Wireless Communications EE5131 + EE6131

Acknowledgements
Modules aligned closely with textbook:
Wireless Communications by Andrea Goldsmith, Stanford University Powerpoint slides in first, intro lecture mainly by Goldsmith (Stanford), or Cui (Texas A&M) modified by Hanly for our syllabi Following lectures will be on white-board please take notes!

Outline

Module overview, assessment etc Course Syllabi

Wireless past and present:

Current Wireless Systems Emerging Wireless Systems

Design challenges for the future

Module Information

Lecturer: Stephen Hanly (Part 1)

elehsv@nus.edu.sg, E4-05-29 Contact: Tuesday 4-5pm

Classes: Mondays 6-9pm, E1-06-04 Two modules: EE5131, EE6131

Whats the difference?

mainly: assessment is different! a few topics are advanced (i.e. for EE6131). EE5131 can listen and learn something extra! There will be corresponding supplementary material for EE6131

EE5131, EE6131 share a lot of material

Module Information

Prerequisites: random signals, stochastic processes Textbook: Wireless Communications (by A. Goldsmith)

Available at coop (central forum) On reserve at central library. All handouts, announcements, homeworks, etc. posted to website Lecture materials regularly updated on website

Class Homepage: IVLE website

Module Information Assessment

Grading:

EE5131: HW - 20%, Midterm 20%, Final exam 60% EE6131: HW- 20%, Midterm 10%, Project 20%, Final Exam - 50% Homework loses 25% credit per day late Must be done individually please sign it and state that it is your own work

HWs: posted on IVLE and due in class

Exams:

Midterm on Monday Sept. 12 (in class) starting at 6.20pm, 1 hour. Midterm: not compulsory and no makeup (without midterm, your results are normalized) Final exam is Wed Nov 30 at 5pm. Duration: 2 hours.

Module Information Project (for 6131)

The term project (for 6131 students) involves selecting a research paper (we will provide a list on IVLE) and writing a report on it. You will need to write the report in your own words, and demonstrate a thorough understanding of the research in the paper. You will need to do a critical analysis whereby

you identify the strong and/or weak points in the research, identify the underlying assumptions and evaluate their generality indicate how you think it can be used in real wireless systems. You can do some theoretical and/or numerical explorations of your own to illustrate/extend the results in the paper

The report is due Monday Nov 7 in class (or before)

Makeup Class

As there was no lecture Aug 8, there is a makeup class:

Monday Sept. E1-06-04

19

Course Syllabus

Overview of wireless communications Wireless channel modeling Capacity of wireless channels Digital modulation for flat fading channels Diversity techniques and multicarrier modulation Multiantenna communications Cellular Systems:

multiple access and interference management

Wireless History

Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed during and after WW2
Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since mid 1980s, with > 3 billion users worldwide today

Ignited the wireless revolution Voice, data, and multimedia becoming ubiquitous Use in third world countries growing rapidly

Wifi also enjoying tremendous success and growth 3G wireless internet

Future Wireless Networks

Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Next-generation Cellular Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Smart Homes/Spaces Automated Highways In-Body Networks All this and more

Current Wireless Systems

Wireless LANs Cellular Systems Satellite Systems Zigbee radios Ultrawideband

Current Wireless Systems

Systems today use one of several PHY-layer approaches to allocate bandwidth to devices:

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDMA) --- multiple carriers Ultrawideband (UWB) --- no carrier

Current Wireless Systems

There are also networking-layer approaches to bandwidth allocation

Polling/scheduling schemes

Controlled by the access point

Random access schemes like ALOHA Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)

Ethernet WiFi networks

CSMA with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA)

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011 Internet Access Point

WLANs connect local computers (100m range) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Carrier sense, collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service

WiFi Standards (current)

802.11b

Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) CDMA 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range Standard for 5GHz band (300 MHz) OFDM Up to 54 Mbps
Many WLAN cards have all 3 (a/b/g)

802.11a

802.11g

Standard in 2.4 GHz compatible with 11b OFDM Speeds up to 54 Mbps

WiFi Standards (future)

802.11e: enhance quality of service functions 802.11i: enhance security 802.11r: support roaming 802.11s: support MESH function 802.11n: support MIMO (multiple antennas)

Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band OFDM - MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas) Speeds up to 150Mbps

WiGig and Wireless HD

New standards operating in 60 GHz band Data rates of 7-25 Gbps Bandwidth of around 10 GHz (unregulated) Range of around 10m (can be extended) Uses/extends 802.11 networking layer

Applications include PC peripherals and displays for HDTVs, monitors & projectors

Reuse channels to maximize capacity

Cellular Systems:

Geographic region divided into cells Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations. Co-channel interference between same color cells. Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE STATION

MTSO

Cellular Networks
San Francisco

BS

BS

Internet MTSO PSTN MTSO

New York

BS

Cellular development
Macrocell to microcell

Macrocell: diameter ~ 1 Km
Microcell: diameter ~ 100m

Support more mobiles

Reduce power, reduce phone size

Cost of base stations Signaling overhead

Can we shrink size indefinitely?

Cellular development
Analog to digital

First generation (1G):

analog,
FDMA or TDMA

Second generation (2G):

Digital TDMA or CDMA

Third generation (3G): CDMA

Cellular development
Voice to data

1G: pure voice

2G: voice + SMS

2.5G: voice + MMS + data

TDMA: GPRS (140kbps), EDGE (384kbps) CDMA: IS-95 + EVDO (Qualcomm)

3G: voice + MMS + data (dominant)

144kbps (vehicular), 383kbps (pedestrian), 2Mbps(stationary)

3G Cellular

Data is bursty, whereas voice is continuous

Typically require different access and routing strategies Packet based switching for data (including VoIP) Circuit based switching for voice 384 Kbps on average Standard based on wideband CDMA supports diversified applications

3G widens the data pipe:

Evolution of existing systems

Dual phone (2/3G+Wifi) use growing (iPhone, Google)

What is beyond 3G?

4G/LTE/IMT Advanced

Much higher peak data rates (50-100 Mbps) Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz) Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum Low packet latency (<5ms). Increased system capacity Reduced cost-per-bit Support for multimedia

Evolution of Current Systems

Wireless systems today

3G Cellular: ~200-300 Kbps. WLANs: ~450 Mbps (and growing). 4G Cellular: OFDM/MIMO 4G WLANs: Wide open, 3G just being finalized

Next Generation is in the works

Technology Enhancements

Hardware: Better batteries. Better circuits/processors. Link: More bandwidth, more antennas, better modulation and coding, adaptivity, cognition. Network: better resource allocation, cooperation, relaying, femtocells.

Future Generations
Rate
802.11n

4G 3G
3G

802.11b WLAN

Other Tradeoffs: Rate vs. Coverage Rate vs. Delay Rate vs. Cost Rate vs. Energy

2G

2G Cellular

Mobility

Ultrawideband radio

Impulse radio: pulses of nanoseconds (10-9) or smaller

Duty cycle a fraction of a percent

Carrier not necessarily needed

Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz)

Low probability of detection Multipath highly resolvable

Ultrawideband radio

Unique location and positioning properties

1cm accuracy possible

Low power CMOS transmitters

Very high data rates (500 Mbps ~ 10 feet range) 7.5 GHz free spectrum in US

Spectrum allocation overlays other uses

Moores law radio

Data rate scales with shorter pulse widths made possible with ever faster CMOS circuits

IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee Radios

Low-Rate wireless mesh networking Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps

Support for large mesh networking or star clusters

Support for low latency devices

CSMA-CA channel access

Very low power consumption

Frequency of operation in ISM bands

Focus is primarily on low power sensor networks

Emerging Systems

4th generation cellular (4G)

OFDMA

is the PHY layer

Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks Sensor networks Distributed control networks Biomedical networks

Ad-Hoc/Mesh Networks

Peer to peer communications No background infrastructure Dynamic topology Multihop routing

Design Issues

Ad-hoc networks provide a flexible network infrastructure for many emerging applications.
The capacity of such networks is generally unknown. Transmission, access, and routing strategies for ad-hoc networks are generally ad-hoc. Crosslayer design critical and very challenging.

Energy constraints impose interesting design tradeoffs for communication and networking.

Sensor Networks

Nodes powered by

Fusion centre

Non-rechargeable batteries or environment

Data highly correlated in time and space Data flows to fusion centre Nodes can cooperate in:

Transmission, reception, compression, and signal processing

Energy-Constrained Nodes

Each node can only send a finite number of bits.

Transmit energy minimized by maximizing bit time Circuit energy consumption increases with bit time Introduces a delay versus energy tradeoff for each bit

Short-range networks must consider transmit, circuit, and processing energy.

Sophisticated techniques not necessarily energy-efficient. Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking.

Changes everything about the network design:

Bit allocation must be optimized across all protocols. Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs. Optimization of node cooperation.

Wireless Sensor Networks

Data Collection and Distributed Control

Smart homes/buildings Smart structures Search and rescue Homeland security Event detection Battlefield surveillance

Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving constraint Data flows to centralized location (joint compression) Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes Intelligence is in the network rather than in the devices

Distributed Control over Wireless

Automated Vehicles - Cars - Airplanes/UAVs - Insect flyers

Interdisciplinary design approach

Control requires fast, accurate, and reliable feedback. Wireless networks introduce delay and loss Need reliable networks and robust controllers Mostly open problems : Many design challenges

Applications in Health, Biomedicine and Neuroscience

Neuro/Bioscience applications
- EKG signal reception/modeling
- Information science - Nerve network (re)configuration - Implants to monitor/generate signals -In-body sensor networks

Recovery from Nerve Damage

Challenges

Network Challenges

Scarce spectrum Demanding/diverse applications Reliability Ubiquitous coverage Seamless indoor/outdoor operation

BT

FM/XM

Cellular

GPS
DVB-H

Device Challenges

Apps Processor Media Processor

WLAN

Size, Power, Cost Multiple Antennas in Silicon Multiradio Integration Coexistance

Wimax

Spectral Reuse
Due to its scarcity, spectrum is reused
In licensed bands and unlicensed bands

BS

eg Cellular

eg Wifi

Reuse introduces interference

Many devices use the same radio band

Need Better Coexistence

Technical Solutions:
Interference Cancellation Smart/Cognitive Radios

Software-Defined (SD) Radio:

Is this the solution to the device challenges?
BT Cellular
FM/XM GPS DVB-H

A/D A/D A/D A/D

Apps Processor Media Processor

DSP

WLAN
Wimax

Wideband antennas and A/Ds span BW of desired signals DSP programmed to process desired signal: no specialized HW

Today, this is not cost, size, or power efficient

Cognitive Radios

Advanced Software radio concept

Programmable platform Work with various standards (universal terminal)

Dynamic spectrum usage

Seeks spectrum holes Share spectrum with primary users

Cognitive Radios

Cognitive radios can support new wireless users in existing crowded spectrum

Without degrading performance of existing users

Utilize advanced communication and signal processing techniques

Coupled with novel spectrum allocation policies

Technology could

Revolutionize the way spectrum is allocated worldwide Provide sufficient bandwidth to support higher quality and higher data rate products and services

Cognitive Radio Paradigms

Underlay
Cognitive

radios constrained to cause minimal interference to noncognitive radios

radios find and exploit spectral holes to avoid interfering with noncognitive radios radios overhear and enhance noncognitive radio transmissions

Interweave
Cognitive

Overlay
Cognitive
Knowledge and Complexity

Crosslayer Design

Application
Network Access Link Hardware
Adapt across design layers Reduce uncertainty through scheduling Provide robustness via diversity Delay Constraints Rate Constraints Energy Constraints

Main Points

The wireless vision encompasses many exciting systems and applications

Technical challenges transcend across all layers of the system design.

Cross-layer design emerging as a key theme in wireless communications.