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Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales LookingatEarlyPrehistory ThefirstInhabitantsoftheseislands.

WhenwediscussPhilippineprehistorythiswouldrefertoperiodsbeforewrittenhistory. The earliest known record of human remains in the Philippines are the fossilized fragmentsofaskullandjawboneofthreeindividualsdiscoveredon28May1962bya teamheadedbyRobertB.Fox,anAmericananthropologistforthePhilippineNational Museum.ThesefragmentsarecollectivelycalledTabonManaftertheplacewherethey werefoundonthewestcoastoftheislandofPalawan. TabonCavewasakindofStoneAgeworkshopwhichwasCarbon14datedtoroughly 7,000,20,000,and22,000beforetheChristianera(BCE).Thefossilsfoundareconsidered tohavecomefromathirdgroupofinhabitants,whoworkedthecavebetween22,000and 20,000BCE.Anearliercavelevelliesmuchfartherbelowthelevelcontainingcooking fireassemblagesthatitissaidtorepresentUpperPleistocenedatesof45or50thousand yearsago. AnthropologistswhohaveexaminedaTabonManskullcapareagreedthatitbelongedto modernman,homosapiens,indicatingthatTabonManbelongedtoaracialstockwhich enteredSoutheastAsiaduringtheHolocenePeriodabsorbingearlierandlatterpeoples (somebelieveincludingtheAustronesians)thatwouldeventuallyproducedthemodern Malay,Indonesian,Filipino,andPacificpeoples. Changes. There were immensechanges takingholdoftheArchipelagostartingfrom Stone Age culturesin30,000BCtotheemergenceofdevelopedmaritimebasedcivilizationsinthe 4thcenturyAD,continuingonwiththegradualwideningoftradeuntil900ADandthe firstsurvivingwrittenrecordsfromthearchipelago. AsidefromnarrationsfromtheindegenouspeoplesaswellastheMuslims,thepresence ofWrittenrecordssignifyademarcationlinethatbeginsearlyPhilippinehistorystarting in900AD,whichisroughlythedateofthefirstsurvivingwrittenrecordtocomefrom the Philippines the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. It is the Philippines oldest historicallegalrecordwritteninJawi(awritingsystemoriginatinginJavausedacross muchofMaritimeSoutheastAsia).Thisrecordwasasortofreceiptacknowledgingthata mannamedNamwaranhadbeenclearedofhisdebttothechiefofTundo.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales ThishoweverdoesnotmeanthatNamayanwasthefirstcivilizedkingdomtoexist,as mostseafaringnationscamefromthesouthoftheislands,however,asapartofour discussionsonthelostmorokingdoms,wewilltacklefirstthehistoryofNamayan.

Namayan. PhilippineHistoryhasbeenbiasedinthesensethatitdiscussesthathistoryinthese islands originate from the Tagalogs as the first ancient Kingdom of Namayan in the Philippines(circa8001175AD)alsoreferredastheKingdomofSapa,Maysapanor Nasapanafteritscapital,wasoneofthreemajorkingdomswhichdominatedtheupper easternsideofthePasigRiverrunningalongthecoastofLagunadeBay,the largest lakeinthePhilippines. It has been observed from records that the kings of Namayan ruled basically by organizingkinshipgroupingsintoministatesintimatelyinterwovenbytheimperatives ofblood.ThesepoliticalsubdivisionswereknownbythearchaicnamesofMeykatmon, Kalatongdongan,Dongos,Dibag,Pinakawasan,Yamagtogon,andMeysapan.Inmodern times, these territories are now the cities of Makati, Pasay and Mandaluyong; the districtsofQuiapo,Sampaloc,SanMiguel,Sta.Mesa,Paco,Malate,andPandacan;and thetownsofSanJuandelMonteandTaytay.Unified,theKingdomofNamayanwasas largeinareaastodaysMetropolitanManila(246.5squaremiles). There is a continuing debate that Namayan is considered to be the older of three kingdoms,predatingtheequallyoldkingdomsofTondoandMaynila.Itwasformedasa confederationofbarangays(i.e.,anoldFilipinotermforvillageordistricts)andissaid tohaveachieveditspeakin1175. Spanning over a number of centuries, many of the barangay settlements in the Philippineswerebyvaryingdegrees underthedejurejurisprudenceofoneofseveral neighboringempires.AmongthemweretheMalaySriVijaya(circa7thto13thCentury AD),JavaneseMajapahit(circa12931527),theBruneiansandtheMelakansalthough defactostates,theyhadestablishedtheirownindependentsystemsofrule,tradeand politicalalliances. A more precise description of Namayans administrative area was given by Spanish Franciscanscholarand missionary FriarFelixdeHuerta,authorofa recordofthe historiesCatholicparishesduringthePhilippinesSpanishPeriod.Thisrecordwasused asanessentialtoolalsotodescribethelocalhistoriesofPhilippinemunicipalitiesduring thatera.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales FriarHuertaalsorecordedthehistoryofNamayanskings.IthadbeenruledfromSapa byLakanTagkan (alsoknown as Lacatagcan and Takhan), and Lady Buan.Their knownprogenywerefiveindividualsofwhomtheprincipalisknownasPalaba.Palaba siredasonbythename ofLaboywho,inturn,siredasonnamedCalamayinwhose ownsonwaschristenedMartinwhenheconvertedtoCatholicisminthe1600s. TagkanschildbyhisBorneanslavewife,however,isprobablyofmoreinteresttosome. Thechild,namedPasayinheritedterritoriesknowntodayasCuliculi,Baclarananda moderncitywithinMetroManilathatstillbearsthischildsname.Thereissomediscre pancyaswhetherPasaywasasonordaughterassomehistoricaltextsrefertothisindi vidualasDayangdayangPasay,ortheHighPrincessofPasay.Thereareotherexplan ationstothenatureofthenamebutthemostthatsgivenmuchweightisthatitwas namedafteraprincessoftheNamayanKingdom. Focusasamajortradehub During the period between the 7th century up until the beginning of the 1400s, numerous prosperous centers of trade emerged, including that of the Kingdom of Namayan.Asalocusoftrade,thisprobablyexplainswhythesiteoftheroyalcapitalof theKingdomofNamayaninSapastillsurvivestoday,butinanotherform.Itisnow knownasthedistrictofSantaAnadeSapa(foundedin1578)andwherethefamousSta. AnaChurchnowstands. Asaconfederationofbarangays,localinhabitantsofthisKingdombroughttheirproducts to the capital. International trading activities flourished from the 12th to the 14th centuriesprincipallywithmerchantsfromChina,theMoluccas,Java,Borneo,Sumatra, India,Siam,andCambodiawhojourneyedtoNamayantoexchangetheirgoods. NamayansstrategiclocationinSoutheastAsiafacilitatedmuchofthecommercebetween otherfarflungkingdomsduringthatperiod.Asanentrept,itcreatedmuchwealthfor itsowncitizensandenricheditsstatureandstatusasanimportantandthrivingculture prior to the colonization of the Philippines by the Iberian Spaniards in following FerninandMagellansfirstandlastvisitin1521 AlookattheRajahnateofButuan Muchhasbeensaidaboutthiskingdom,pittingtraditionalhistoriansfromMindanao (whorelyontheirtarsilas)againstacademichistorianswhopracticesomearcheology.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales ThenameButuanisbelievedtohaveexistedbeforetheSpanishconquistadoresarrivalin thePhilippines.Itsuggeststhenamederivesfromthewordbatuan,amangosteenlike fruittreethrivinginMindanao.Whicheversourceitderivesitsnamefrom,Butuanhas beenaroundforaverylongtimeinthenortheastpartofMindanao. Oneofthemainissuesisthatpredominantlymosthistorianstrytocreatetheideatha ButuanwasaHindukingdom,andironically,therajahofthishindukingdomisbrother to a Muslim Sultan who happens to be a descendant of Shariffs (descedants of the Prophet Muhammad) as such we will discuss the evolution of this kingdom from a Muslimhistoriographerspersepective,guidedbythetarsilasofthebrothersoftheKing ofButuanandotherthirdpartysources,wewillattempttoreconstructinafewdetails theKingdomofButuan. AsecretsocietyinBohol,knownasTheEskayanarratesintheirrecordsthatthattheir ancestors appeared one day on their island. One of the books of the Eskaya entitled UnangKatawhanSaBohol(or,FirstPeopleofBohol)relatesthatanancestornamed Dangko,his12children(11boysandagirl),andseveralfollowersthatincludedmen, womenandchildrenmadetheirlandfallontheshoresofBoholin677A.D. TheseapparentmigrantsrefugeesoriginatedfromSumatraManselis(thewesternside ofSumatra,Indonesia)onboardaLutsaatypeofsailingvesselsomewhatresembling acrossbetweenaChinesejunkrigonaPortuguese(orEuropeanstyle)hull.Eventually, Dangkos only daughter married a chieftain of Butuan. This narrative attamepts to createarelationshipwhichtriestoexplainwhytheEskayawereoncepartoftheButuan thalossocracy (a state with primarilymaritime realms) and also why members of the EskayainButuanmaintainclosecontactwiththeEskayaofBoholtothisday. OnlyfewplacesinthePhilippineshavealongerandmorecolorfulhistorythanButuan. ThroughmostpartoftheMiddleAges,specificallybetweenthe5thtothe14thcentury AD,Butuanwasaflourishingandhighlycivilizedcommunity. Itrosetobecomeaninternationaltradingcentreandpossessedadevelopedpolitical structure,cosmopolitan tastes for fine clothing and jewelry, chinaware, cosmetics, gold ornamentationandsilversmithingtechnology. ElDoradointhePhilippines. Goldhasalwaysplayedaroleinourhistory.Sinceancienttimes,theseislandshavebeen anactiveproducerofthisandotherpreciousmetals.Inthatrespect,Butuanowesits

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales existence largely to gold mined at the headwaters of Agusan River in the Diwata mountainrange.Thenasnow,itwasknownasamajorsourceofthismetalduringthe 11thcentury.Today,nearly70%oftheCentralBankofthePhilippinesprehispanicgold collectioncomesfromButuananditsneighboringareas.Ithasgrownintooneofthemost importantgoldcollectionsinAsia. Thesignificanceoftheeconomicinfluenceofthisancientsettlementisundeniable.Itwas acentrewherelocalmerchantsbarteredgoldforforeigngoods.Butothergoodsrecovered from archeological excavations in Butuan ceramics, glass beads, bronze vessels and utensils;alsohighlighttheextentandsophisticationofButuanculture,tradeandcontact with other kingdoms of the time in China, India, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, and otherAsiancountries. These excavationsrevealthat thekingdomofButuanpossessed a muchsophisticated nateureandwasdealingwiththeAsianPowersoftheTime.fromtheShriVishayanera, totheChineseimperialfleetsasdocumentedbyChineseImperialcourthistorians. Duringthatperiod,theKingdomofButuanwasalargesettlementandaflourishingport with an established civil structure exercising governance over residents that included traders,craftsmen,andotherswhowouldhavehadreligiousandculturalactivitiesas well.Thisexplainswhyitemergedasanurbanizedportcentreandanentreptduring thefirstmillennium.

TheDiplomacyofFlamboyance ArchivalEvidencefromwrittenrecordsrevealthatthekingdomwasincontactwiththe SongdynastyofChina(960and1279AD)andthatfromthe10thuptothe13thcentury AD, diplomatic and trade missions from Butuan were being received at the Imperial Court. The Chinese annal Song Shih records the first appearance of a Butuan diplomatic missionattheChineseImperialCourtonMarch17,1001AD.ItdescribesButuan(Pu tuan)asacountrybytheseathathadregulareconomicintercoursewithChampaa Cambodiankingdom,andintermittentcontactwithImperialChinaunderarajahnamed Kiling(9891009AD). Intheyear1003A.D.,RajahKilingsenttwoofhisemissariesLiyihanandJiaminan,to theSungCourtofChina.Butitwaseightyearslaterin1011ADthathissuccessorRajah

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales SriBataShaja(pronouncedXilibadashazhi)sentaflamboyantambassadorLikan hsieh,whoshockedtheChineseEmperorbypresentingamemorialengravedonagold tablet, camphor, Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea slave at the eve of an important ceremonialstatesacrifice.ThisdisplayofwealthsparkedinterestsfromChinaoverthe kingdomandLiyuxieobtainedrecognitionfromChinaequaltothestatusofChampaas Chinastributary.

Anenlightenedpeople ItisperhapsthroughignorancethattheworldcontinuestoconsiderChinaandIndiaas countriesthathasanancienttraditionofwritingandassumesthatthePhilippinesowes its literacy tothe West. This can be seen in thelight of the light that theseeastern countriesusetheirownwritingsystemswhiletodaythe Filipinosliteracyliesinthe usageofthelatinscriptasaproofoftheirliteracy. Outsidersmaybeforgivenforsuchabelief,butitisironicthatmanyFilipinosalsodo notknowthatseveralwritingsystemsexistinthePhilippinespriortothearrivalofthe LatinscriptintroducedbytheSpanishwhosetfootonitsshores. Inmostancientcultures,theskillofliteracywasreservedforthefewwhobelongedto privilegedclasses.ThepriestlyclassinancientEgyptianandMayancivilizationsandits related class of scribes existed mainly to glorify and record the reign of the ruling monarchandhisaccomplishments.Theywereemployedtorecordhistory,theglorious deeds of the king, and keep track of tributes and taxes that were expected from the governed. Ontheotherhand,thereisacontrasttothisinthecontextoftheMalaykingdomsin theseislandsastheaccountsoftheuseofwritinginthePhilippinesindicatethatthey werenotextensivelyusedtorecordhistoryandtraditionofkingsbutsimplyforpersonal communication and writing poetry. The culture that the Spaniards found in the Philippines was unique in that the art of reading and writing was in the hands of everybody. When Miguel Lopez de Legazpi came to Manila, he found that almost everybodycouldreadandwrite. Asaconsequence,TheSpaniardsfoundtheinhabitantsinManilaandotherplacesin thearchipelagobeingliterate. Thereweretwosystemsinplacebeingused,thenorthernareas(mayi,Pulilo,Tundok, sugbu)utilizedascriptthatwasidenticaltothescriptusedbythepeopleinchampa.The

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales inhabitants in Manila and other places in the archipelago writing on bamboo and speciallyprepared palm leaves using knives and styli. They used the ancient Tagalog scriptwhichhad17basicsymbolsthreeofwhichwerethevowelsa,i,andu.Eachbasic consonantalsymbolhadtheinherentasound:ka,ga,nga,ta,da,na,pa,ba,ma,ya,la, wa,sa,andha. Adiacriticalmarkcalledkudlitmodifiedthesoundofthesymbol.Thismarkcouldbea dot,ashortline,orevenanarrowhead.Whenplacedabovethesymbol,itchangedthe inherentsoundofthesymbolfromatoi;placedbelow,thesoundbecameu.Thusaba withakudlitplacedabovebecameabi;ifthekudlitwasplacedbelow,thesymbolbecame abu.Itwasasimpleandelegantsystemthatwascalledbaybayin. This system was unique as it utilized the diatrical marks that were symbolic of the arabic, pahlavi and jawi scripts (fatra, kasra, dammah) and as such there was clear evidencethattherewasanevolutioninthescriptknownasbaybayinwiththejawiscript, usedbythemalaynobleswhoruledtheseislands. ThispromptedtheSpanishCatholicfriarstopublishabookinthenativescriptin1593 butwithinacenturyoftheirarrival,literacyintheTagalogscriptthattheycameupon was gone largely through forced introduction of the Spanish language. It was not, However,untiltheendofSpanishPeriodinthePhilippineswhereitbecameknownthat remotemountaingroupshadmaintainedtheirliteracyinscriptssimilartotheTagalog script.Theyarestillinusetoday. Relationshipswiththeotherkingdoms. TherulersofButuanwererelatedtotheSultanofsulu,therewerereferencesthatatone timetherulerofButuanwastheyoungerbrotheroftheSultanofsulu,onestrongproof was thateventhelanguageoftheButuanonsthemselvesaswellas theSuriganonon bearsverystrongsimmilaritieswiththetausugdialect.Tarsilasandstoriesbothabound frombothkingdoms. ThedemiseofaKINGDOM Colonizationofthewesthasalwaysbeendestructiveeversince,mostespeciallyinthe case of Spanish Imperialism and whenever civilizations make contact with them this leads to both civilizational and cultural demise which is a result of colonization and enforcedacculturationbycolonizingauthorities,evidencedbythedemiseoftheMayans, AztecsandIncasinCentralandSouthAmerica,thegloryoftheRajahnateofButuan waseventuallywashedaway.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales Itwasalustforgoldandspicesthatpropelledafuriousracetoestablishcoloniesaround theworldintheAgeofDiscovery.TheintensecompetitionbetweentheSpaniardsand Portuguesemadesureoftheseinevitableoutcomes. Facing the same colonial forces, the Kingdom of Butuan, being harassed by the PortugueseandtheirMollucanallies.AlthoughdiplomaticrelationsbetweenChinaand theRajahnatereacheditspeakduringtheYuanDynasty(12711368),Chineserecords aboutthekingdomstoppedafterthereignofRajahSiaguthelastindependentKingof Butuan. His association with with Ferdinand Magellan in March 1521 marked the subjugationofhiskingdomintotheSpanishempireeventuallydestroyedbytheinfluxof boththeCruxandthecannon.. LookingattheCebuRajahnate OneMustunderstandthatSugbuwasanislandwithdifferentsettlementsandthateach settlementwasruledbyanautonomousleader,initiallybeforethecomingofislam,the people followed the Indian religions , being part of the sri vishaya and madjapahit empires,however,astheislamizationofmorolandtookplace,theothercousinsinorderto create a synchonous relationships with the others engaged in both conversion and intermarriages as a means of both protecting their fiefdoms and ensuring that the bloodlinesaretheretomaintainrelationshipsandgovernance. ThereareseveralsourcesthatweseementionoftheDirajaSugbu,someofthemarethe SuluktarsilasaswellastheChroniclesofAginid(whichtosomeskepticsviewitasan attempttodownplaythepressenceofMuslimrulersduetotheIlanunandBalanguinguih navalincursionsduringtheSpanishera). ComparingnotesontheCHRONICLESOFAGINID,TheancientpoemDiyandiandthe Sulutarsilas. ComparingandanalyzingthetalesofAginid,theancientpoemDiyandi(intausugand othermalaylanguages,thewordjanjih,Diyanjireferstoapromise,anagreementora sacredvow)andtheSulutarsilasandelegiestoMaasIlidjisidebysidewouldshowupthe followingmentalimage.Accordingly, hundredsofyearsagoinhabitantsinthecentral partofCebuislandburneddownatownknownasSugboasawaytodriveawaysea pirates.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales Accomplishingthisdeed,theywouldthenfleetoadjacentmountainsbutlaterlauncha counteroffensive against the demoralized and exhausted invaders. It is a stirring chronicleofthestoryoftherichcultureandcolorfulhistoryofprecolonialCebuinthe PhilippinesandrevealsitslinkstoapowerfulHinduempire. Thefirstorganizedsettlerswhohadasystemofgovernancewasnotablydescendedfrom thetheCholas, afamilywhofoundedanancientTamildynastyinSoutheasternIndia wereoneofthelongestrulingdynastiesinthatpartoftheworld. Duringtheperiod10101200,itsterritoriesstretchedfromtheislandsoftheMaldivesin thesouthtoasfarnorthasthebanksoftheGodavariRiverinAndhraPradesh.They annexed parts of what is now Sri Lanka and sent an expedition to North India that touchedtheriverGangeswheretheydefeatedthePalarulerofPataliputrainMahipala. Thereafter,theysuccessfullyinvadedkingdomsoftheMalayArchipelago,thenoccupied SumatraandpartoftheislandofBorneoinIndonesiainstallingmembersoftheirown familyasrajahs(kings)toruleoverthelocalinhabitantsuntilthedynastyitselfwent into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with the rise of the Pandyas, who ultimatelycausedtheirdownfall.ThedownfalloftheCholaseventuallyresultedtothe settlingdownoftheinitialforcessenttotheseislandswhofounditagoodplacetoavoid theconflictsintheirhomeland. EventuallyasthecontinouswavesofBorneansandotherseafaringMalaysbeganto settledownintheadjacentdistrictsandareasaroundthesewttlementofthedescendants ofthemigrantcholas,anewsystemeventuallyevolved(whichwascommonwithother partsofthearchipelagowhichwassettledbytheformerforcessentbytheShriVishaya, MadjapahitandCholaempiresthisgavewaytoacommunitywhereinthepredominantly migrantseafaringmalaystookoverthewholesettlementsandassimilatedthem,assuch was born the Rajahnate of Cebu, a classical state which existed in the centre of the VisayasregionpriortothearrivaloftheSpanish,wassupposedlyfoundedbySriLumay orRajamudaLumayaasitsitsfirstruler. SourcessayHewaseitheraminorbutambitiousnativeprincefromSumatrawhotraced hisancestrytotheCholadynasty,oroneofthosewhocamefromthelineageofMerong Mahawangsa.ItissaidthathewassenttothePhilippinesbytherulingmaharajahto establishaforwardbaseforexpeditionaryforces.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales ThestategicpositionoftheSoutheastAsianaturallybecamepartofthetraderouteofthe ancient world. Agricultural products were bartered for Chinese silk cloths, bells, porcelainwares,irontools,oillamps,andmedicinalherbs.FromJapan,perfumeand glassutensilswereusuallytradedfornativegoods.Ivoryproducts,leather,preciousand semiprecious stones and sarkara (sugar) mostly came from the Burmese and Indian traders. The Maharaja of Sumatra obviously wanted to extend his influence and protect his interests in all these lucrative trading activities but was thwarted when Rajamuda Lumaya took a turn of mind and rebelled by establishing his own independent state instead. Thisperiodwastheestablishmentofthismonrachy(estimatedbetweenthe13thand 16thcenturyCE)SugbuwasinhabitedbyHindu,AnimistandMuslimtribalgroupsall ruledbyRajahsandDatus(chieftains). InwhatremainsofthefolkloreoftheVisayanpeople,RajamudaLumayaissaidtohave siredseveralsonsandforatimeestablishedadynastyofhisown.OfthesesonsSriAlho (thetitleSriwasusedasatitleofvenerationoftheleaders)ruledalandknownas SialowhichincludedthepresentdaytownsofCarcarandSantanderinthesouthern partofCebuisland. Anotherson,SriUkob,ruledakingdomknownasNahalininthenorthwhichincluded thepresentdaytownsofConsolacin,Liloan,Compostela,Danao,CarmenandBantayan. Sri Ukob died in battle fighting against other seaborne Malays (ilanuns and balanguinguihs)notablyfromthelargerislandofMindanaoandSulu.

TheyoungestofhissonswasSriBantugwhoruledakingdomknownasSinghapala,in aregionwhichistodayknownasCebuCity.Hediedinanepidemicwhichspreadinthe islandandwassucceededbyhissonSriHamabar,alsoknownasRajahHumabon.

RajamudaLumayaalsohadanothersonknownasSriParangtheLimp,Hecouldnot effectivelygovernhiskingdombecauseofhisinfirmitysohehandedhisthronetohis nephew Humabon who became the Rajah of Cebu. Although a strict disciplinarian, RajamudaLumayawasalsoknowntobeafairandjustrulerthatnotasingleslaveran awayfromhim.Duringhisreign,theMagalos(atermthatliterallymeansdestroyersof peaceoftenusedasaderrogatorytermfortheotherMoroCorsairs)ofteninvadedthe

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales islandtolootandhuntforslaves.Eachtimetheseraidersappearedoverthehorizon, RajamudaLumayawouldcommandeerhisfollowerstoburnthewholetowninorderto drivetheinvadersawayemptyhanded. TheRajahnateofCebucontinuedtofightonforseveralyearsagainsttheslavetraders even forming an alliance with the Rajahnate of Butuan to strengthen their efforts.RajamudaLumayawaseventuallykilledinoneofthebattlesagainsttheMagalos andwassucceededbySriBantug.Bantugcarried onhisfathersrulesthroughouthis reign. He organized umalahukans (reporters) to urge people to obey his orders, especiallyonagriculturalproduction,tradeanddefense.

ThearrivalofMaasIliji The arrival of Maas Ilijih Hadji Pulaku(known to Cebuano folklore as Lapulapu Dimantag)asamawhofrequentlytraveledfromsuluandBorneocameandaskedRajah Humabon(SriBantugsson)foraplacetosettle.Beinganoranglaut(manofthesea), HumabonofferedtheislandofOpongbutLapulapuwasconvincedinsteadtosettlein Mandawili (now Mandaue) and make that land productive much as it was virtually impossibletocultivatefoodcropsinOpongislandduetoitsrockyterrain. UnderLapulapusleadership,theeconomyoftheislandflourishedlargelybecauseofthe goodshebroughtfromthelandandseainnorthernCebuthatincreasedtrading.With his power and influence now growing, it did not take long for his relationship with Humabontosour. ThishappenedwhenLapulapubegantogainbothinfluenceandhiscommunitiesgrew, andbeingSama,hisstrengthcomesfromhisallegiancetotheSuluSultanwhichwas protection for his lucrative activities. part of the traditional agreements of the Sama balanguinguih with the Sulu sultans was the autonomy to conduct merchant marine activitiesanddefensiveattacksagainstotherfleets,whichoccassionallyincludesactsof piracyinhighseasonshipsbelongingtothosewhoposeathreattotheSultanateof Sulu. Bolsteredbyanalliancethatprotected his flanks,Lapulapuordered his mento loot enemy ships passing through Opong Island which significantly lowered trading transactionsfortheRajahofCebu.ThiscreatedtensionsbetweenHumabonandLapu lapu. Opong Island thus earned the illreputed name mangatang which later was shortenedtothewordMactan.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales

The Conflict ofHumabon and Kaggi Pulaku and thefirst blood shed bytheSpanish colonialists. ThephraseCataRayaChita, ThecebuanoepicpoemAginidmentionsofawarningintheOldMalaylanguagegivenby avisitingmerchanttoRajahHumabon,foretellswhatcouldbefalltheRajahnateifcareis nottakentoavoidconflictwithanewforceloomingoverthehorizon: Have good care, O king, what you do, for these men arethosewho haveconquered Calicut,Malacca,andallIndiatheGreater.Ifyou givethemgoodreceptionandtreat themwell,itwillbewellforyou,butifyoutreatthemill,somuchtheworseitwillbefor you,astheyhavedoneatCalicutandatMalacca. HistorianshaveputforwardthenotionthatifRajahHumabonhadnotallowedLapu laputosettleintheislandofCebuadvisinghiminsteadtolook elsewhereforlandto settle further up north in the archipelago the course of Philippine history would be drasticallydifferenttoday. Soon after, as the merchant had warned, Spanish explorers arrive on Visayan shores afteralongvoyageofexplorationthroughthePacificOcean.WhiletheAginidretellsthe storyofhowHumabonbefriendsthetravelers,convertstoChristianityand,accordingto ItalianhistorianAntonioPigafetta,requestsMagellantokillLapulapu,theAginidalso relateshowkaggiPulakuoutplays,outlasts,outwitsandeventuallyslaysMagellaninthe battleofMactaninthemonthofApril1521. Outofthefiveshipsandmorethan300menwholeftontheMagellanExpeditionin 1519,onlyoneship(theVictoria)and18menreturnedto SevilleinSeptember1522. JuanSebastiandeElcano,themasterofoneofthoseships,theConcepcion(whichsank onthereturntrip),tookovercommand. They started off through the westward route and returning to Spain by going east; MagellanandElcanosentirevoyagetookalmostthreeyearstocompletebutearnedthe distinctionofbeingthefirsttocircumnavigatetheworldinonefulljourney.Itprovedthat theworldwasindeedround. Afterthatevent,theSpaniardsoverthenext51yearscamebacktothePhilippinesin shipsofexpedition.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales The most notable one was commanded by SpanishBasque explorer Miguel Lpez de LegazpiandtobegintheeliminationoftheMorokingdomsnorthofMindanaoandbegin thereignascolonialmastersofthearchipelagoforthenext333years(15651898).

TheTawalisiKingdomandthelegendarywarriorprincess Therearevariedaccountsonthiskingdom,somerunverydifferentaccounts,butwhatis famous about the Tawalisi kingdom is its legendary warrior Princess Urduja which ancient accounts say, was a 14th century woman ruler of the dynastic Kingdom of TawalisiinPangasinan,avastarealyingbytheshoresoftheLingayenGulfandthe ChinaSea. Pangasinanwasanimportantkingdomthen,andthesovereignwasconsideredtobean equaltotheEmperorofChina.Knownfarandwide,PrincessUrdujawasfamousfor leadingaretinueofwomanwarriorswhowereskilledfightersandequestrians.They developedahighartofwarfaretopreservetheirpoliticalstate."Thesewomenfolktookto thebattlefieldsbecausethemalepopulationwasdepletedbytheseriesofwarswhich camewiththeShriVisayanEmpireinthesixthtothe13thcenturies,"theaccountssaid. Strongandmasculinephysique,theywerecalledkinalakian(Amazonswarriors). Highlyexaggeratedbycurrenthistoriansandmadeintomoviesandanimatedfilms,the mostfamousthridpartyaccountcomesfromtheArabhistorianandtraveller,IbnBatuta in his book Rihla (a travelogue) .part of the story narrated that in 1347 he was a passengeronaChinesejunk,whichhasjustcomefromtheportofKakula,northofJava andSumatraandpassedbyPangasinanonthewaytoCanton,China.Urduja,whohada particularfascinationfortherenowed"PepperCountry"pepperbeingconsideredblack goldthenwasquotedbyBatutaassaying,"Imustpositivelygotowarwiththatcountry, andgetpossessionofit,foritsgreatwealthandgreatforcesattractme."

The description of Princess Urduja's gifts of rice, buffaloes, ginger, pepper, lemons, mangoes,andsaltfitsPangasinanperfectlybecauseoftheabundanceofthoseproducts inPangasinan.ThecloselyrelatedIbaloipeoplehaveanoraltraditionofawomannamed Udayan who ruled an ancient alliance of lowland and highland settlements in PangasinanandtheneighboringprovinceofBenguet.IbnBattutaalsomentionedthat Urduja had some knowledge of Turkish. During the time of Ibn Battuta period, the influenceoftheTurkishOttomanEmpirewasontherise.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales

IbnBatutta'stravelaccountsuggeststhathealsosawelephantsinthelandruledby Urduja.ElephantscanstillbefoundinBorneo,andmayhavebeengiftsortradedin Pangasinan in earlier times. Ancient MalayoPolynesian sailing vessels, like the ones usedbytheancientBugisandthosedepictedintheBorobudurbasreliefs,werecapable oftransportingheavycargoes,includingelephants.Therearedepictionsofsuchancient shipsinmaritimeSoutheastAsiatransportingseveralelephantsfortrade. InPangasinan,UrdujahasbeendepictedastheonlydaughterofaRajahwhosesonslost theirlivesdefendingtheiragriculturalsettlementsintheAgnoRivervalleyandseatrade routestotheirSrivijayaandChampaallies.Urdujawastrainedintheartofwarsince shewasachild,andshebecameanexpertwiththekampilanandaskillednavigator.She commandedafleetofproastoprotecttheirmaritimetradenetworksagainstpiratesand threatsfromMongolruledChina.Withherbeauty,sheattractedmanysuitors. Biasedhistoriographyfromtheacademe Oneoftheproblemsencounteredbylocalhistorianswastheeffortoffeministswhotried torevivetheUrdujastorybutwerediscouragedtolearnthatBatuta'saccount ofthe voyage to Tawalisi was labeled as either an intrigue or a fantasy. as a result some scholars,haveconsideringthestoryabsurd,declaredUrdujaamyth.Thishowevercomes from a strongbias against arab historiographers who they claim tohave exaggerated accounts of the places they visit, forgetting that Marco Polo himself was describing exaggeratedthingstopeopleofhistime.

Dr. Jose Rizal, in Dr. Austin Craig's 1916 paper "Particulars of the Philippines' Pre Spanish Past" was quoted as saying in one of his letters: "While I may have doubts regardingtheaccuracyofIbnBatuta'sdetails,IstillbeleiveinthevoyagetoTawalisi". HewentasfarastocalculatethedistanceandtimeoftravelfromtheportofKakula. Rizal'scommentarywastriggeredbyascholar,SirHenryYule,whowroteinhistime that:"TawalisimaybefoundonlyinaGullivergeography." Ironically,tarsilasinsulu,Bruneiandmaguidanaoallpointtoamuslimenclavethatis farthernorthofManilabay,andthatthisisbelievedbyMuslimsinthesouth,andone wouldbesurprisedamongthehighlandersthatUrduja'snamestillhasgreatresonance amongtheIbaloi,oneofthemajorethnolinguistictribesintheCordilleraregion.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales Dr.MorrTadeoPungayan,arespectedscholarofIbaloicultureandprofessorattheSt. Louis University of Baguio City, said, "Linguistically, Urduja is Deboxah (pronounced Debuca)inIbaloi.We'vealwayshadawomannamedDeboxahfromtimeimmemorial amongthegenrationsofIbaloi.Thenameusuallydescribesawomanofstrongquality andcharacterwho'snoblydescended.ThatnameisanIbaloiname.That'swhyIbaloi tracetheirancestryfromUrduja". TheCordilleratribes,alsoknowncollectivelyasIgorots,pridethemselvesasbeingthe only ethnic group that doesn't talk about the origin of man according to Spanish chronicles.Amongthetribes,genealogyandfamilyhistoryareorallypassedhistory.The Ibaloi,justlikeotherhighlandtribes,couldeasilytracetheirancestry.Thisisensuredby theircustomofnamingnewbornsafterancestorstohelpkeeptheirmemoryaliveand evokeaffectionandprotection. "No Ibaloi will bear the name of an ancestor unless she's related," Dr. Pungayan explained.WhiletheBontoctribebestowsthenameofanancestortoagrandchild,the Ibaloistyleisnamesakingthegreatgrandchild,headded. AbookonthehistoryofBenguetprovince,writtenbyAnavicBagamasbadandZenaida HamadaPawid,showstheBenguetgenealogytracingtribalfamilylinesfromtheyear 1380to1899.Thebooksays,"Theextentofintersettlementalliancesisclimaxedinthe memoryofTublayinformantswiththereignofDeboxah,PrincessUrduja,inPinga.She's acknowledgedasthegranddaughterofUdayan,anoutstandingwarriorofDarew.Her deathsignaledcontinuousdeclineofkinshipandalliancebetweenhighlandandlowland settlements." TheDarewmountainrangeisrememberedastheearliestsettlementintheminingtown ofTublay.ThecloserelationsbetweentheCordillerasandLingayenarewellaccounted for in Batuta's chronicle. It said that the Kingdom of Tawalisi was very extensive, includingthevastareasuptothefringesoftheBenguetmountainsandtheCordillera rangesintheeastofLuzon. Thruler,Batutafurthersaid,"possessesnumerousjunkswithwhichhemakeswarupon theChineseuntiltheysueforpeaceandconsenttogranthimcertainconcessions."

Despite recent research, however, most luzon based academicians remain cold to oral history, saying that such accounts still have to pass through stringent rigors of scholarship.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales Today,somehistoriansconsidertheissueofUrduja'shistoricityasclosed.Compounding the issue is the lack of archaelogical evidence on the existence of the ShriVisayan Empire, but strong evidence on the presence of Muslim rajahships throughout the archipelago,whichcompoundstheirinabilitytoaddresstheissethatUrdujaasinfacta MuslimDayangDayang(femaleRoyalty). Infact,duetothecoldnessofManilabasedhistorianstotheseissues,otheraspectsof Philippine history as a result arebeing doubted,too, especiallysince the lateWilliam Henry Scott, an American historian in the Cordillera, proved that the socalled pre Hispanic lawsthe Kalantiawand Maragtas Codeswere faked or invented by psuedo historianswhoonlywantedfameorrichesforthemselves. Dr.JaimeVeneracion,theUniversityofthePhilippinesheadofhistorydepartment,said thattheoldChinesescriptswhichmayhavechronicledUrduja'skingdomhaveremained inaccessiblefortheirarchaiclanguageandcalligraphy.

RajahshipofTundok:

TheIndoMalayKingdomofTundo Tondo,wasknownandreferredtomanynamessuchasTundo,TundunandTundok. ItwasafortifiedPhilippinekingdomwhosecapitalwaslocatednorthofthePasigriver whichflowsintotheManilaBayonthearchipelagoslargestislandofLusiong(Luzon). ItisoneoftheoldersettlementsmentionedintheLagunaCopperplateInscriptionwhich datesbackto900AD. DuetotheformerlybeingapartoftheShriVishayaandmadjapahitempires,Tondowas an Indianized kingdom in the 10th century. It was based essentially on Hindu and BuddhistculturalandeconomicinfluencesthatpermeatedmostofSoutheastAsiaatthe time.DespitebeingculturallyakintoHinducultures,kingdomslikeTondoeventually becameautyonomousanduponthefalloftheearlierempiresofIndiatheynevertheless enthusiasticallyadoptedelementsofrajadharma(HinduandBuddhistbeliefs,codes andcourtpractices)tolegitimatetheirownruleandconstructedcities.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales As with other Indomalay kingdoms in Southeast Asia they have developed a close affinitywithotherkingdomsbothbyinternalizingthenomenclatureofreligious,cultural and economicpractices through bothintermarriages and tradingwitheachotherand establishedrelationshipswitheachother,thisbeingadistinctcharactherizedthatmay beascribedfromIndianrulersofthesubcontinentthemselves. ApresentdayexampleofanIndianizedculturethathassurvivedisthatnowfoundon the island of Bali in Indonesia. Balinese are people of Malay stock whose majority practicetheHindureligioninasomewhatfamiliarbutlocalisedformoneamidsta modernnationwhichisotherwisedominatedbyIslamicreligiousbeliefs. AnobviousattributeoftheculturallinksbetweenSoutheastAsiaandtheIndiansubcon tinentisthespreadandabsorptionofancientIndianVedic/HinduandBuddhistphiloso phiesandcultureintopresentdaynationstatessuchasMyanmar,Thailand,Malaysia, LaosandCambodia.IndianscriptsarealsofoundinSoutheastAsianislandsranging fromSumatra,Java,Bali,southSulawesiandmostofthePhilippineArchipelago.

Regionalstrategiclocation. WhatisnowknownabouttheKingdomofTondoisthatitinitiateddiplomatictieswith ChinaduringtheMingDynastywhichruledChinafrom1368to1644AD,followingthe collapseoftheMongolledYuanDynasty.TheMingAnnalsrecordthearrivalofanenvoy fromLuzonin1373AD.Fromtheserecords,itisapparentthattherulersofTondowere acknowledgednotasmerechieftains,butaskings.ThisreferenceplacesTondointothe larger context of Chinese trade with the peoples of the Philippine archipelago and explainswhyitwasconsideredadominantforceinregionaltrade. EventuallyTondothusbecameacentrefromwhichChinesegoodsweretradedallacross Southeast Asia. Chinese trade was so strict that Luzon traders carrying these goods wereconsideredChinesebythepeopletheyencountered. CulturallinksbetweenwhatarenowChinaandthePhilippinesdatebacktothepeopling oftheselands.ButtheearliestarcheologicalevidenceoftradebetweenthePhilippines andChinatakestheformofpotteryandporcelainpiecesdatedtotheTang(618907AD) andSong(9601279AD)Dynasties. Tondosexistencehasalreadybeenestablishedandthearcheologicalevidenceindicates thatbothitandtheolderNamayanKingdominLuzonwerepartofthistrade.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales

TheriseoftheMingdynastyalsowitnessedthearrivalofthefirstChinesesettlersinthe Philippines. They were wellcomed and settled in harmony with the existing local population eventually intermarrying with them such that today, numerous Philippine peoplehaveChinesebloodrunningintheirveins. DealingwiththeBruneisultanate.

AswiththerajahnateofCebuwhichhadMaasIlidjiwhowasconnectedwiththeSulu SultanatesettleandestablishhiscommunityinCebu,sodidthekingdomofTundokhad a run in with the Sultanate of Brunei, which eventually led to Tondos regional prominenceintradethruthealliancewithBruneiSultan(1485AD1524AD),which led to its peak age as a maritime trading force even as relations between them date fartherbackinhistory. The political,economic,religiousaswellassocioculturalrelationsbetweenthesetwo countrieshaveexistedformorethanfivecenturiesandespeciallyduringtheperiodwhen theSpanish,thePortugueseandtheDutchwerecontestingsupremacyoverterritories comprisingtheMalayPeninsulaandlargeswathsofSoutheastAsia. In that aspect, a more important relationship had been cemented through a stronger bondofbloodbasedaffinitiesbetweentheBruneianroyalfamilieswithmembersofthe Filipinonobilityofthe15thcentury. TheKingdomofTondobecamesoprosperousthataroundtheyear1500AD,SultanBol kiah(anancestorofthepresentrulingSultanBolkiahHassanal)mergedwithitbya royalmarriageofGatLontok,wholaterbecameRajah(Lord)ofNamayan,andDayang Kalangitan (or Princess of the Heavens) to establish a city with the Malay name of Seludong(laterontobecomethecityofMaynila)situatedontheoppositebankofthe PasigRiver. ThetraditionalrulersofTondotheLakandula(literally,theLordsofthePalace), retainedtheirtitlesandpropertybuttherealpoliticalpowernowresidedintheHouseof Soliman, the Rajahs of Maynila whose line eventually formed the Tagalog Maginoo rulingcasteofTondo.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales YearsafterMagellansdeathin1521atthehandofaDatuknownasmaasIlidji(Lapu lapu),theSpanishbelatedlyreturnedinforce50yearslateranddefeatedthelocalrulers whosedominionssurroundedtheManilaBayby1591. Spanishrecordsmentionthreerulerswhoplayedsignificantrolesafterthearrivalof MiguelLopezdeLegaspiyGurruchtegui(15021572AD)ontheislandofCebuinthe VisayasregionofthePhilippinestowardsthelatterpartof1570butmoreparticularly relatedtohistwomuchyoungerLieutenantcommandersMartndeGoitiandJuande Salcedo both who, pursuant to the orders of King Philip of Spain to colonize the Philippines, explored the northern region of Luzon where the Kingdoms of Tondo, NamayanandMaynilawereallsituated. TheFilipinorulersatthattimewereRajahMatandareferredtoasElViego(theOld Man),andalsoknownasAche;RajahLakanDula;and,theirnephewRajahSulaymanIII referredtoasRajahMuraortheYoungRajah.RajahMatandaandRajahSulayman IIIwerejointrulersoftheMalayspeakingMoslemKingdomofMaynila,whileRajah LakanDularuledover.

ThedissolutionoftheTundoKingdom

TheSpanishconquestofLuzonculminatedintheBattleofBankusaywhichoccurredon 03 June 1571. After that episode, the area comprising the Kingdoms of Tondo and Namayan also came under the administration of Spanish Manila dissolving their existence asindependentstates.UnderSpain,theCityofManilabecamethecolonial entreptintheFarEast.Tondoasaplacetodaycontinuestoexistasadistrictofthecity ofManila,whichispartofthelargerMetroManila.

ThefrontbaseofBrunei:Kotaseludong TheBruneiSultanandKotaSeludong ThebasisforthecreationoftheKingdomofMaynilaisactuallysaidtobetheresultof bothpoliticalneedandeconomicpositioningbythesultanofBruneinamedBolkiahwho, in order not to accomplish his objectives militarily, found another far more effective approachthatneutralisedtheKingdomofTondosmonopolyontradewithChina.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales HeachievedthissimplybyarrangingaroyalmarriagebetweenaRoyalPrinceofBrunei withaHighPrincessofTondosrulingdynasty.Insteadofspillingmoreblood,theSultan founditmoreconvenienttomixitthroughmarriage. AspartofthePrincessdowry,theKingofTondoagreedtotheestablishmentofanew citycalledKotaSeludonglocatedintheriverPasigacrossfromhiscapital.FortheSultan ofBrunei,thislocationwasaperfectsiteforhisPrincessocalledretinuetoestablish directtradingactivitieswiththeChinatraderswhoweighedanchoratthemouthofthe river in the Bay of Manila. Bolkiah regarded Seludong as a highlyprized Bruneian satellite and, foras long as themarriage lasted and produced children and heirs; he considered it a perfect match of interests, mostly to his favour economically as many studentsofhistoryofthatperiodnowbelieve. ThenamesSeludong,SaludongorSelurongareallinterchangeablyusedtodenotean areawheretheKingdomofMaynilawaslaterestablishedpriortothearrivalofSpanish colonizersinthePhilippinesinthe16thcentury.Itwasthelastofthreemajorcitystates intheislandofLuzonwhichdominatedtheareasurroundingtheupperportionofthe generallyplacidPasigRiver. Immediateexpansionandpower Therulingclassofthisnewkingdominashortperiodoftimeestablishedanumberof tradeagreementswithotherAsianneighborsaswellaswiththeHinduempiresofJava andSumatracreatinganextendednetworkofcommercialintereststheycontrolled. Thenameoftheearlysettlementinmalay,hinduandchinesedocumentsisrecordedas Saludung.ItisalsonarratedthroughtheTausugandMalayroyalhistories.Overtime andbecauseoftheprevalentpresenceofwaterborneplantscallednilad(Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea), the emerging citystate was known as Maynila or simply Maynila,whichtransliteratesasThereisnila(here). Maynila is also sometimes called Maynilad because the term nila is generally (but mistakenly)referredtoasniladbynonlocalpeopleunfamiliarwiththeplant.Addingto theconfusion,whentheSpaniardsreturnedtocolonizethePhilippinestheyshortened MaynilatoManila.Sincethen,ithasbeenmorewidelyknownbythatnameforthose whorefertoitasthenationalcapitalofpresentdayPhilippines.Eventhen,localsstill usethearchaicformMaynilawhetherreferringtoitinthepastorpresenttenseevenup tothisday.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales JEWELOFTHEFAREAST UndertheMalayaristocratswhoweretherulersofthattime,thecitystateestablished asSeludongwasalsothesamenamegivenforthegeneralregionofsouthwesternLuzon. ItwasalsoknownasGintuorTheLandofGoldandSuvarnadvipabyitsregional neighbors.ThattermsimplyacknowledgeditsstrongtradetieswithChinawhichwere quiteextensive,eveneclipsinglevelsenjoyedbytheadjacentKingdomsofTondoand Namayan.ContactswithArabsmerchantsalsodevelopedtobeanotherprofitabletrading activity. WhenthepartyofFerdinandMagellanfirstarrivedin1521,theycertainlytooknotice ofitwhichaddstothereasonswhytheSpaniardsreturnedhalfacenturylaterasthe lureoftheJeweloftheFarEastcouldnotbeignoredmuchlonger. BeforethereturnoftheHispanicstothePhilippines,however,therajahsoftheHouseof SolimanSulaymanIIIandMatanda,whoruledtheMoslemcommunitiessouthofthe PasigRiver,unifiedtobecometheKingdomofMaynila. TheSpaniardsinCebu,uponknowingoftheexistenceofaprosperouskingdominLuzon, the leader of the returning Spanish expedition, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi sent a reconnaissancemissionunderMarshalMartindeGoitiandCaptainJuandeSalcedoto discoveritslocationandpotentials.DeGoitianchoredintheareaofCavite,afishingen clave on the mouth of Manila Bay. It is said that he tried to impose his authority peacefullybysendingamessageoffriendshiptotherulersofMaynilad. RajahSulaymanIII,waswillingtoacceptanofferoffriendshipwithoutconditionsand not especially one that involves submission of its sovereignty to Spain. One misunderstandingledtoanotherandfightingbrokeoutbetweenthem.Asaretaliatory measure,DeGoitiandhissmallarmyattackedMayniladinJune1570,capturedand lootedthecitybeforereturningtotheislandofPanayinthecentralpartofthePhilippine ArchipelagowheretheSpanishhadestablishedtheirbase.Thiswasjustthefirstsalvo.

ThedemiseoftheLUZONRAJAHNATES In1571,theunityoftheLuzonEmpirewasalreadybeingthreatenedbyirreconcilable differencesonhowtohandletheSpanish.Thosedifferencesstrainedanalreadyuneasy alliancebetweenRajahMatandaofSapa,LakanDulaofTondoandRajahSulaymanIII, therajahmudaorcrownprinceofMaynila.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales Tocompoundthegrowingstrainsbetweenthem,conflictsarosefromotherlocalrulers from the neighbouring region of Pampanga in Central Luzon became bold enough to challengethetraditionalleadershipoftheKingdomsofTondoandMayniladuetothe pointtheywerehesitanttofightthespaniards. About the same year, the Spaniards returned. This time, they were led by Lpez de Legazpi himself who brought along a force consisting of some 280 fullyarmored Spaniardsand600localwarriorsconscriptedfromalliesestablishedtheyearbeforefrom theislandsofCebuandPanay.SulaymanIIIandhisforcesconfrontedtheSpaniardsin theseachannelcalledBankusaybutafterlosingthatskirmishandseeingtheLegazpi ledforceapproachfurtherwithmuchspeed,hisdefenderssetablazetheancientcitiesof Tondo and Maynilad along with all the neighbouring towns and then repaired to the hinterlands. It was a terriblebattleas the Macabebeleader TarikSulayman, whosearmorer was PandayPirak(silversmith?)ofApalit,wastheonlyLuzondatuwhostoodupagainstthe mightoftheSpanishconquistadoresandtheirVisayanalliesintheir1571invasionof Manila. Lakandula merely watched as the Macabebe datu rowed down the waterways from Macabebe and Hagonoy to Tundo with several hundred warriors on board 20 or 30 paraos.Refusingthedeceptiveofferofpeaceandfriendship,thedatufoughtvaliantly againsttheSpaniardsinthewatersofBangkusayinTondo.ThegreatMacabebedatu andhundredsofhisKapampanganhostdiedinthebattlethatwouldstartSpain's333 yearcolonizationofthePhilippines. Nevertheless,theSpanishledforceoccupiedtheruinsofMayniladandeventuallyestab lishedafortifiedsettlementtherewhichbecamethetitlecityofthenewSpanishcolony inthePhilippines.ItwasadministeredbyaGovernorGeneralwhoruledfromManilabut wassubordinatetotheViceroyofNewSpaininMexicoCity. After neutralizing the Solimans of macabebe and kota seludong, Rajah Lakandula coopted with the Spanish Invaders to pretect his interests and rulership which was undermined by the entry ot the Bruneian princes intermarrying in Manila and Macabebe.

Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms An Essay by Prof Yusuf Morales

QUEENCITYOFTHEPACFIC AstheconquestofManilabaybecamecompletebythedefeatoftheSUlaymandatusand theconversionoftheLakandulaclans,thecommunitiesevenatuallyburnedandanew fortresswasestablishedbytheSpaniards.anewentrepotwasestablishedreplacingthe olderonebasedontradewithChinatoonethatwouldinvolveanevenmorelucrative ManilaAcapulcoGalleontraderoutebetweenthePhilippinesandMexico. Thatnewtradealignmentflourishedfrom1571until1815.FromtheJeweloftheFar Eastundertherajahnates,MaynilawastransformedintotheQueenCityofthePacific undertheSpaniardsManiladuetotradewithAcapulco,onewhichtransportedgoods westward from Europe and parts of the Middle East to Mexico and then all the way aroundthePacificOceantoSoutheastAsia.Ontheirreturntrips,thegalleonssailing backtoMexicoandthenceSpainwereladenwitharichbountyofcommoditiesfromall overAsia. This period era of Philippine history marks the end of the longestablished Moro kingdomsontheislandofLuzonandthebeginningof333yearsoftheEuropeanizationof thepsycheoftheFilipinos.

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