Equations and Stoichiometry I. Balancing Reactions II. Types of Reactions A. Synthesis 1. simple 2. acid anhydrides 3. basic anhydrides 4.

amphoteric anhydrides B. Decomposition 1. general 2. acids 3. bases 4. carbonates 5. chlorates 6. sulfates C. Single Replacement D. Double Replacement E. Neutralization F. Combustion III. Stoichiometry A. Mole to mole B. Liter to liter C. Gram to gram D. More challenging problems IV. Limiting Reagents V. % Yield

Equations and Stoichiometry

I. Reactions- General

Law of Conservation of Mass - Matter can not be created or destroyed in a chemical rxn, only changed. MASSreactants = MASSproducts

Law of Conservation of Energy - Energy can not be created or destroyed in a chemical rxn, only changed.

ENERGYreactants

= ENERGYproducts

II. Balancing Reactions:

# Moles (reactants) = # Moles (products)

A. Steps to Solve: 1. Start with the hardest part 2. Even / Odd

(make the even odd x2)

3. Keep PAI together if possible 4. When done remember blanks are really 1 coefficients

B. Examples: 1. ___ H2 + ___ O2 --> ___ H2O 2. ___ N2 + ___ H2 --> ___ NH3
(Haber Process) 6

3. ___ C + ___ SO2 --> ___ CS2 + ___ CO 4. ___ CO2 + ___ H2O --> ___ C6H12O6 + ___ O2 5. ___ AgNO3 + ___ H2S --> ____ Ag2S + ___ HNO3
19 6

12

6. ___ Zn(OH)2 + ___ H3PO4 --> ___ Zn3(PO4)2 + ___ H2O 7. hydrogen + sulfur --> hydrogen sulfide

12

3
8. iron III chloride + calcium hydroxide --> iron III hydroxide +

calcium chloride

10

C. Tougher Problems 1. ___ C7H6O2 + ___ O2 --> ___CO2 + H2O 2. ___ Na2O + ___ (NH4)2SO4 --> ___ Na2SO4 + ___ H2O + ___ NH3

D. Additional Practice Online

Here Or Here If you really need help click here! When you've got it try the WORLD's MOST DIFFICULT BALANCING PROBLEM

III. Types of Reactions:

VIDEO
A.

Synthesis (composition):
two or more elements or compounds may combine to form a

more complex compound. Basic form:

A + B -->

AB

1. General Examples: a. 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O

This is an important reaction used in

fuel cells and to power the space shuttle.

b. 2Na + Cl2 --> 2NaCl c. 8Fe + S8 --> 8FeS d. 2K(s) + Cl2(g) --> 2KCl(s)

2. Acid Anhydrides (nonmetal /molecular oxide) + H2O produce

acids
a. SO3 + H2O --> b.
NO2 H2SO4 (oil of vitriol)

+ H2O --> H2NO3

c. CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3

3. Basic Anhydrides (metal oxide) + H2O produce bases a. Na2O + H2O --> 2NaOH b. MgO + H2O -->
Mg(OH)2

(lye) (milk of magnesia)

4. Amphoteric Anhydrides (oxides that can act as either an acid or a

base) These are typically composed of metalloid oxides.

5. Basic and Acidic Anhydrides combine to form salts

a. Na2O + CO2 --> Na2CO3 b. CaO2 + SO2 --> CaSO4

B.

Decomposition:
A single compound breaks down into its component parts or

simpler compounds. Basic form:

AB -->

A +B

(These are the reverse of

SYNTHESIS)

The following is a specific list of decomposition reactions. Just remember that reactions do not like to gain energy typically. So if a low energy molecule can be "squeezed out" of a compound it will be. Typically a simple salt or metal oxide is also left. A LIST OF LOW ENERGY MOLECULES: CO2, H2O, N2, O2, SO3, NO2
1. General Examples: a. 2 FeCl3 (s) + energy --> 2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) b. 2 NaCl (aq) + electricity --> 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) c. CuCl2 (aq) + electricity --> Cu(s) + Cl2(g)

d. 2 H2O + electricity --> 2 H2(g) + O2(g)

2. Acids - acids decompose with heat to produce an acid anhydride

and H2O
a. H2CO3 --> CO2 (g) + H2O (l) b. H2SO4 --> SO3(g) + H2O c. HNO3 + HNO2 --> 2 NO2 + H2O

3. Hydroxides "Bases" - m(OH-) decompose to form a basic

anhydride and H2O

a. NaOH (s) --> Na2O (s) + H2O b. Mg(OH)2 (s) --> MgO (s)+ H2O

4. Carbonates - decompose to form an oxide and liberate CO2 gas a. CaCO3(s) --> CaO and CO2 b. K2CO3 (s) --> K2O + CO2

5. Chlorates - decompose to form a metal chloride and liberate O2

gas

a. 2KClO3 (s) + heat --> 2KCl + 3O2

*demo

6. Sulfates - decompose to form a metal oxide and liberate SO3 gas

a. Na2SO4 (s) + heat --> Na2O + SO3(g)

C.

Single Replacement:
a more active element takes the place of another element in a

compound and sets the less active one free. Refer to Table J for reactivity. Basic form:

A + BX -->

AX + B

or

AX +

Y -->

AY + X
*demo

1. Mg + HCl --> MgCl2 + H2 2. Na + H2O --> NaOH + H2

3. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) --> ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) 4. K(s) + AgNO3(aq) --> KNO3(aq) + Ag 5. Cl2 + NaBr --> NaCl + Br2

*demo

D.

Double Replacement
occurs between ions in aqueous solution. A reaction will occur when a

pair of ions come together to produce at least one of the following: 1. 2. 3. a gas a precipitate water or some other low energy molecule.

Basic form:

AX + BY -->

AY + BX

1. (NH4)2S(aq) + MgCl2(aq) --> MgS(s) + NH4Cl(aq) 2. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) --> PbI2(s) + KNO3(aq) 3. FeS(s) + 2HCl --> FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g) *demo 4. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) --> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) 5. NaHCO3(s) + HC2H3O2(aq) --> NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2

*demo

E.

Neutralization

This is a special form of Double Replacement reaction that occurs between an acid(H/nm) and a base(mOH).

1. 2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 --> Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O 2. H2SO4 + 2NaOH --> Na2SO4 + H2O 3. HC2H3O2 + KOH --> KC2H3O2 + H2O 4. *NaHCO3(s) + HC2H3O2 --> NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2
(TWO TYPES OF REACTIONS HERE - neutralization and decomposition)

F.

Combustion

The combination of a fuel with an oxidizing agent (typically O or F) to release energy. These often involve organic molecules which produce CO2 and H2O along with energy.
1. CH4 + 2 O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O

2. 2C2H2

+ 5O2

-->

4CO2 +

2H2O

3. more practice

IV.

Stoichiometry

(pg. 261-271 text)

Now that you can write formulas, predict reactions and balance equations it is now possible to determine quantities of reactants and products that will be involved in every reaction. Remember- the only reactions that can be mathematically determined directly are mole to mole and liter to liter.

A.

Mole to mole problems -

Given: moles

Asked for: moles

Steps to Solve: Use the coefficients of the balanced equation to set up a RATIO N2(g) + 3 H2(g) --> 2 NH3(g)
1. How many moles of H2 are needed to produce 12 moles of NH3?

Answer:

2. How many moles of N2 are needed to completely react with 1.5 moles of

H2? Answer: X = .5 moles

3. How many moles of N2 must react to produce 10 moles of NH3?

Answer: X = 5 moles

2 H2(g) + O2(g) --> 2 H2O(g)

B.

Liter to Liter Problems -

Given: liters

Asked for: liters

Steps to Solve: Use the coefficients of the balanced equation to set up a RATIO
1. How many liters of O2 will react completely with 50 L of H2?

Answer:

2. 2 Liters of O2 will react to form how many liters of H2O? How many liters

of H2 will be needed? Answer: 4 L H2O , 4 L H2

C.

Mole (<-->) Liter Problems 2. Use the coefficients of the balanced equation to set up a

Steps to Solve: 1. Convert moles to liters. RATIO

1. How many liters of chlorine gas will be produced if 4 moles NaCl

is decomposed? 2 NaCl(s) --> Na(s) + Cl2(g) 44.8L

2. How many moles of water will be produced if 18 liters of

hydrogen react with oxygen to form H2O? 2 H2(g) + O2(g) --> 2H2O(g) 0.81 moles

D.

Gram to Gram :
2. Use the coefficients of the balanced equation to set up a

Steps to Solve: 1. Convert grams to moles using molecular weight. RATIO 3. Convert from moles into grams using NEW molecular weight. 2K + MgBr2 ---> 2KBr + Mg
1. How many grams of KBr will be produced if 100 grams of MgBr2 react

completely? Step 1: n=m/mw Step 2: RATIO Step 3: m=nxmw 100g/181.4g/mol = 0.55mol MgBr2 .55/1 = X/2 X= 1.1moles KBr 1.1mol KBr (119g/mol) = 130.9g KBr

E.

Grams (<-->) Liters:

Steps to Solve: 1. Convert grams to moles using molecular weight.

2. Use the coefficients of the balanced equation to set up a RATIO 3. Convert from moles into liters by multiplying by 22.4L.

F. Tougher Word Problems - click HERE

G.

Limiting Reagents-

Unless reactants are carefully measured out there will typically be one in excess. When these react, it is only possible to make as much product as the limiting reactant(reagent) will allow, according to the mole ratio in the balanced equation.

1. Limiting Reactant - The reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product that can be formed. The reaction will stop when all of the limiting reactant is consumed. 2. Excess Reactant - The reactant in a chemical reaction that remains when a reaction stops when the limiting reactant is completely consumed. The excess reactant remains because there is nothing with which it can react. No matter how many tires there are, if there are only 8 car bodies, then only 8 cars can be made. Likewise with chemistry, if there is only a certain amount of one reactant available for a reaction, the reaction must stop when that reactant is consumed whether or not the other reactant has been used up.

3. Steps to Solve:

1) Determine moles of each reactant: 2) Divide # moles by respective coefficients and compare. (lowest number is limiting reactant) 3) Use total moles of limiting reactant to determine moles of all other components in the reaction (RATIOS) 4) Convert moles of product to grams by X by each respective molecular weights.

4. Examples: a. If 100 g K2S react with 150 g MgSO4 according to the following reaction:

K2S + MgSO4 --> MgS + K2SO4

(1) What is the limiting reactant? Step 1: 100g K2S / 110.2 g/mol = 0.907 mol K2S 150g MgSO4 / 120.3g/mol = 1.25 mol MgSO4 Step 2: Divide moles by coefficients and determine limiting reactant. .907 mol K2S 1.25 mol MgSO4

-------------- = ---------------------

.907 is smaller so K2S is our limiting

reactant.
1 1

(a) How many grams of magnesium sulfate will react and how much of each product will also be formed?

K2S + MgSO4 --> MgS + K2SO4

.907 mol 100g .907mol 109.11g .907 mol 51.06g .907 mol 158.00g

MgSO4 - 0.907 mole (120.3 g/mol) = 109.11g MgSO4 MgS - .907 mol (56.3 g/mol) = 51.06g MgS K2SO4 - .907 mol (174.2g/mol) = 158.00g K2SO4 Lets check our answer using the Law of Conservation of Mass: 100g K2S + 109.11g MgSO4 = 51.06g MgS + 158.00g K2SO4
209.11g reactants = 209.06g products considering rounding, we have conserved mass.

b. More practice problems click HERE c. Homework Assignment pg 280. #9-14.

V. % Yield - describes the actual yield in an experiment compared to

the theoretical yield expected.

A. Example: 1. What is the % yield if 40grams of a substance was produced, but 50

grams was expected?

2. What is the % yield of H2O if 138 g H2O is produced from 16 g H2 and

excess O2? answer: 95.8%

3. What is the % yield of NH3 if 40.5 g NH3 is produced from 20.0 mol H2 and

excess N2? answer: 17.8% see work below