Chapter 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

1.1Real Numbers, R Learning outcome: 1. To define and understand natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, prime numbers, rational numbers and irrational numbers 2. To represent rational and irrational numbers in decimal form 3. To represent the relationship of number sets in a real number system diagrammatically Some notes: Natural numbers, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} Whole numbers, W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} Integers, Z = { ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} Negative integers, Z- = {-1, -2, -3, ...} Positive integers, Z+ = {1, 2, 3, ...} Rational numbers, Irrational numbers

Ex. 1: Write the following numbers in fractions: [Ans: (a)

Ex 2: Express the following decimals in fractions: [Ans: 1 .

Real number line/ Basic operations on real numbers/ Properties of real numbers Learning outcome: 4. To state the properties of real numbers such as closure, commutative, associative, distributive, identity and inverse under addition and multiplication Some notes: Number Line: Real numbers can be represented geometrically by points on a straight line, called a real number line. A point called the origin is chosen to represent 0. Points to the right of the origin represent positive numbers and points to the left represent negative numbers. Origin Negative direction -4 -3 -2 -1 0 4 Basic operations on Real Numbers o 1 Positive direction 2 3

Real number line

Two real numbers can be combined by using the operations of addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x), and division ( ). The result is still a real number.

Properties of Real Number o Closure property: For real numbers a and b, a*b=c, c of the four operations) R (* denotes any

o o

Commutative property: For real numbers a and b, a+b=b+a and ab=ba Associative property: For real numbers a, b, and c, (a+b)+c=a+(b+c) and (a x b) x c=a x (b x c) Distributive property For real numbers a and b, a(b+c)=ab+ac and a(bc)=ab-ac Identity property: For real numbers 0 and 1, a+0=0+a=a and ax1=1xa=a, where a is a real number Inverse property: For real number a, a+(-a)=(-a)+a=0 and

Ex 3: Identify the real number property illustrated. (a) 3 2 is a real number (b) 5 (3 2) = (5 3)2 (c) ( 2) 4 = 1 4

(d) 1 3 = 3 (e) 5 + (3 + 2) = (3 + 2) + 5 (f) 5 + (3 + 2) = (5 + 3) + 2 Answer: (a) closure (b) associative for multiplication (c) inverse for multiplication (d) identity property for multiplication (e) commutative for addition (f) associative for addition

Intervals/ Finite intervals/ Infinite intervals/ Union and intersections Learning outcome: 5. To understand open, closed and half-open intervals and their representations on the number line 6. To understand that the endpoints of an open interval on the number line are usually represented as empty circles, whereas the endpoints of a closed interval are represented by dense circle 7. To simplify union and intersection of two or more intervals with the aid of a number line Some notes: Intervals: Given two real numbers a and b, the possibilities are o o o a is equal to b, a=b a is greater than b, a>b a is less than b, a<b

Finite intervals 3

If a and b are real numbers such that a < b, then the set of all real numbers x satisfying o o o o a<x<b is called the open interval from a to b a<x<b is called the closed interval from a to b a<x<b is called the half-open (or half-closed) interval from a to b a<x<b is called the half-open interval from a to b

Infinite intervals If a is a real number, then the set of all real numbers x satisfying the conditions x < a, x < a, x > a or x > a is called an infinite interval

Union and intersection o The union of sets A and B denoted by A B is the set of all elements which belong to A or to B. The intersection of two sets A and B denoted by A B is the set of elements which belong to both A and B.

o Ex 4:

Write the following inequalities using the interval notation. Also present each inequality on a real number line

[Ans: (a) (-1.5, 3.2) -1.5 3.2

(b) (

, -4] -4

(c) [2.7,

) -10 2.7

(d) (-10, 31]

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Ex 5: Simplify the following using a real number line. Express the simplified answer using interval notation. a) b) [Ans: (a) (b) ]

-4 Ex 6:

Simply the following using a real number line. Express the simplified answer using interval notation. a) b) [Ans: a) [7.8] , b) ]

Try Quick Check 1.1: Questions 1(a)(c)(e), 2(a)(c)(e), 3(a)(c)(e), 4(a)(c)(e), 5(a)(c)(e), 6(a)(c)(e), 7(a)(c)(e), and 8(a)(c)(e),

1.2 Indices, Surds and Logarithms Learning Outcomes: 1. To define indices 2. To state the rule of indices Some notes on index: If a is a real number and n is a positive integer than an = a x a x a x ,,, x a (n times). The number a is the base and n is called the index and an is read as a to the power of n Rules of Indices o o o o o Ex 7: Find the value of (a) 271 2/3 [Ans: 243, 1 3/7, 23, 625] Ex 8: Evaluate (a) 729-2/3 (b) (3-2)-1 (c) (7x x 49x)1/x (b) (0.49)-1/2 (c) 2563/4 x 8-1 (d) (1251/2 25
-1/4 2

Zero index, a0 = 1 (a Negative index, Rational index,

0)

and , if , then x = y

For positive real number a

[Ans: 1/81, 9, 343]

Ex 9: Simplify [Ans: Ex 10: Simplify [Ans: Ex 11: Solve the following equations (a) (b) [Ans: (a) 0 or 3 (b) -1 or 2] (a) (b) ] (c) (a) ] (b) (m3n-2)4(7m-1n4)2 (c)

Try Quick Check 1.2: Questions 1(a)(c)(e), 2(a)(c)(e)(g), 3(a)(c)(e)(g), 4(a)(c)(e), 6, 8, and 10.

Surds Learning Outcomes: 3. To explain the meanings of a surd and its conjugate and carry out algebraic operations on surd Some notes on surd: A surd is an irrational number of the form , where n is a positive integer and a is a real number which is not a perfect square. Algebraic operations on surds, for all positive numbers a and b o Addition and subtraction: Surds of the same kind can be combined by addition and subtraction, e.g. o Multiplication:

Division

Rationalising the denominator o o o is the conjugate of If a fraction has a surd in the denominator, the evaluation of the fraction is made easier by rationalising the denominator of the fraction

Ex 12: Express the following as the simplest possible surd: (a) [Ans: Ex 13: Express the following in terms of the simplest possible surd: (a) (b) (c) , , ] (b) (c)

[Ans: Ex 14:

Rationalise the denominators and simplify: (a) [Ans: Ex 15: ]

(b)

(c)

Simplify the following by rationalising the denominators: (a) [Ans: Ex 16: Simplify the following expressions: (a) (b) ]

(b)

(c)

(c)

[Ans: Ex 17:

Simplify the following expressions: (a) [Ans: Ex 18: Simplify the following as a single fraction: (a) [Ans: Ex 19: Simplify the following as a single fraction: (a) [Ans: Ex 20: ] ] ]

(b)

(c)

(b)

(b)

Find the square roots of [Ans: Ex 21: Find the square roots of [Ans: ] ]

Ex 22: Solve the following equations: (a) [Ans: 6, 11] Ex 23: Solve the following equations: (a) [Ans: -2, 6] (b) (b)

Try QUICK CHECK 1.3, questions 1(a)(c)(e), 2(a)(c)(e), 3(a)(c), 4, 5, 6(a)(c), 7(a)(c),9, and 11

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Logarithms Learning Outcomes: 4. To understand the meaning of ln M and log M 5. To state and prove the laws of logarithms 6. To change the base of logarithms 7. To solve equations involving indices and logarithms

Some notes on logarithm: The logarithm of a positive number N to a given base a (a>0) is the power to which the base a must be raised in order to give the number:

Specifically, Logarithm of M to the base e is called the natural logarithm and is written as (pronounced as lon M) Logarithm of M to the base 10 is called the common logarithm and is written as

Laws of logarithms: o o o

If x, y and a are positive real numbers such that , then

Ex 24:

If x, y and a are positive real numbers such that

, then

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Without using a calculator, evaluate the following: (a) [Ans: 3, 7, -1] Ex 25: Without using a calculator, evaluate the following: (a) [Ans: -4,-2] Ex 26: Find the value of (a) [Ans: 8, ] Ex 27: Find the value of [Ans: ] Ex 28: Express each of the following in terms of and : (a) (b) (b)

(b)

(c)

(b)

(c)

[Ans: Ex 29:

Express y in terms of x for the following equations: (a)

(b)

[Ans: y= Ex 30: Express y in terms of x for the following equations: (a) (b)

[Ans: Ex 31: 12

Find the value of the following: (a) [Ans: 2, 4] Ex 32: Find the value of the following: (a) [Ans: 7/4, 1] Ex 33: Express each of the following as a single logarithm. (a) [Ans: Ex 34: Express each of the following as a single logarithm. (a) (c) [Ans: Ex 35: Determine the value of the following to four significant figures: (a) (b) (c) , ] (b) , , (b) ] (c) (b) (b)

[Ans: 0.4307, 1.771. 1.250] Ex 36: Determine the value of the following to four significant figures: (a) (b) (c)

[Ans: 0.5956, -8.030, 2.807] 13

Ex 37: Solve each of the following, giving your answers to three decimal places, whenever possible. (a) (b) (c) (d)

[Ans: 6/7, -7/5, 1.544, -0.644] Ex 38: Give the answer to the following, correct to three decimal places, where necessary. (a) (b) (c) (d)

[Ans: 2/3, , 3.201, 1.226] Ex39: Solve the following equations for x, giving your answers correct to two decimal places where necessary. (a) [Ans: 3, -0.25 or 0.86] Ex40: Solve the following equations for x, giving your answers correct to two decimal places where necessary. (a) [Ans: 0 or 2, 0.5 or 0.79] Ex 41: Find the possible values of x if (a) [Ans: 8 or 2, 3/2] (b) (b) (b)

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Try QUICK CHECK 1.4, questions 1(a)(c)(e)(g), 2(a)(c)(e)(g), 3(a)(c)(e)(g), and 4(a)(c) (e) Try QUICK CHECK 1.5, questions 1(a)(c)(e), 2(a)(c)(e)(g)(i), and 3(a)(c) Try QUICK CHECK 1.6, questions 1(a)(c), 2(a)(c), 3(a)(c), and 4(a) Try QUICK CHECK 1.7, questions 1(a)(c), 2(a)(c), 3(a)(c), and 4

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1.3 Complex Numbers Learning Outcomes: 1. Define complex number 2. Represent a complex number in Cartesian form 3. Perform algebraic operations on complex numbers 4. Understand the conjugate of a complex number 5. Understand the equality of two complex numbers 6. Find the square root of a complex number Some notes on complex number: The imaginary number is demoted by i. are

Numbers of the form a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i = called complex numbers. Addition and subtraction of complex numbers:

Multiplication of complex numbers: Any pair of complex numbers in the form of real number since have a product which is a

The complex number

and

are called conjugate numbers

Division of complex numbers cannot be carried out because the denominator is made up of two independent terms. This can be overcome by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator If two complex numbers and are equal, then

Ex 42: Find the values of m and n: (a) [Ans: m=4, n=-68; m=-25/2, n = -1/20] 16 (b)

Ex 43: Find the values of p and q: (a) [Ans: p=9, q=1/18; p=-3, q = -5/2] Ex 44: Solve: (a) [Ans: 18+11i, 3-8i, 15+5i] Ex 45: Solve: (a) [Ans: Ex 46: Express the following in the form of a + bi. (a) [Ans: Ex 47: Express the following in the form of a + bi. (a) [Ans: Ex 48: Find [Ans: Ex 49: Find (a) [Ans: (b) ] in the form of ] where (b) ] (b) , ] (b) (c) (b) (c) (b)

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Geometrical representation of complex numbers Learning Outcomes: 7. Understand the Argand diagram and represent the addition and subtraction of complex numbers using the diagram 8. Understand and find the modulus and the argument of a complex number\ 9. Express a complex number in polar form

Some notes on complex number: The complex can be represented geometrically by a point P with in an Argand Diagram as shown below.

rectangular Cartesian coordinated

Geometrical representation of addition and subtraction y y

Z1+Z2 x Z2 x

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Z2 Z1 Z1 Z1-Z2 -Z2

Modulus and argument: For the number , the length OP, denoted by r is the modulus of z and the angle xOP, measured in radians is the argument of z. The modulus of z is written |z| = is always positive. The argument of z (arg z), the angle turned through from the position Ox to the position OP is many valued. The value satisfying < < is called the principal value. Since x = r cos and y = r sin , z = x + yi = r (cos + i sin ) where r = | z| = and = arg z = tan-1(y/x). The form r (cos + i sin )is called the polar or modulus-argument form of the complex number.

y P(x,y) r y x

O x

Ex 50: It is given that and . Find the values of and

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(a) Using an Argand diagram (b) Algebraically [Ans: Ex 51: If and . Find the values of and ]

(a) Using an Argand diagram (b) Algebraically [Ans: Ex 52: Plot each of the complex number below on an Argand diagram. Then, find the modulus and argument for each one. (a) (b) , -2.357 rad] ]

[Ans: 17, 1.081 rad; Ex 53:

Plot each of the complex number below on an Argand diagram. Then, find the modulus and argument for each one. (a) [Ans: (b) , 2.159 rad; 2 , -0.983 rad]

Ex 54: Rewrite the following in polar form: (a) [Ans: Ex 55: Rewrite the following in polar form: (a) (b) 20 (b) , ]

[Ans:

Try QUICK CHECK 1.8, questions 1(a)(c), 2(a)(c), 3(a)(c), 4(a)(c)(e), 5(a)(c)(e), 6(a)(c), 7(a)(c), 9, and 11 Try QUICK CHECK 1.9, questions 1(a)(c)(e), 2(a)(c), 3(a)(c), 4(a)(c)(e), 5, 6, 8, 11

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TUTORIAL FOR CHAPTER 1: NUMBER SYSTEMS FOCUS ON EXAM (1) Questions 4, 6, 10, 15, 18, 28, 35 These questions will be discussed in class. Students are encouraged to try more questions from Focus on Exam (1)

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