DEMOCRACY Nature and Definition: Etymology: demos = people; kratia=rule > rule of the people Forms of the government:

Rule of the many: democracy leads to rule of the mob Rule of the few: aristocracy leads to oligarchy Rule of one: monarchy leads to tyranny Democratic government is based on the consent of the governed Or government by the majority with the consent of the minority Resource curse: lots of oil > government is rich > no need to consult citizens (e.g. Libya, Middle East) consent may be misleading because it can be manipulated; force can be used to instill fear Abraham Lincoln said: government of the people, by the people, and for the people. But which people? You can involve people through sovereignty. But who are the people? Single body sovereign will, collective will, general will Heterogeneous body the majority; you get the numbers Everyone unanimous decisions are acceptable But these are not very practical what about the minority? BY THE PEOPLE How should the people rule? People should govern themselves: - Direct democracy directly propose laws - Representative democracy (like in our case) they decide on our behalf - Totalitarian democracy Features of direct democracy in our representative democracy: -initiative (when people directly propose laws) -referendum (asks people about a certain policy or decision congress makes law but ask for peoples direct vote) -recall (take back a government official after elections, like the national level impeachment) Representative Democracy Totalitarian Democracy (every aspect of life is controlled by authorities) Planned state (even the economy is planned) vs. Police State FOR THE PEOPLE How far should popular rule extend? Public vs. Private Liberals: democracy should be restricted to political life Radical democrats: should apply to all areas of social existence Socialists, communists: democracy should extend to the economic sphere For liberal democracy: leave the markets alone Joseph Schumpeter (1942): Democracy is a method. The democratic method is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the peoples vote. (dynasties, lack of real parties) Samuel Huntington (1991):

Democracy is a political system where the most powerful decision makers are selected through fair, honest and periodic elections in which candidates freely compete for votes and in which virtually all in the adult population are eligible to vote. (elections) In the Philippines it is hard to register as voters. Austin Ranney: Four features of democracy: 1. Popular sovereignty 2. Political equality (equal political rights, e.g. 1 person = 1 vote; not gender biased, no class, etc.) 3. Popular consultation (massive, voice of the people) 4. Majority rule (usually 50% plus 1) first past the post? majority. E.g. Ramos was a minority president Background of pork barrel Ramon Mitra (speaker of the house) during FVR years.Pork Barrel countryside development fund Source of corruption because the President can withhold it Philippe Schmitter and Terry Lyn Karl (1993): Modern political democracy is a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives (intervening:) a. Directly through their own action, or b. Indirectly, through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives Problem with direct democracy: after it, you need to legitimate it. Actors and relationships Rulers and Citizens Rulers as governing, hierarchy, based on peoples will. Governance: relationship between government and the governed Good citizens: - Fidelity in paying taxes - Observance of rules - Deference to good authority, critique to bad authority - Vigilance against abuses - Concern for societal issues (e.g. poverty sexual harassment) - NOT GOOD: yes-men citizens; you must question even if its not happening to you, but to others. - Just following the rules does not make you a good citizen Accountability - Rulers are accountable to citizens - Citizens have the right (duty?) to exact accountability of their rulers Mechanisms for accountability: - Elections - Other mechanisms Processes: Representation Cooperation

- Competition Representation: - Cleavages among the people: class, gender, age, religious belief, other forms of marginalization; how many are represented, how many benefit? - Healthy democracy: authentic pluralism : different ideas can flourish Democracy is very difficult. Cooperation: - Consensus building (not only agreement of all if one withdraws, consensus can also be reached) - Negotiation: there are agreements involved - Compromise? Competition: - Political parties and elections - Provide competition for representation - Structure ways of resolving differences in interests/policy references Continuation of Lecture: INPUT (OUTPUT): party (government), candidates (leaders who will govern us), platforms (programs how will we be governed) Problem in the Philippines: we only know who the leaders are, not the platforms Parties = unclear Puts into the question of competition Characteristics of true competition: - Alternation in office opposition has nontrivial chance of winning - Ex-ante certainty and ex post irreversibility - Repeatability elected leaders are always pro-tempore Direct Democracy Representative (indirect) democracy a system of government in which citizens elect their representatives to run the government on their behalf Features: - Citizens are at least one place removed from actual decision making - Elected representatives stand in place of, or act on behalf, of voters. E.g. Congress - Free competitive elections at all/most levels of government as a symbol of sovereignty of the people and a way of holding leaders accountable - Elections as an efficient and effective way of organizing political succession Some rep dem have direct dem features Note: proportional system: seat belongs to the party, not to you. You can be knocked out of the party and your seat in the congress. The party should be one layer of accountability. INDICATORS OF DEMOCRACY: (Philippine Democracy Assessment intl IDEA) p. 5 Magadia Citizenship, Law, and Rights 1. Nationhood and citizenship (but a lot of our fellowmen are abroad) 2. The rule of law and access to justice 3. Civil and political rights (e.g. right to vote; not arrested arbitrarily; public safety) 4. Economic and social rights (in the Philippines, is water a right? Labor rights, wages; kasambahay; housing issue limits to land development; price of land is escalating; you are allowed private property) Representative and Accountable Government 5. Free and fair elections (free = real consent to vote; not forced; fair = fair to candidates; not really fair in the Philippines coz elections here are expensive)

6. Democratic role of political parties 7. Government effectiveness and accountability 8. Civilian control of the military and police (military and police cant make their own policy they need a civilian authority to do so). 9. Minimizing corruption Civil Society and Popular Participation 10. The media in a democratic society (freedom of speech) 11. Political participation (also a class issue, e.g., why would people participate in the delivery of water; assemblies are given permits by the government; you participate to get water) 12. Government responsiveness 13. Decentralization (decision-making is not happening only in one place has pros and cons; The Ampatuan is a product of decentralization; mayors of 6 municipalities get money from jueteng) Democracy beyond the State 14. International dimensions of democracy Spratlys, war on terrorism/Muslims? Bus burning in Mindanao From free to fair trade? WTO Millennium development goals (MDGs) Elections: are not enough to make a democracy Conditions favoring democracy: - Peaceful evolution (coup de etat does not produce a democracy) - Socio-economic pluralism (Phil is controlled by the economic elite; everyone should partake of the pie) - High level of economic development and modernization (Theory of Modernization if you become a free market economy, your political institutions will be strengthened > youll become a democracy) - Ethnic group cleavages/uniformity - Leaders commitment to democracy (we should have champions of democracy) - There has to be a culture of democracy DEVELOPMENT Global Concerns: - Peace (post world war scenario) - Freedom (from Imperialism and Colonization; protests) - Development (Economic and Social; concern for Sustainable Devt) - Environment (concern for Sustainable Devt) World Bank Indicators - Postwar Scenario: to help countries devastated by war IMF: to ensure financial stability; prevent financial crises These are lending organizations - Bretton Woods Institutions (WB and IMF) WWII Destroyed certain countries Classification of countries based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (domestic production plus what you receive from abroad) - Developed countries ($12,196 or more)

Developing o Low income (995 or less) o Lower Middle Income (996 3945) o Upper middle income (3946 12,195)

Top Ten: US + European countries Lowest Ten: Africa... etc. Meanings of Development (Pre WW2) 21st Century: Asian Century Must be rich as a country Rule by consent, not by Divine right Countries are developed if theyre productive Meanings of development (postwar) - Modernization Theory (1950s) o West = model; large industrial capital; [economical >> social and political ] >>debunked o Modern economy = if you had large economic growth rates - Dependency theory (1960s): Development for whom? o South American Marxist o Core countries (produce goods) and peripheral countries (supply raw materials and cheap labor) o Uneven development: North = rich; south = poor o First World (Advanced capitalist) o Second World (socialist economies) o Third world (the rest) - Alternative development (1960s) o Delink the local from the global o De-globalization o Produce for your own needs (not for the world) o NGOs - Human Development (1980s) o AmartyaSen (di dapat economic growth lang) o Human Development Index: Life Expectancy, Literacy/Education, Standard of Living - Sustainable Development (1980s) - Neoliberalism (1980s) > revival of free market thinking - Post-development (1990s) o Anti-development; think all kinds of devt are unsustainable; unfriendly to human devt Sustanabledevt: Devt that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Brundtland Report (1987): UNCED Has the aspect of intergenerational equity. You have to mitigate the costs of development

Fig. 1. Definitions of sustainable development Economic (growth, efficiency) Social (stability, equity) Environmental There exist social limits to development (datiwala) Millennium development goals 1. Eradicate Poverty and Hunger 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combating aids, malaria, and others 7. Ensure environmental stability 8. Global partnership for devt MDG report 2010 Sustainable devt timeline Intellectual response: Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (lobbied for ban of pesticide) Only One Earth by Barbara Ward UN Reports and World Conferences Actors: IntergovtInsitutions NGOs and Social Movts Business Summary: Devt: yes, but: What should be its goals? Devt for whom? Who benefits? Who decides?