WAVELET-BASED DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

J. PARDHA SARADHI M.Tech (PSOC), S.V.University College of engg, Tirupati, Mobile No: +919703358525 Email id:pardhu_y4@yahoo.com G.V.MARUTHESWAR Asso.proffesor, Dept of. EEE, S.V.University, Tirupati.

***************************************************************************** * ABSTRACT: This paper presents a novel

method for power quality improvement employing wavelet analysis. A wavelet filter bank is used to detect and classify various disturbances experienced by the voltage on the load side. A dynamic voltage restorer is used to compensate the voltage under disturbance conditions and maintain the rated load voltage. The input and the output voltages of the DVR are both controlled by the wavelet filter bank outputs the approximations control the input voltage to the AC-DC converter. The control pulses of the DC AC inverter are controlled by the details. Different types of disturbances are simulated to test the performance of the proposed control scheme. The proposed wavelet based control scheme successfully provided fast and accurate voltage restoration following any form of transient disturbances. super-imposed components these natures require a signal processing tool that is able to overcome the limitations of the traditional tools. Among many possible methods to mitigate the problem of power quality is the employment of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR devices can reduce the impacts of source-side voltage transient disturbances by injecting energy on downstream sensitive loads. In recent years, the DVR control scheme has captured increasing attention since it determines the capabilities for the DVR to take effective countermeasure(s) to restore the load voltage under different transient disturbances, and maintain a good power quality [4]. The accurate detection of the transients disturbances assures effective control of the power flow through the DVR devices [5].Recently, the wavelet analysis has been applied in many areas including power systems for detecting and classifying transients. Wavelets analysis performs better with non-periodic and non-stationary signals, which may contain short duration impulse super-imposed transients components in a power system [3,7]. The wavelet analysis can provide an effective capability of detecting transient events having complex time frequency relation taking place for very short time durations. This paper provides a novel approach of controlling the input voltage to a DVR. It is based on the difference of approximations of the line voltage and the approximation of a reference voltage. The gating signals to the DC-AC inverter on the output side of the DVR are controlled by the first level details of the line voltage. This control scheme can assure proper and effective injection of energy to maintain high power quality on the load side. In the beginning, the wavelet analysis is briefly introduced, then the DVR and its control algorithm are developed and finally the simulation results of some investigated cases are presented

1. Introduction
There are different types of transient disturbances that can severely affect the power quality in power systems. Such transient disturbances can cause critical impacts on load flow, system stability and reliability. Under voltage, harmonic distortion, voltage clips voltage sags, over-voltage, different faults, etc. are just few examples of such transient disturbances [I]. The accurate detection and classification of transient disturbances can help in taking effective countermeasure(s) to maintain acceptable power quality [I, 21. Many techniques using the conventional signal processing tools have been developed to detect and classify transient disturbances. Some of these techniques are: Fourier analysis, Kalman Filters, Park's transformation and reactive power method [3,4]. The previous methods are based on linear frequency division, which requires the signal to be stationary during the disturbance. The application of the aforementioned classical methods made it possible to diagnose and identify power systems events successfully under certain conditions131. However, the natures of transient disturbances in power systems are nonperiodic, non-stationary, short duration and impulse

2. Wavelet Analysis
Wavelet analysis represents the next logical step: a windowing technique with variable-sized regions. Wavelet analysis allows the use of long time intervals where we want more precise low-frequency

information, and shorter regions where we want highfrequency information.

signal. The details are the low-scale, high-frequency components. The filtering process, at its most basic level, looks like this:

Fig1: Wavelet Analysis Heres what this looks like in contrast with the time-based, frequency-based, and STFT views of a signal: Fig 3: One-Stage Filtering in DWT The original signal, S, passes through two complementary filters and emerges as two signals. Unfortunately, if we actually perform this operation on a real digital signal, we wind up with twice as much data as we started with. Suppose, for instance, that the original signal S consists of 1000 samples of data. Then the resulting signals will each have 1000 samples, for a total of 2000. These signals A and D are interesting, but we get 2000 values instead of the 1000 we had. There exists a more subtle way to perform the decomposition using wavelets. By looking carefully at the computation, we may keep only one point out of two in each of the two 2000length samples to get the complete information. This is the notion of down sampling. We produce two sequences called cA and cD.

Fig2: Time-based frequency-based and STFT views of a signal You may have noticed that wavelet analysis does not use a time-frequency region, but rather a time-scale region.

2.1THE DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM

Calculating wavelet coefficients at every possible scale is a fair amount of work, and it generates an awful lot of data. What if we choose only a subset of scales and positions at which to make our calculations? It turns out, rather remarkably, that if we choose scales and positions based on powers of two so-called dyadic scales and positions then our analysis will be much more efficient and just as accurate. We obtain such an analysis from the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). An efficient way to implement this scheme using filters was developed in 1988 by Mallat .The Mallat algorithm is in fact a classical scheme known in the signal processing community as a two-channel sub band coder .This very practical filtering algorithm yields a fast wavelet transform a box into which a signal passes, and out of which wavelet coefficients quickly emerge. Lets examine this in more depth.

Fig:4. Down sampling The process on the right, which includes down sampling, produces DWT coefficients. To gain a better appreciation of this process, lets perform a one-stage discrete wavelet transform of a signal. Our signal will be a pure sinusoid with high-frequency noise added to it. Here is our schematic diagram with real signals inserted into it:

(A) One-Stage Filtering: Approximations and Details

For many signals, the low-frequency content is the most important part. It is what gives the signal its identity. The high-frequency content, on the other hand, imparts flavor or nuance. Consider the human voice. If you remove the high-frequency components, the voice sounds different, but you can still tell whats being said. However, if you remove enough of the low-frequency components, you hear gibberish. In wavelet analysis, we often speak of approximations and details. The approximations are the high-scale, low-frequency components of the

Fig: 5.Down sampling

(B) Multiple-Level Decomposition

The decomposition process can be iterated, with successive approximations being decomposed in turn, so that one signal is broken down into many

lower resolution components. This is called the wavelet decomposition tree.

Power disturbances can lead to irregularities or in a worst case scenario, stoppage of production processes. Whenever any kind of aberration in power is detected, DVRs reduce the potential shutdown time for equipment within facilities that ultimately saves a lot of time and money. DVRs can also be used to tackle the problem of harmonics caused by non-linear load machinery in manufacturing facilities. If not corrected in time, the harmonic voltages can spill over to the office power and cut into the productivity. The insulation wear on transformers, motors and drivers caused by power irregularities can also be reduced by DVR.
MAJOR INDUSTRIES THAT ARE

Fig: 6. Multiple-Level Decomposition Looking at a signals wavelet decomposition tree can yield valuable information.

3.2. THE
ARE

LIKELY TO BENEFIT THE MOST FROM

DVRS

Fig: 7. wavelet decomposition tree 3. Dynamic voltage Restoration with Minimum Energy Injection Dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR) was introduced commercially, only in 1994. The primary function of DVR is to minimize the voltage sags on lines that cater to sensitive equipment. It controls voltage applied to the load by injecting a voltage of compensating amplitude, frequency and phase angle to the distributions line. The voltage turns to the desired magnitude in case of any disturbances. The device functions as a filter between the transmission line and the facility, thus enabling the facility to continuously receive clean power. The DVR is primarily responsible for restoring the quality of voltage delivered to the end user when the voltage from the source is not appropriate to be used for sensitive loads. Usage of DVR enables consumers to isolate and protect themselves from transients and disturbances caused by sags and swells on the transmission lines or distribution network.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Utilities (transmission companies).

and

distribution

Process industries (semiconductor plants, paper mills, plastic manufacturers) Automotive manufacturers. Chemical plants Electronics (consumer computer manufacturers) Mining industry Steel plants electronic and

3.3 Structure of the DVR

The DVR basically consists of a power circuit and a control circuit. Control circuit is used to derive the parameters (magnitude, frequency, phase shift, etc) of the control signal that has to be injected by the DVR. Based on the control signal, the injected voltage is generated by the switches in the power circuit. Further power circuit describes the basic structure of the DVR and is discussed in this section. Power circuit mainly comprising of five units as in Figure and the function and the requirement of each unit is disused below

3.1 Benefits of DVR

DVRs offer a wide range of benefits to industrial and commercial end users, some of them being: Reduce losses associated with irregularities in the production process resulting from power disturbances. A large part of the industrial machinery makes use of sophisticated electronics that are quite sensitive to power disturbances. DVR plays a key role in ensuring the smooth functioning of such equipments.

Fig: 8.Power circuit

3.3.1 Energy Storage Unit

Energy storage device is used to supply the real power requirement for the compensation during voltage sag. Flywheels, Lead acid batteries, Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and Super-Capacitors can be used as energy storage devices. For DC drives such as SMES, batteries and capacitors, ac to dc conversion devices (solid state inverters) are needed to deliver power, whereas for others, ac to ac conversion is required. The maximum compensation ability of the DVR for particular voltage sag is dependent on the amount of the active power supplied by the energy storage devices. Lead acid batteries are popular among the others owing to its high response during charging and discharging. But the discharge rate is dependent on the chemical reaction rate of the battery so that the available energy inside the battery is determined by its discharge rate.

either from the power supply itself or from a different source.

(b) During a short circuit or fault in the downstream of the distribution line
The by-pass switch is activated to provide an alternate path for the fault currents. Hence the inverter is protected from the flow of high fault current through it, which can damage the sensitive power electronic components.

3.5. DVR compensation techniques

The compensation control technique of the DVR is the mechanism used to track the supply voltage and synchronized that with the pre-sag supply voltage during a voltage sag/swell in the upstream of distribution line. Generally voltage sags are associated with a phase angle jump in addition to the magnitude change. Therefore the control technique adopted should be capable of compensating for voltage magnitude, phase shift and thus the wave shape. But depending on the sensitivity of the load connected downstream, the level of compensation of the above parameters can be altered. Basically the type of load connected influences the compensation strategy. For example, for a linear load, only magnitude compensation is required as linear loads are not sensitive to phase angle changes. Further when deciding a suitable control technique for a particular load it should be considered the limitations of the voltage injection capability (i.e. the rating of the inverter and the transformer) and the size of the energy storage device. Compensation is achieved via real power and reactive power injection. Depending on the level of compensation required by the load, three types of compensation methods are defined and discussed below namely pre-sag compensation, in-phase compensation and energy optimization technique. The circuit for a simple power system with a DVR is shown in Figure 3.7 below. The supply voltage, Load voltage, Load current and the voltage injected by the DVR are denoted by Vs , Vload , I load and VDVR respectively.

3.3.2 Voltage Source Inverter

Generally Pulse-Width Modulated Voltage Source Inverter (PWMVSI) is used. The basic function of the VSI is to convert the DC voltage supplied by the energy storage device into an AC voltage. In the DVR power circuit step up voltage Injection transformer is used. Thus a VSI with a low voltage rating is sufficient. The common inverter connection methods for three phase DVRs are 3 phase Graetz bridge inverter, Neutral Point Clamp inverter and H Bridge inverter for single phase DVRs.

3.4. DVR operating states During a voltage sag/swell on the line

The DVR injects the difference between the pre-sag and the sag voltage, by supplying the real power requirement from the energy storage device together with The reactive power. The maximum injection capability of the DVR is limited by the ratings of the DC energy storage and the voltage injection transformer ratio. In the case of three single-phase DVRs the magnitude of the injected voltage can be controlled individually. The injected voltages are made synchronized (i.e. same frequency and the phase angle) with the network voltages.

(a) During the normal operation

Since the network is working under normal condition the DVR is not injecting any voltages to the system. In that case, if the energy storage device is fully charged then the DVR operates in the standby mode or otherwise it operates in the self charging mode. The energy storage device can be charged Figure9: Simple power system with a DVR

When the system is in normal condition, the supply voltage (Vs) is identified as pre-sag voltage and denoted by Vpre-sag. In such situation since the DVR is not injecting any voltage to the system, load voltage (Vload) and the supply voltage will be the same. During voltage sag, the magnitude and the phase angle of the supply voltage can be changed and it is denoted by Vsag. The DVR is in operative in this case and the voltage injected will be VDVR. If the voltage sag is fully compensated by the DVR, the load voltage during the voltage sag will be Vpre-sag.

5. SIMULATION RESULTS Case1: simulation results of voltage interruption during three phase fault

4. Test system:
Single line diagram of the test system for DVR is shown in Figure. This system is composed by a 13 kV, 50 Hz generation system, feeding two transmission lines through a 3-winding transformer connected in Y//, 13/115/15 kV. Such transmission lines feed two distribution networks through two transformers connected in /Y, 15/11 kV.

Fig 12

Fig 10: Single line diagram of the test system for DVR.

SIMULATION DIAGRAM

Fig13

Fig 11: simulation diagram of the test system.

Fig 14

Fig 17

Case3: simulation results of voltage sag during switching condition

Fig 15 Fig 18

Case2: simulation results of voltage dip during single phase fault

Fig19 Fig 16

6. CONCLUSION
A new method for power quality improvement under conditions of transient

disturbances superimposed on the voltage at the load side was demonstrated. A DVR system is used to compensate the voltage at the load side to improve the power quality under disturbance conditions. The proposed method is based on a non-linear frequency analysis, which provides accurate detection and classification of any transient disturbance. The proposed control scheme is aimed to provide a proper amount of voltage to be provided by the DVR at the load side. The proposed approach has shown efficient, effective and quick responses to improve the power quality under such transient conditions. The selection of the mother wavelet is of great importance, since the related filter bank coefficients are dependent on the selected mother wavelet. The mother wavelet Daubechies (db4) is found suitable for providing the required filter coefficients.

7. REFERENCES
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