Year 2011 Nur Kamila binti Kamaruddin 5 Bestari Mr Hong Boon Liang Chemistry Folio Chapter 5 CHEMICALS FOR

LS FOR CONSUMERS

CONTENTS

5.1 Soaps and Detergent 5.2 Uses of Food Additives 5.3 Medicines

5.1 SOAPS AND DETERGENT Soaps Soaps are sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids with more than ten ten carbon atoms. Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty acids, by treating them chemically with a strong alkali. Example of soap is sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COOH + NaOH CH3(CH2)14COONa + H2O Detergent Salt that are formed by neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulphate with an alkali. One example of detergent is sodium lauryl sulphate Detergents may contain many other substances in addition to the substances that does the cleaning and also to make it more effective. These substances are called additives Biological enzymes are catalyst that increase the detergency or cleaning power of a detergent. Whitening agents include bleaches such as sodium perborate. They release chlorine and oxygen that remove stains and make clothes become whiter and cleaner.

Preparation of detergent Detergents are made using raw material obtained from petroleum

Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH3(CH2)9CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H + H2O

2. neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H + NaOH CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3Na + H2O

Preparation of soap Oils and fats are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids. It made up through heating oils or fats with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, NaOH. The oil or fat molecules are broken up or hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids. This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication) The fatty acids formed then react with sodium hydroxide, NaOH to form a salt

(soap). Saponication of oils or fats

O ll RCOCH COONa + RCOONa + 3HO HOCH O
fatty acids or soap

2. Neutralization of fatty acids

Salt or

ll

l
OH

HOCH + RCOOH + RCOOH + RCOOH R COCH + 3HO l O HOCH

fatty acids

RCOOH + RCOOH + RCOOH + 3NaOH RCOONa + RCOONa + RCOONa + 3HO

Salt or fatty acids or soap

ll RCOCH
glycerol Ester

The cleansing action of soap and detergent One part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged (polar end). -It dissolves in water. It is hydrophilic or likes water. The other part has no charge (non-polar end) -It dissolves in oil or grease. It is hydrophobic or hates water. These two parts work together to remove grease.

hydrophobic part (non-polar end) h ydrophilic part (polar end)

When soap or detergent is added to the dirty surface of a piece of cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease, -The negatively charged heads (hydrophilic) of soap ions or detergents ions dissolves in water -The hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent ions dissolves in the layer of grease.

If the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to lifted off the surface. When the cloth is rinsed with water, the droplets will be carried away

Heating and stirring may help to loosen the dirt particles from the material being washed.

The effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent Property

Cleaning power Ease of rinsing

Soap
Less powerfull It is difficult to wash away all soap on clothes. The soap that remains leave and odour and spoils the fabric Slightly alkaline Determined by the fatty acids found in the oil or fat used to produce soap

Detergent
More powerfull Rinse out well from clothes

pH Molecular structure

Can be controlled to suit the cleaning task Can be modified to suit the cleaning task. For example, a detergent can be made specially for cleaning toilet bowls. Does not form scum with hard water

Formation of scum

Forms scum with hard water

5.2 : Food Additives

Uses of food additives

To make food last longer (to extend the shelf life)

Effects on health Types of food additives Preservatives: sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate Antioxidant: ascorbic acid Flavouring: Monosodium glutamate(MSG), aspartame Stabiliser and thickener: gelatin and acacia gum Allergy: MSG Carcinogenic: NaNO Brain damage Hyperactivity

Functions of food additives Preservatives: to inhibit or prevent the growth of moulds, yeast and bacteria that spoil foods Antioxidants: to prevent spoilage of food due to oxidation by oxygen Flavouring agents: to enhance the taste of food Stabilisers and thickeners: to improve the texture of foods Colouring agents: to restore the colour or to enhance the natural colour

5.3 : Medicine Plant Aloe vera Betel Bitter gourd Coconut Garlic Ginger Ginseng Hibiscus Turmeric Local name Lidah buaya Sireh Peria Kelapa Bawang putih Halia Ginseng Bunga Raya Kunyit Uses Sap used to relieved pain from burns Leaves relieved sore eyes Fruit used to cure diabetes Young coconut water reduces fever Reduces infection and hypertension Reduces inflammation and improves blood circulation and digestion Roots maintain good health Leaves relieves headache and hair loss Cures pimples A medicine is a substances used to prevent or cure disease or to reduce pain and suffering due illness.

Modern medicines Chemicals that are extracted from plants and animals

Type of modern medicine Analgesics Antibiotics Psychotherapeutic medicines

Function Relieve pain Kill or inhibit growth of infectious bacteria Control symptoms of mental illness

Examples Aspirin, paracetamol Penicillin, streptomycin Stimulants, antidepressants

Side effects of medicines Both traditional and modern medicines have side effects Some traditional medicines help people lose their weight by speeding up their Birth control pills are an example of modern medicine. Women who use them

metabolism. The side effects are an increase in blood pressure and heart rate experience side effects such as hypertension, acne, and abnormal bleeding. Correct ways of using medicines Use the correct amount or dosage and using it for the correct purpose For example, using antibiotics to treat infections caused by viruses is drug misuse. This is because antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Drug abuse is using drug for its intoxicating effect. For example, the use of Morphine, Viagra and ecstasy pills.

Sources :
www.scribd.com http://www.scribd.com/doc/13300177/Chapter-5-Chemicals-for-consumer http://www.google.com.my/search? hl=en&cp=22&gs_id=2e&xhr=t&q=diagram+preparing+soap&gs_sm=&gs_upl= &biw=1024&bih=653&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi