Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
What is Knowledge
Knowledge includes facts about the real world entities and the relationship between them
It is an Understanding gained through experience familiarity with the way to perform a task an accumulation of facts, procedural rules, or heuristics
8/9/2011
Knowledge base
Knowledge base is used to store facts and rules. In order to solve problems, the computer needs an internal model of the world.
This model contains, for example, the description of relevant objects and the relations between these objects. All information must be stored in such a way that it is readily accessible. Various methods have been used for KR, such as logic, semantic networks, frames, scripts, etc...
Have the ability to learn ideas so that they can obtain information from outside to use it appropriately.
The value of the system lies in its ability to make the workings of the human mind understandable and executable on a computer.
8/9/2011
Intelligence
Intelligence is the capability of observing, learning, remembering and reasoning. AI attempts to develop intelligent agents.
Artificial Intelligence
The concern of AI is to enable computers behave like human and emulate the reasoning power of humans
in order to do tasks that require human intelligence.
Views of AI
AI is found on the premise that:
workings of human mind can be explained in terms of computation, and computers can do the right thing given correct premises and reasoning rules to achieve a specified goal.
Views of AI fall into four categories: Thinking humanly Acting humanly Thinking rationally Acting rationally
8/9/2011
8/9/2011
History of AI
Formally initiated in 1956 and the name AI was coined by John McCarthy. The advent of general purpose computers provided a vehicle for creating artificially intelligent entities.
Used for solving general-purpose problems
History of AI
Development of knowledge-based systems: the key to power
Performance of general-purpose problem solving methods is weak for many complex domains. Use knowledge more suited to make better reasoning in narrow areas of expertise (like human experts do). Early knowledge intensive systems include:
The Dendral program (1969): solved the problem of inferring molecular structure (C6H13NO2). MYCIN (1976): used for medical diagnosis. etc.
8/9/2011
History of AI
Shifts from procedural to declarative programming paradigm.
Rather than telling the computer how to compute a solution, a program consists of a knowledge base of facts and relationships. Rather than running a program to obtain a solution, the user asks question so that the system searches through the KB to determine the answer.
Simulate human mind and learning behavior (Neural Network, Belief Network, Hidden Markov Models, etc. )
Computer vision (recognize objects based on patterns in the same way as the human visual system does) Robotics (produce mechanical device capable of controlled motion;
which enable computers to see, hear & take actions)
Weak AI, on the other hand, argues that computers can only appear to think and are not actually conscious in the same way as human brains are.
The weak AI position holds that AI should try to develop systems which have facets of intelligence, but the objective is not to build a completely sentient entity. For example, weak AI researchers see their contribution as things like expert systems used for medical diagnosis, speech recognition and data mining, which use "intelligent" models, but they do not help create a conscious agent
8/9/2011
Suppose Searle is in the room, and he uses a dictionary to translate the input characters from Chinese to English; he then constructs his answer to the question, translates that back into Chinese and delivers the output. Does Searle understand Chinese?
Of course not and this is Searle's argument: the computer doesn't understand it either, because all it is doing is translating words (symbols) from one language (representation) to another
Reasoning: [5]
What is reasoning, Case based reasoning; probabilistic reasoning; fuzzy reasoning; rule-based reasoning
Learning: [5]
What is Machine learning? Support Vector Machine, Hidden Markov Model, Bayesian Belief Network