Ingls Adverbs of Frequency (in hierarchy order) -always -usually -often -sometimes -never -occasionally -hardly ever Gerunds

and Infinitives -I stopped to smoke a cigarette -I stopped smoking (gerund) cigarettes (you quit) When a verb follows another verb the structure is usually: -verb + ing -verb + (to) infinitive Some verbs are only followed by ING (the gerund) Some verbs are followed by the infinitive Some verbs can be followed by both, the gerund or infinitive Verbs always followed by ING -admit I admit stealing the pencil -avoid I avoied seeing her -propose I proposed going by plane -deny He denied kissing another girl -dislike He disliked the racing -risk I fancy going to the cinema tonight -enjoy I enjoyed playing a game -keep -fancy -finish -imagine -mind Do you think hell mind if we borrow his car without asking? -miss I miss kissing you -postpone He postponed going on holiday until September. He was supposed to go in July -understand -Cant stand I cant stand your snoring. Please see a doctor. Verbs followed by an infinitive with to -afford You couldnt afford to buy a Porsche -appear Salvini appeard to be a bit made -ask

-decide -hesitate The hesitated to buy it -agree I agreed to buy it -arrange I arranged to see her tonight -choose I chose to go with them -expect I expect to see her tonight -hope I hope to go to university -learn Im learning to use verbs followed by an infinitive with to -manage I managed to pass every year Verbs followed by either a gerund or infinitive -begin -continue -attempt -intend - (pretender) -like -I love to eat/eating choco crispies -prefer Notes: Look forward to is followed by gerund Painting this room yellow will really improve(verb) it Past Simple Used to describe an action that started and finished in the past Regular verbs we add ed But remember of irregular verbs Past Continuous Was/were + verbing -Used to describe something that was happening in the past -Used to describe an action that was interrupted by another action (in the past) When and While We use when and while to join a past simple sentence to a past continuous sentence Remember! use: When: before the past simple While: before the past continous Never use both at the same time.

Example: -I was driving to work when I saw Fernanda Serrano -I saw Fernanda Serrano while I was driving to work Future Sentences Will and Going to Example: 1- (will) Ill buy him a bottle of wine 2- (going to) Veras going to buy a dvd on amazon 1- (will) I decided to do this now (at the moment of speaking) 2- (going to) She decided to do this in the past Predictions 1-I think Chelsea will win the Champions league 2-We will one day be able to smell things on computer 1 and 2: These are predictions which we feel or believe will happen 3-Stop! Youre going to fall off the table look at these clouds. Its going to rain. 3: Predictions which we see or hear Modal Verbs 1- Reporting speech or thoughtwould, could 2-speculating/making decisions might, must, would, could, can 3-commenting/criticisingshould, suppose, ought to Present Continuous and Present Simple Can also be used for the future Example: Present - (PC) My parents are coming to Portugal for Christmas -(PC) Im having a party on Friday

-(PS) They arrive on 23rd December -(PS) Joos Portuguese exam starts at midday Present Continuous: We use to talk about plans and arangments that we made with other people (its similar iwht GOING TO) We usually include a time word with the present continuous when he use it in this way. Present Simple: We use for the future when we are talking about timetables and programmes Future Continuous and Future Perfect Future Continuous Form: will be + ing Use: To describe being in the middle of doing something Ex: -He will be spending time with Fernanda Serrano -He will be having lunch Future Perfect Form: Will have + past participle Use: To talk about complete actions in the future Ex: -Ill have gone to school -Ill have learnt about the future continuous and future perfect Past Perfect Form: had + past participle Use: to talk about a time earlier than another time in the past, to talk about things before that time. Present Perfect Form: have/has + past participle

Use: -To tell us about an indefinitive in the past EX: Joo has been to Spain -Unfinished time -To describe something which started in the past and continues up to the present. Its in these cases that we use for and since. -Joo has been to Spain -Catarina has eaten snails -Ins has driven a car -Nuno has kissed a girl For and Since We can use with the Present Perfect Use: -Since: With a point an time -For: With a period of time Ex: -Nuno has lived in Areeiro for 2 years -Nuno has lived in Areeiro since 2005 Already, yet and just. Already: You finished it a while ago Yet: You already done it Just: You finished it very recently Ex: Have you done your homework yet? -Yes, Ive already done it -Yes, Ive just done it Relative Pronouns Who: people Which/that: things Where: places Whose: position/possession These things all happened in the past. We dont know when exactly

Conditionals Forms 0 If + present simple + present simple 1 If + future will + infinitive 2 If + past simple + would + infinitive 3 If + past perfect + would have + past perfect O Use: For situations that are always true (included scientific facts) Ex: -If you boil water it evaporate -If you eat too much, you get fat 1 Use: Possible/likely situations Ex: If I have time, Ill phone you 2 Use: Things that are impossible or unlikely/untrue Ex: -If I won the lottery, Id travel around the world 3 Use: Hypothetical situations in the past. THEY CANNOT BE CHANGED Ex: If Salvini hadnt spoken in Portuguese he wouldnt have had to do press ups. Can/Could Can: Use: For ability (could for past hability) and requests (less polite)

Ex: I can hold my breath for a minute Could Use: For requests (more polite) Ex: I could swim 25 m underwater in the past. I cant now Be able to and Was Able to Be able Use: Like can, be able is used to express present ability Ex: Salvini is able to hold his breath for over a minute Was Able to Use: To say that somebody managed to do something on one occasion (usually something that was not easy) Ex: Asafa Powell was able to run 100 m in 9,77 seconds. Past Habits Form: used to + infinitive Use: Things that we did but no longer to Ex: I used to live Form: be/get used to + gerund | be/get used to + noun Use: Things that we or not accustomed to do Ex: was used to driving Comparatives and Superlatives
One-syllable adjectives Two or more syllable adjectives: Adverbs Irregular adjectives Word Cheap Reliable Smoothly Good Bad Far Well Badly Little much Comparative Cheaper than More reliable than Less smoothly than Better Worse Farther/further (time) Better Worse Less more Superlative The cheapest The most reliable The least smoothly The best The worst The farthest/furthest (time) The best The worst The least The most

Irregular adverbs

Passive Voice Active: Present Simple Passive: am/is/are + past participle Active: Past Simple Passive: was/were + past participle Active: Present Continuous Passive: am/is/are being + past participle Active: Past Continuous Passive: was/were being + past participle Active: Present Perfect Passive: has/have been + past participle Active: Past Perfect Passive: had been + past participle Reported Speech Direct Speech: Present Simple Reported Speech: Past Simple Direct Speech: Past Simple Reported Speech: Past Simple/Perfect Direct Speech: Present Continuous Reported Speech: Past Continuous Direct Speech: Past Continuous Reported Speech: Past Continuous/ Perfect Continuous Direct Speech: Present Perfect Reported Speech: Past Perfect Direct Speech: Past Perfect Reported Speech: Past Perfect NOTES: Willwould Cancould Musthad to Maymight Dont not to do Now them Yesterdaythe day before Two days ago two days before Todaythat day Tomorrowthe following day Herethere This placethat place These placesthose places The Causative Form: SHOP Subject + have + object + past participle

Ex: Opticions: Where you have your eyes checked Informal Letter Dear xxxx: Body: -How are you? -Now Im doing. -Ive been thinking the same as you .. Lots of love/ a hug/ best regards