INTRODUCTION:

A pump is a device used to move fluid such as liquids, gases or slurries. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into five major groups: direct lift, displacement, velocity, buoyancy and gravity pumps. Pumps are used in the society for a variety of purposes. Early applications include the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air movement, sewage movement and so on. Because of wide variety of applications pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from large to small, from handling gas to liquid, from high to low pressure and from high to low volume. Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, flow rate, outlet pressure in feet of head, inlet suction in feet of head. Hence the head can be simplified as the number of feet or meters the pump can raise or lower a column of water at atmospheric pressure. From an initial design point of view, engineers often uses a quantity termed as specific speed to identify the most suitable pump type for a particular combination of flow rate and head.

REFERENCE LIST:
1. Engineering, Fluid Mechanics, Pumps(no date),centrifugal pumps. Viewed 10Dec 10. Site:www.codecogs.com/reference/engineeringfluidmechanics/ 2. Fluid Mechanics (no date),Pumps. Viewed 15 Dec 10.Site :www.scribd.com 3. Integrated Publishing (no date),Engine Mechanics, Jet Pumps viewed 9 Dec 10. Site: www.tpub.com/engines/ 4. LCC Analysis for pumping systems (10 Jan 10),Pump system performance, viewed 25 Dec 10. Site: www.pump.org or www. Europump.org 5. The chemical engineers resource ( no date), Centrifugal pumps,viewed 17 Dec 10. Site : centrifugal pumps.pdf 6. The engineering Toolbox(no date), Pressure and Head. Site : www.engineeringtoolbox.com

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process plant. Its purpose is to convert energy of a prime mover (an electric motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that converts driver energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser is the stationary part that converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy. Note: All of the forms of energy involved in a liquid flow system are expressed in terms of feet of liquid i.e. head.

GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE:

The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into the center of a revolving device known as an impeller. When the impeller rotates, it spins the liquid sitting in the cavities between the vanes outward and provides centrifugal acceleration. As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low-pressure area is created causing more liquid to flow toward the inlet. Because the impeller blades are curved, the fluid is pushed in a tangential and radial direction by the centrifugal force. This force acting inside the pump is the same one that keeps water inside a bucket that is rotating at the end of a string.

Fig shows liquid flow path inside a centrifugal pump

CONVERSION OF KINETICS ENERGY TO PRESSURE ENERGY:

The key idea is that the energy created by the centrifugal force is kinetic energy. The amount of energy given to the liquid is proportional to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, then the higher will be the velocity of the liquid at the vane tip and the greater the energy imparted to the liquid. This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by creating a resistance to the flow. The first resistance is created by the pump volute (casing) that catches the liquid and slows it down. In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its velocity is converted to pressure according to Bernoullis principle. Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of height of liquid) developed is approximately equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of the impeller.

NOTE: A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is just an
indication of the amount of resistance to flow.

GENERAL COMPONENT OF CENTRIGUGAL PUMP:

A centrifugal pump has two main components: I. A rotating component comprised of an impeller and a shaft II. A stationary component comprised of a casing, casing cover, and bearings.

TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS:
A line shaft turbine pump is one of the most common pumps to be used in the water industry. The pump consists of bowls that contain the impellers, which are connected with each other through the pump bearing shaft. The vertical turbine pump contains the following parts: power source, discharged head, pump column, pump shaft, shaft bearing and the pump itself. The pump shafting transfers energy from the power source to the pump and it is generally made up of steel.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS:
This is especially suited to deep well and booster service for industries, commercial and municipal water systems. The pump uses a submersible motor coupled directly to the bowl assembly and is designed to operate completely submerged in the fluid being pumped. Some advantages of submersible pumps: y y y In installation where flooding would damage standard above ground motors. Installation where there is little or no floor space. Dewatering applications.

LOW LIFT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

Among other uses these are used to pump water from a surface source to a treatment plant.

HIGH LIFT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

These are used to pump water from a treatment plant to the distribution system.

BOOSTER PUMPS:
These are used to increase water pressure in the water distribution system.

PUMP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE:

The only maintenance for a line shaft turbine pump is checking the packing gland for excessive leakage and repacking as needed. If the leakage at the packing gland is excessive , the operator should tighten the packing gland follower until water loss is reduced, but leakage should not completely stopped since water serves as the coolant for the packing in the stuffing box. The most common type of packing used in the industry today are made up of graphite or Teflon. The selection is based on the pressure and speed of the pump.

SOME TYPES OF PUMPS USED IN INDUSTRIES: BLAGDON DOUBLE DIAPHRAGM PUMPS:

APPLICATION: y y y y Pumping inks, dyes, solvents, acids and so on. Pumping liquid, creams, shampoo. Transferring butter, sauces, soft drinks and syrups. Handling effluents, waste oils and slurries.

ALPHA CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

APPLICATION: y y Diesel transfer Irrigation, construction and waste water.

ASV CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

APPLICATION: y y Corrosive and aggressive process liquid, ultra pure water, plating industry. Water treatment chemicals, industrial effluent.

COST OF PUMPS:
Pumping systems account for nearly 20% of the worlds electrical energy demand and range from 25 to 50% of the energy usage in certain industrial plant operations. Pumping systems are widespread: they provide domestic services, commercial and agricultural services, municipal water/wastewater services and industrial services for food processing, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and mechanical industries. Although pumps are typically purchased as individual components, they provide a service only when operating as a part of a system. The energy and materials used by a system depend on the design of the pump, design of the installation and the way the system is operated. The initial purchase price is a small part of the life cycle cost for high usage umps while operating requirements may sometimes override energy cost considerations; an optimum solution is still possible. A greater understanding of all components that make up the total cost of ownership will provide an opportunity to dramatically reduce energy, operational and maintenance costs.

pump cost
other cost 9% initial cost 10%

maintenance cost 23%

energy cost 58%

The pie chart shows a typical life cycle costs for a medium sized industrial pump.

Different type of pumps:

USED IN INDUSTRIES y HYDRA CELL INDUSTRIAL PUMPS

Hydra cell positive displacement pumps handle the difficult fluids that destroy other pumps. Flows: up to 130 L/min and pressure: up to 172 bar It is seal less. Hence this result in no leaks, no loss of performance, no frequent repairs and less downtime. It also results in long term reliability with minimal routine maintenance and low repair costs. Hydra cells pumping efficiency is 85% or better, and this save money and it handle a lot more than clean water example hot fluids, corrosive fluids, liquid gases, chemicals, salt water and so on. Pump cost saving in cleaning application for the Hydra cell advantage: y y y Increase the use of powdered cleaning chemicals to reduce cost Use of recycled water to reduce cost. High water temperatures to improve cleaning

All the above can cause increased expensive maintenance for piston pumps with dynamic seals. There is a potential saving of Rs6600 per year per pump of power 0.65W.

JET PUMPS:
Jet pumps are mounted above the well, either in the home or in a well house, and draw water from the well through suction. Since suction is involved, atmospheric pressure is doing the work. Consequently, the height that you can lift the water with a shallow-well jet pump relates to the weight of the air. While air pressure varies with elevation, it is common to limit the depth of a jet pump operated shallow well to about 25 ft. Jet pumps create suction in a rather novel way. The pump is powered by an electric motor that drives an impeller, or centrifugal pump. The impeller moves water, called drive water, from the well through a narrow orifice, or jet, mounted in the housing in front of the impeller. This constriction at the jet causes the speed of the moving water to increase, much like the nozzle on a garden hose. As the water leaves the jet, a partial vacuum is created that sucks additional water from the well. Directly behind the jet is a Venturi tube that increases in diameter. Its function is to slow down the water and increase the pressure. The pumped waternew water that's drawn from the well by the suction at the jetthen combines with the drive water to discharge into the plumbing system at high pressure. Because shallow-well jet pumps use water to draw water, they generally need to be primedfilled with waterbefore they'll work. To keep water in the pump and plumbing system from flowing back down into the well, a 1-way check valve is installed in the feed line to the pump.

While a jet pump can reliably handle a well several hundred feet deep, a more effective solution is to move the pump down into the well so, instead of lifting the water, it's pushing it up. A typical submersible pump is characterized by a long cylindrical shape that fits inside the well casing. The bottom half is made up of a sealed pump motor that is connected to the aboveground power source and controlled by wires. The actual pump half of the unit is comprised of a stacked series of impellers-each separated by a diffuser-that drives the water up the pipe to the plumbing system.

In modern installations, the well casing outside the home is connected to the plumbing system by a pipe that runs beneath the ground to the basement (see Submersible Pump System diagram). This horizontal pipe joins the well pipe at a connector called a pitless adapter. The function of

the adapter is to permit access to the pump and well piping through the top of the well casing, while routing water from the pump into the plumbing system.

While submersible pumps are more efficient than jet pumps in delivering more water for the same size motor, pump or motor problems will necessitate pulling the unit from the well casing-a job that's best left to a pro. However, submersibles are known for their reliability and often perform their role 20 to 25 years without servicing. Submersible pumps may also be used in shallow wells. However, silt, sand, algae and other contaminants can shorten the pump's life.

The operating principle of a jet pump is as follows: Upon starting up, the rapidly moving jet fluid pushes on and gives sufficient motion to the air (or whatever substance may be in the suction chamber) to carry it out through the discharge line. Displacement of the air from the suction chamber creates a partial vacuum within the suction chamber, causing fluid to flow through the suction line. The fluid entering the chamber from the suction line is picked up by the high-velocity fluid, thus providing continuous pumping action.