrid network. The speaker is typically enclosed in thehandse t of the telephone along withthe microphone. 5. Microphone The microphone is the transmitter for the telephone and it convertsacoustical signals in the form of sound pressure waves from the caller to electrical signals that are transmitted into the telephone network through the local subscriber loop. Themicrophone is also connected to the local loop through the hybrid network. Both the microphone and the speaker are transducers, as they convert one form of energy into another form of energy. A microphone converts acoustical energy first to mechanical energy and then to electrical energy, while the speaker performs the exact opposite sequence of conversions

6. Hybrid network The hybrid network (sometimes called a hybrid coil or duplex coil) in atelephone set is a special balanced transformer used to convert a two-wire circuit (the local loop) into a four-wire circuit (the telephone set) and vice versa, thus enabling full-duplex operation over a two-wire circuit. In essence, the hybrid network separates the transmitted signals from the received signals. Another function of the hybrid network is to allow a small portion of the transmit signal to be returned to the receiver in the form of a sidetone. 7. Dialing circuit The dialing circuit enables the subscriber to output signalsrepresenting digits, and this enables the caller to enter the destination telephone number. The dialing circuit could be a rotary dialer, or most likely an electronic dial-pulsing circuit (or a Touch-Tone keypad) which sends various combinations of tones representing the called digits

Functional Block Diagram of a Standard Telephone Set

Bandwidth of Voice Channel in Telephone System

The standard telephony voice band [300 3400 Hz] is heterodyned and stacked on high frequency carriers by single sideband amplitude modulation. This is the most bandwidth efficient scheme possible.It carries a bandwidth of about 3 kHz. That is, the system onlyallows signals between 0-3kHz to pass through - all higher frequencies are chopped off. The 0-3kHz spectrum covers the most important frequencies of human voice,which is precisely what the phone system has been designed to carry.

A Single Voice Channel

Public Switching Telephone Network The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks. It consists of telephone lines, fiberoptic cables, microwave transmissionlinks, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables all inter-connected by switching centers which allows any telephone in the world to communicate with any other. Originally a network of fixedline analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core and includes mobile as well as fixed telephones. The technical operation of the PSTN utilizes standards created by the ITU-T. These standards allow different networks in different countries to interconnect seamlessly. There is also a single globaladdress space for telephone numbers based on the E.163 and E.164 standards. The combination of the interconnected networks and the single numbering plan make it possible for any phone in the world to dial any other phone. In most countries, the central government has a regulator dedicated to monitoring the provision of PSTN services in that country. Their tasks may be for example to ensure that end customers are not over-charged for services where monopolies may exist. They may also regulate the prices charged between the operators to carry each others traffic.

Major Components

1. Local Loops One component of the telephone network is the local loop, a twisted-pair cable that connects the subscriber telephone to the nearest end office or local central office. The local loop, when used for voice, has a bandwidth of 4000 Hz (4 kHz). It is interesting to examine the telephone number associated with each local loop. The first three digits of a local telephone number define the office, and the next four digits define the local loop number.

2. Trunks Trunks are transmission media that handle the communication between offices. A trunk normally handles hundreds or thousands of connections through multiplexing. Transmission is usually through optical fibers or satellite links.

3. Exchange In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant equipment including telephone switches, which make telephone calls "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information. The term exchange area can be used to refer to an area served by a particular switch, but is typically known as a wire center in the US telecommunications industry. The exchange code or Central Office Code refers to the first three digits of the local number (NXX). It is sometimes confused with the area code (NPA). In the United States, local exchange areas together make up a legal entity called local access and transport areas (LATA) under the Modification of Final Judgment (MFJ).

4. Transmission Media In telecommunication, data transmission circuit is the transmission media or the intervening equipment that refer to the technical device which employs the material

substance to transmit or guide the waves and used for the transfer of data between data terminal equipments (DTEs). Hence, a data transmission circuit includes any required signal conversion equipment and may transfer information in (a) one direction only, (b) either direction but one way at a time, or (c) both directions simultaneously. Transmission media also are the physical pathways that connect computers, other devices, and people on a networkthe highways and byways that comprise the information superhighway. For the purpose of telecommunications, transmission media can be divided into two broad categories; guided and unguided. Guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Unguided medium is usually air.

Exchange

Types of Exchange 1. Local Exchange An exchange is a group of telephone voice line circuits grouped together by a single digital access cross-connecting switch or set of switches. This set of circuits comprise the smallest unit of connections that can be identified by the North American Numbering Plan. Calls between phones in an exchange are said to be 'local calls' and are usually billed at the lowest rate offered as part of the subscriber's current calling plan.Your telephone is connected via the local loop to a single central office. That central office and all the other phones connected to it are referred to as your local exchange.Everyone in your local calling area was connected to your Local Exchange. Calls from your local exchange to any other exchange were connected across tie lines (later called trunk lines) to a 'foreign exchange'. 2. Group Exchange

3. Zone Exchange

4. International Exchange An International Exchange is a set of circuits that connect to overseas telephone systems. Your long distance provider will connect to other long distance providers

overseas. This is where country codes come in. For the United States, the country code is 01. A phone number with the United States country code included would look like this:

Country Code 01 1 -

Area Exchange Number Code 202 - 555 - 1212

5. Tandem Exchange

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Hierarchy

In order to organize Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) American Telephone & Telegraph divided the various switches in the U.S. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) into a hierarchy containing five levels (or classes).


Class 1 exchanges were international gateways - handing off and receiving traffic from outside the USA and Canadian networks. Class 2 exchanges were tandem exchanges which interconnected whole regions of the AT&T network. Class 3 exchanges were tandem exchanges connecting major population centres within particular region of the AT&T network. Class 4 exchanges were tandem exchanges connecting the various areas of a city or towns in a region. Class 5 exchanges were those to which subscribers and end-users telephone lines would connect.

In modern times only the terms Class 4 and Class 5 are much used, as any tandem office is referred to as a Class 4. This change was prompted in great part by changes in the power of switches and the relative cost of transmission, both of which tended to flatten the switch hierarchy. Local Call & Long Distance Call

Local Call,

In telephony, the term local call has the following meanings: 1. Any call using a single switching facility; that is, not traveling to another telephone network; 2. A telephone call made within a local calling area as defined by the Local exchange carrier; 3. Any call for which an additional charge, i.e., toll charge, is not billed to the calling or called party, or (depending on the country) for which this charge is reduced because it is a short-distance call (e.g. within a town or local metropolitan area). Typically, local calls have shorter numbers than long distance calls, as the area code may not be required. However, this is not true in parts of the U.S. and Canada that are subject to overlay plans or many countries in Europe that require closed dialing.Toll free (e.g. "800" numbers in the U.S.) are not necessarily local calls; despite being free to the caller, any charge due for the distance of the connection is charged to the called party.Commercial users who make or accept many long distance calls to or from a particular distant place may make them as local calls by use of foreign exchange service. Such an "FX" line also allows people in the distant place to call by using a telephone number local to them.

Long Distance Call, In telecommunications, a long distance call is a telephone call made outside a certain area, usually characterized by an area code outside of a local call area (known in the United States as a Local Access and Transport Area or LATA). Long-distance calls usually carry long-distance charges which, within certain nations, vary between phone companies and are the subject of much competition.International calls are calls made between different countries, and usually carry much higher charges. These calls are charged to the calling party if the called party declines a collect call.

Call Procedures

Private Branch Exchange (PBX)

A private branch exchange (PBX) is a telephone exchange that serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one that a common carrier or telephone company operates for many businesses or for the general public. PBXs are also referred to as:
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PABX - private automatic branch exchange EPABX - electronic private automatic branch exchange

A PBX often includes:

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The PBXs internal switching network. Microcontroller or microcomputer for arbitrary data processing, control and logic. Logic cards, switching and control cards, power cards and related devices that facilitate PBX operation. Stations or telephone sets, sometimes called lines. Outside telco trunks that deliver signals to (and carry them from) the PBX. Console or switchboard allows the operator to control incoming calls. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) consisting of sensors, power switches and batteries. Interconnecting wiring. Cabinets, closets, vaults and other housings.

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Functionally, the PBX performs four main call processing duties:

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Establishing connections (circuits) between the telephone sets of two users (e.g. mapping a dialed number to a physical phone, ensuring the phone isn't already busy) Maintaining such connections as long as the users require them (i.e. channelling voice signals between the users) Disconnecting those connections as per the user's requirement Providing information for accounting purposes (e.g. metering calls)

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