Chapter 24

Surface texture
Graphical symbols to indicate surface texture
The quality and type of surface texture has a direct connection with the manufacturing cost, function and wear of a component. Each of the symbols shown below has their own special interpretation. Individual surface texture values and text may be added to the symbols. The basic graphical symbol is shown in Fig. 24.1. The centre line between the lines of unequal length is positioned square to the considered surface.

FIGURE 24.3

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Complete graphical symbols

Note. If complementary requirements for surface texture characteristics are required, then a line is added to the longer arm of the symbols, as shown below. Any manufacturing process permitted, in Fig. 24.4. Material shall be removed, in Fig. 24.5. Material shall not be removed, in Fig. 24.6.

FIGURE 24.1

The symbol should not be indicated alone, without complementary information. It may, however be used for collective indication.

Expanded graphical symbols

Figure 24.2 shows the symbol indicating that removal of material is required. Figure 24.3 shows the symbol indicating that removal of material is not permitted.

FIGURE 24.4

FIGURE 24.2

FIGURE 24.5

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c a x b e d

FIGURE 24.6

FIGURE 24.8

All surfaces around a workpiece graphical symbol

When the same surface texture is required on every surface around a workpiece, then a small circle is added to the symbol as shown in Fig. 24.7. The texture applies to all eight sides. If ambiguity is considered likely, then each surface may have its own independent symbol.

6 5 4 8 1 2 3

c indicates manufacturing method, treatment, coating or other process. Position d indicates surface lay. Position e shows machining allowance. Three principal groups of surface texture parameters have been standardized in connection with the complete symbol and are defined as R, W and P profiles. The R profile series relates to roughness parameters. The W profile series relates to waviness parameters. The P profile series relates to structure parameters. The Ra value is the most commonly specified value throughout the world and examples follow in this chapter. Figure 24.9 illustrates an application with a single Ra requirement. Fig. 24.10 shows an application with an upper and lower call out requirement. Figure 24.11 shows examples of position and orientation on various surfaces. Note that the general rule when reading drawings is to read from the bottom or the right-hand side of the drawing. Figure 24.12 is a typical application in connection with features of size of mating parts. Figures 24.13 and 24.14 show examples of typical tolerance frames for geometrical tolerance applications.
Ground Ra 0,05

FIGURE 24.7

Composition of complete graphical symbols for surface texture

0,1 C

To avoid ambiguity, it may also be necessary to add additional requirements to the surface texture symbol and its numerical value, i.e. machining allowances, manufacturing process, sampling length and surface lay.

FIGURE 24.9

Mandatory positions for complementary requirements

Figure 24.8 shows mandatory positions of associated surface texture requirements. Note that in accordance with BS EN ISO 1302: 2002 the position X is no longer used. Only positions a, b, c, d and e should be used. Position a indicates one single surface texture requirement. Positions a and b indicate two or more surface texture requirements. Position

Ground Ra 0,05 Ra 0.025

0.1

FIGURE 24.10

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Ra 0,05 Ra 1,6 Ra 6,3 Ra 0,1

Ra 6,3

0,05 Ra 0,05

FIGURE 24.14
Ra 1.6

FIGURE 24.11

Ra 0,2

80h7
Ra 0,1

80H7

FIGURE 24.12

Ra 0,2 8 0,5

0,1

FIGURE 24.15

FIGURE 24.13

Further information on this specialized area of Metrology is given in BS EN ISO 1302 2002. Indication of Surface Texture in Product Documentation. The examples in Fig. 24.15 show methods of indicating four typical examples of surface lay. (a) The lay is parallel to the plane of projection of the view where the symbol is drawn. The equals symbol is added to the graphical symbol in the position shown. An arrow is indicated on the workpiece for clarification.

(b) The lay is perpendicular to the plane of projection and the symbol drawn is an inverted letter T. (c) The lay crosses the workpiece in two oblique directions indicated by the letter X. (d) The lay consists of concentric circles and the symbol used is the letter C. The standard also states that where a surface pattern is required which is not covered by BS 8888, then an explanatory note shall be added to the drawing.

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ug hg rin Pr din ec gri isi g nd o n ing fin Co ish gri mme nd ing rcial Fo rgi ng Fla me cu ttin g ud ing Dr aw ing Dr illin g -ca sti ng Pe ca rman sti ng ent mo Inv uld es ca sti tme ng nt Sa nd -ca sti ng Ro lle bu r rni sh ing Br oa ch ing Bo rin g Ba rr
50 25 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 12.5 0.05 0.025

Ro

Ex tr

FIGURE 24.16 Approximate Ra surface roughness ranges obtainable by various common production processes.
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0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025

50

25

6.3

3.2

1.6

12.5

el Mi cro

fin is me

hin tre s

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Figure 24.16 shows approximate Ra surface roughness ranges for components manufactured by some common production methods. This information can only be approximate, since finish depends on many factors, such as the skill of the machinist, the accuracy and condition of the machine, the speeds and feeds selected for the operation, and the quality and condition of the cutting tools. The approximate relationship between surface roughness and the cost of producing such a finish is shown in Fig. 24.17. The cost of rough machining can be considered as the zero datum on the y axis of the graph, and other processes can be compared with it. For example, a finish of 6.3 mm produced by grinding may well cost four times as much as rough machining. Many factors contribute towards production costs, and this information again can be only approximate.

22 20 18 16

Relative cost

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0,1 0,4 0,8 3,2 6,3 12,5 25

Surface roughness micrometres

FIGURE 24.17 Approximate relationship between surface roughness and cost.