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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was designed in 1973 by the industrial training fund (ITF) as a placement program for students of engineering technology and allied respective disciplines in Nigerian Universities, Polytechnics and colleges of technology. This scheme was established by the Federal Republic of Nigeria to enable students upgrade their academic standard. This report teds to enlighten readers on historical background/objectives. It also pictures all the description of works done during the period and the practical experience acquired. It continuously showcases the insight of the company and the administrative format. AIMS OF SIWES This program gives the student the opportunity to achieve the following aims:2 3 4 5 To bridge the identical gap between theory and practice of engineering and technology in tertiary institutions. It is a mandatory experience for those graduating in legible field of study to qualify for the award of degree/diploma. It also help the student to acquire practical management skills. The program helps the student to be exposed to the use of those fields machinery and equipment not found in the academic environment.

OBJECTIVE OF SIWES 6 7 8 9 Provide an avenue for student institution of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study especially in engineering. Prepare students for post graduation work situation Expose students to work methods and techniques in landing equipment and machinery that may not be available to educational environment. Enlist and strengthen employer involvement in educational process of preparing students for employment industry.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In 1973 the Federal Government of Nigeria established a degree setting up the students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES). The degree stipulated that certain categories of students in the field of science and technology must spend a period of three to nine months in industrial training in a recognized company, government department parastatals and even reputable industries. SIWES concerned with engineering and technology based courses at inception in

1973. The numbers of courses has since grown over thirty two (32) by 1973 and to over 100 by 2003 and more are still being added. Finally, student supervisor under this programme is vested in the industrial training fund (ITF), the institution supervisor however, it is observed that the programme is enforced by law and there should produced discipline people with sound technological knowledge. ACTORS IN SIWES AND THEIR ROLES INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUD (ITF) -Provide logistic material needed to training fund and administer the scheme. -Supervises and assesses student on industrial attachment -Ensures that student and supervisory allowances are paid within the period of attachment. INSTUTUTIONS -Establish functional SIWES co-coordinating units within the institution - Organize orientation programme for student -Assess student performance for student with employers and supervises them during the period. EMPLOYERS -Accept student and assign them to relevant job training -Attached experience staff to student for effective training and supervision. -Pay student monthly allowances as at when due. -Control and discipline student like permanent staff. STUDENT -The student should participate in SIWES orientation programme before proceeding on attachment -comply with the employer rules and regulations -Keep proper record activities and other assignment in the logbook. -Avoid change of place of attachment except in special circumstances

MANAGEMENT This has been defined as the act of handling, controlling and directing a business such as construction, agricultural project or any educational parastatals. The practice in this country is that the actual construction project are often allowed to be carried out by non-professionals, even when professionals are given the opportunity to be involved in the development process of these project, they are often not brought in an early stage where their involvement can be meaningful. The above practice in many cases have resulted in disastrous situations, poor work making time and cost overrun collapse of building or parts thereof loss of lives and wastage of fund. The practice have allowed clients to benefit from the wealth of experience possessed by professionals in the management of the production process of building which encompass studding production information, construction planning and managing site production process. COMPANY PROFILE Global Works Consultants established in 19 under the Business Registration Act. Subsequently, the firm was incorporated in under the company and Allied mater Degree as a limited liability company. They have acquired over the years, expertise in general construction and civil engineering services to Governments parastatals, agencies etc. The companys core business specialties are civil/structural engineering Designs, road and bridge construction, Building construction, Dams and power generation and general supplies. Also they are franchise holders to various international manufactures of allied and related construction and engineering products. Global Works Consultant have rich working experience in state, ogun and cross river state in 2010. They are the Consulting firm handling the; construction of Awi - Abaraikon Road, IkotOkpora-ukwu road and Abini - Agwaguna in Biasa, Akampka and Odukpani L.G.A. of Cross River State. The management of GWC is flexibly structural to tailor its extensive services to the requirement of the client from conception to completion.

CHAPTER TWO (EXPERIENCE IN THE COMPANY) INTRODUCTTION When I arrive at the company, I was introduced to the project manager (PM) and other sectional heads. I was briefed on the safety guard observed in the company by the safety officer. My supervisor thereafter oriented and introduced me to other students on attachment in different section where I joined. CONCRETE SECTION INTRODUCTION Concrete is a composite of inert materials comprising of a binder course (e.g. cement) mineral filler or aggregates and water. In execution of any construction project, concrete is considered s very important due to the facts that it serves as foundation, slabs, columns, beams steps and walls. The combination of concrete and steel is done to acquire a high comprehensive and tensile strength. Generally, a good concrete is required to be strong, hard durable, dense, non-porous, fire resistance and economical. The construction of drain, culverts, slabs chutes etc. in the above mentioned project were mainly composed concrete and reinforced concrete. MATERIALS USED FOR CONCRETE:- The following materials were used for the production of concrete. CEMENT: Normal setting Portland cement were used as a minding medium for the aggregates, the cement has an initial setting time 2 hours 42 minutes and final setting time of about 3 hours 34 minutes (Jackson, 1987) AGGREGATES: There are inert filler in the concrete mixture consisting of 70-75% of volume of the whole mixture. Aggregates are categorized as fine aggregates and coarse aggregates FINE AGGREGATES: River sand was used as fine aggregates which fit into the spaces of coarse aggregates to leave a minimum percentage of voids to be filled by the cement paste. COARSE AGGREGATES: Crushed rocks were used as coarse aggregate materials, the aggregates were within the size range of 15-22mm for reinforces concrete operations.

WATER: Portable water was used for concreting obtained from borehole. Water used was free from impurities such as suspended solid, organic matters and salt etc. which can affect the setting of the cement. PROPORTION OF CONCRETE MATERIALS:- Cement, fine aggregates and water were mixed in a definite proportions not only to ensure a consistently uniform mix for the project but also to get a strong, durable, workable and economic mix. The ratio of the cement to sand is the greatest determining factor for the strength of the concrete. STANDARD MIXES OF CONCRETE:- In Global Works Consultants where I did my industrial training, concrete was specified using the characteristic strength (FCU), and the method of batching used was by weight. For grade 30 concrete (that is concrete that has the comprehensive strength of 30N/mm2) a mixed ratio of 1:2.28:3.94 was used with water to cement ratio of 0.55. BATCHING/MIXING OF CONCRETE:- In Tetrad Group, The method of batching of concrete used by weight. This was done by the use of highly digital machine for measuring of concrete mixed materials. The machine setup is known as Digital Batching and Mixing plant, comprising of digital weighing machine otherwise known as automatic digital scale and mixer. This operation was executed with the help of pay loader loading the constituent materials into the measuring bucket, all other operation was carried out by the operator who controlled the process digitally including addition of water (fig attached). TRANSPORTATION OF CONCRETE:- All the mixed concrete were transported from the mixing plant to the work site by the use of mobile rotary mixer except or a small quantity of concrete to be used within the yard for casting of slabs and chutes which was transported using a Dumper. PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE Concrete was placed in thin layers, each layer Being thoroughly consolidated before the next layer is laid, just before placement of concrete, the bases and formworks were wetted enough to prevent the absorption of water from concrete. All equipment and tools necessary for handling and finishing the concrete were ready before the arrival of the concrete to avoid delay which can cause loss in strength of the concrete. COMPACTION OF CONCRETE The compaction and consolidation of concrete settles the air pockets within the concrete and force the aggregates to be closely packed. This process was done by the used to a machine known as the planetary internal concrete vibrator which has a flexible shaft driven by electric motor when the poker at the end of the flexible drive is immerge in the concrete mass, it cause trapped an bubbles to escape and therefore consolidating the mass.

CURING OF CONCRETE This is the process of preventing loss of moisture from the concrete due to evaporation to enable it to complete the on-going chemical reaction between its constituents so as to attain it full strength, and the method of curing adopted in the company were 10 Sprinkling of water through a hose to all the expose surfaces of the concrete. 11 Covering the surface of the concrete with polythene sheets or water proof sheets. LABORATORY SECTION Before any road project can be successfully executed according to the designed specification and standard, there be e is need for a standard laboratory to be set-up, that can help in determining if the strength of concrete is in conformity with the required strength specified in the design. Below are some test I undertook in the laboratory unit of the company which I was deployed to; sieve analysis test, slump test, concrete strength test, compaction test, moisture content test, California Bearing ratio (CBR) test, atterberg limit test. The procedures involved in these test are explained below: SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST:- A sieve analysis consist of shaking the oven-dried soil through a stand of graded wired screen called sieve with apertures known size to determine the various particles sizes present in the soil sample. TEST PROCEDURE: 12 13 14 15 16 Picking of soil sample to be tested from a selected borrow pit Drying the sample by spreading on an open space to reduce moisture content. Weighing of 500gof the sample and washing with water to obtain the particle. Oven drying of the sample to remove moisture Selection of sieves to be used for the analysis. The sieve sizes used were 4.75mm, 2,4mm, 1.2mm, 420um, 300um, 150um and 75um. 17 An automatic sieve shakers was to carryout thus test. This machine is made up of cast iron body fitted with an inclined table to accommodate up to seven sieves each with 50mm height above the mesh, and complete with a standard lid and receiver. The machine has two vertical fixed rods and adjustable top retaining plate clamping the sieves in position. The machine moves with a gyratory motion, spreading the tests specimen evenly over the mesh. ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST. Atterberg limit test is a test carried out to determine the consistency and plasticity of a soil. A care Penetrometer method was used. This test is based on the relationship between moisture content and the penetration of the determination of the liquid limit and plastic limit to be performed simply and quickly. The machine is a digitally operated machine. A small quantity of water was added to the soil sample in stages

and then put into the container. The container is then placed on the machine; by pressing the knob, a care penetrates the surface of the sample and the height of penetration was taken which displayed on the screen. On each stage, the moisture content was determined. A linear graph of percentage moisture content against penetration was plotted and the best strength line drawn through the plotted points. From the straight line, the liquid limit and plastic limit were read and plasticity index computed.

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COMPACTION TEST Modern form of construction, especially those used in embankment and road pavement, demand high degrees of compaction control and these must be consistent with the placing of soil at a correct moisture the aim of this testis to determined the maximum dry density (MDD) and the optimum moisture content (OMC) of the soil. In Tetrad Group Consulting, the British standard compaction method was adopted. TEST PROCEDURE:Water was added to the sample to be tested in stages. The sample was put into mould of volume 2177cm3 in layers (5days) A 4.5kg compaction rammer was used to compacts the sample (56below per layer). The compaction sample in the mould was weigh and recorded On each stage the moisture content was determined and result was computed. A curve of percentages moisture content against dry density was plotted where the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were read. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST The test was design to give an evaluation of the bearing capacity of the soil for flexible pavement design. The test procedure consists of loading a soil with a circular piston and maintaining a penetration rate using a dial gauge. The result was noted and test result of the test on natural or re-compacted soils, in soaked and un-soaked condition was compared to the standard test result curves. MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION In Rockfit Nig ltd two method of determining moisture content were adopted oven-drying method: This method provides a measure of the total water present in a sample soil, sample to be dried was put into small containers and weighed and then put into the oven at temperature of about 105r c and 100rc, the sample was then removed and weighed again. The different between the wet soil and dry soil was determined. Speedy moisture test tester; speedy moisture tester is a well-established item of equipment for the rapid determination of moisture content. This test is based on the fact that water reacts with calcium carbide to form gas and that quantity of gas form is directly proportional to the water present. the quantity of water is indicated on a built-in-pressure gauge which is

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calibrated in percentage of moisture. By adding 2% to the value obtained from the pressure gauge reading, the moisture content was obtain. CONCRETE STRENGTH TEST The primary aims of these test is to determine the compressive strength of concrete. This test aid with the checking of strength of concrete obtained in conformity in the design. In Rockfit nig ltd, concrete cube crushing was used. TEST PROCEDURES -Casting of cubs Using an iron mould of volume 3375mm3 (ie 150v150v150mm) and compacting using a tamping rod. -Crushing of the cubes using machine called metallic materials compressor machine. The preferred ages for test of concrete strength were 14 and 28days. -Re-molding and curing of cubes in a curing tank. -recording the result obtained in a test from which data on cubs identity, age, size, curing condition, failure load and related calculations can be noted. SLUMP TEST This test has to with the workability consistency, and compatibility of concrete. In carrying out this test, a 30cm high mixed concrete was poured into the cone in layer (3 layer) and compacted using a tamping rod. The cone was then removed and the height of slump was measured by measuring the slump concrete and subtracting from the height of the cone. Slump range of concrete specified for different purposed were: pile (18-20cm), slab (3-5cm).

CHAPTER THREE EARTH WORKS DRAIN AND CULVERT EARTHWORKS Earthwork is the process of cutting elevation to fill depression in order to produce a formation level depending on the design of the road. SURVEYING Surveying was done on the site to determine the level and slope of the existing road and it was then traverse to achieve the centerline of the road. It was a 5-kilometer road and the level was taking at 25meters interval using leveling instrument and they exist a Chainnage point that is where the staff was no longer accessible. CLEARING OF SITE This was done by cutting out elevation and some materials that were not suitable for formation level. Excavation may also come as a result of high elevation which need be cut off. FILLING Before filling the material was taken to lab for testing to determine its suitability for filling to avoid cut to spoil, the material was filled in layers not exceeding 30cm and was compacted to a degree of not less than 100% of the British standard compaction until formation level was obtained. COMPACTION OF VARIOUS LAYERS Compaction of layers of the road was very significant as it was the foundation of the road. This was done in layers as described above; backfilling at culvert points also followed the process. SUB-BASE COMPACTION Sub-base material was brought to site and was laid on the formation level in layers and compacted using steel roller to a degree of 100%. BASED-COURSE COMPACTION (STONE BASE) The base coursed layer was followed immediately after determining the maximum compaction of the last layer, it also followed the same process and was compacted to a thickness of 15cm. DRAINS

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Drains perform a crucial function of collecting and conveying surface water from the highway right-of way. In Rockfit Nig. Ltd, the construction of drains was done in two ways.

PRECAST DRAINS This is the process of producing the drains within the company camp/yard before taking them to the site with the aid of a pay loader and a truck for permanent installment. This method of drains is preferable because it makes the construction easier, quicker and cheaper.

CAST IN-SITU This the process of casting on site. This is done with the help of a mixer or the artisan on site.this method is expensive to procure because it can not be done during rainy hour and its can lead to material waste on site. Drains can be constructed in the following procedures: -Setting out of drainage done by surveyors. -Excavation of drainage trench by the use of excavator. -Taking of level and pegging to determine the flow pattern. -Casting of blinding of thickness 0.50cm using Grade 15 concrete. -Lauding, hurling and aligning of precast side slabs. -Casting of base using Grade 20 concrete and covering of the drains with precast slabs. CULVERTS Culverts play a vital role in drainage system of the road. Culverts were placed in locations specified in the road design which conveys water from the drains to the discharge outlet. This includes; single pipe culvert, box culvert and double pipe culvert. CULVERT CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE 32 33 34 35 Setting out for excavation by surveyor. Excavation of trench with the aid of excavator. Taking of level to determine the flow pattern. Compaction of base with the aid of a flat bottom compactor.

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36 Formation of formwork and casting of base of thickness 0.2m. 37 Launching, hurling and aligning of precast concrete rings of diameter at 900mm. 38 Formation of formwork and casting of cover.

CHAPTER FOUR INTRODUCTION It is worthy to know that a wide range of economic factor influences the extent of activities of any company and this can be ascertain as the general economic climate, interest rate, rate of inflation, credit availability and extent of control of public sector spending. Any project to be successfully executed, attention must be given to the following; cost analysis, profitability analysis, proper management and administration of the concrete. Therefore, during my industrial training programme with TETRAD GROUP CONSULTING, I was introduced to the General economics costing and administration of the company.

PROJECT PLANNIING Planning of a project in any construction company is the duty of the project manager (pm). He sets the nature sequence and interrelationship needed to achieve the main aim of finishing the project in a stipulated time frame at least cost and with high quality. To actualize to this vision, the project manager produces the project schedule. The ultimate aim of the project schedule is to set a target that is consistent with the project desired completion date. ADMINISTRATION OF GLOBAL WORKS CONSULTANT The personnel accountable for the successful completion of the project is the project manager (pm). He plans, organize, controls and lead income/expenditure, purchasing of materials and construction specification. He also produces the project schedule and checks the actual

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performance of the schedule plan. He does this in order to make sure that the job is completed within the fixed time. EXPERIENCE GAINED WITH GLOBAL WORKS CONSULTANT In the course of my Industrial training I learnt a lot of practical skills which could not have been gotten in a classroom. In a nutshell I have experience in the following areas: Mode of Operation Of The Company. Earthmoving Procedure. Proportioning of concrete material to acquire the require strength. Soil classification (various test carried out to determine the suitability of the materials).

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION The student industrial work experience scheme SIWES was designed by the industrial training fund (ITF) to bridge the identical gap between theory and practical in engineering technology in tertiary institution. During the period of attachment the following discoveries were realized; that construction project does not move faster in rainy season as that handled during the dry season, sizeable mild steel is used for pegging during leveling by surveyors and not wood on pegs. Soil samples picked from borrowed pit should be properly tested in the laboratory and must meet the specification before allowed to be used. The training has also helped me to appreciate the application of most of the formula that I learnt in school and also prepare my mind to what I am expected to see in the field of practice after graduation.

RECOMMENDATION Based upon the student industrial worked experience (SIWES) the recommendations are stated as follows:-

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39 The department of civil engineering should through federal government assistance provide the much needed tools, plants and equipment so that student can learn and practice construction work at all levels. 40 The department of civil engineering all over the country should really educate student on construction operation that is in practice. 41 They should acquaint student on the ideals of highway design and get student braised with agency regulations. 42 The period of attachment should be one academic year instead of six month to enable student learn extensively from the beginning of a particular work to the end. 43 The department of civil engineering nationwide with the co-operation of the government and legislature should play their legislative and muc needed enforcement roles in the construction industries. REFERENCES Blake S.L. Civil Engineering reference book (1951) Elsevier buterwork hemema publishers. Kadiyah L.R. Principles and practices of Highway engineering, 3rd edition, khanna publisher: Delln:- 110006, 1997. Wignall A; Kendrick S.P; Aucill R. Road work theory and practice (1931) Linacre house, Jordan Hill, Great Britain. Oguara, T.M Pavement material design construction Ahmadu University.