GORDON COLLEGE Old Hospital Road East Tapinac Olongapo City

A CONCEPT PAPER OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE

A REQUIREMENT ON SOCIOLOGY 103

Submitted to; Ms. Joy Berardino Submitted by; Daisyriel L. Comabig

JULY 23, 2011 GORDON COLLEGE

Old Hospital Road East Tapinac Olongapo City

A CONCEPT PAPER OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT

A REQUIREMENT ON SOCIOLOGY 103

Submitted to; Ms. Joy Bernardino Submitted by; Richelle Ann Entero

JULY 23, 2011

1.INTRODUCTION Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of children. In the United States, the centers of disease control and prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological emotional abuse, and child sexual abuse Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm".A person who feels the need to abuse or neglect a child may be described as a "pedopath" Physical abuse is physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. It can involve punching, striking, kicking, shoving, slapping, burning, bruising, pulling ears or hair, stabbing, choking or shaking a child. Shaking a child can cause shaken baby syndrome, which can lead to intracranial pressure, swelling of the brain, diffuse axonal injury, and oxygen deprivation; which leads to patterns such as failure to thrive, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, bulging or tense fontanels, altered breathing, and dilated pupils. The transmission of toxins to a child through its mother (such as with fetal alcohol syndrome) can also be considered physical abuse in some jurisdictions. Most nations with child-abuse laws consider the infliction of physical injuries or actions that place the child in obvious risk of serious injury or death to be illegal. Beyond this, there is considerable variation. The distinction between child discipline and abuse is often poorly defined. Cultural norms about what constitutes abuse vary widely: among professionals as well as the wider public, people do not agree on what behaviors constitute abuse.Some human-service professionals claim that cultural norms that sanction physical punishment are one of the causes of child abuse, and have undertaken campaigns to redefine such norms.The use of any kind of force against children as a disciplinary measure is illegal in 24 countries around the world, but prevalent and socially accepted in many others. See corporal punishment in the home for more information.Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent expoxure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography selling the sexual service of children may be viewed and treated as child abuse with services offered to the child rather than simple incarceration. Effects of child sexual abuse include guilt and self blame, flashbacks, nightmares, insomia fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's visits, etc.), self esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain addiction self injury suicidal ideation, somatic complaints, depression, disorder, anxiety other mental other

problems. Approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children Most sexual.l abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often brothers, fathers, mothers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbours; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. 2.Review of Related Literature This literature review provides he reader with an overview of major academic works concerning child sexual abuse in the general population.This is a comprehensive review of the available literature though it is not a metaanalysis a synthesis of research result using various statistical methods to retrieve select and combine reslt from previous studies.During the course of the past thirty years the field of sex off ender research has expanded and become increasingly inter disciplinary it would be nearly impossible to review every piece of information pertaining to theories typologies and treatments that have attained general acceptance within the scientific community in reviewing the literature concerning sexual abuse within the catholic church the amount of empirical research was limited and many of the studies suffered from methodological flows additionaly much of the iteratre consisted of either anecdotal information or impassioned arguments employed by various researchers when characterizing the responses of the church to this incendiary issue in provding the reader with a comprehensive review it was necessary to summarize every point of view no matter how contrpversial any of the ideas expressed in this review should not be considered indicative of the point of view of either the researchers at john college of criminal justice or the catholic church one aim of this literature review is to put into perspective the problem of child sexual abuse in catholic church as compared to its accurance in other institutions and organizations however there is little orno empirical data pertaining to the true prevalence of sexual abuse within most other organizations for this reason the sexual abuse of children in the catholic church is difficult to contextualize because there is no basic for comparison in any group including the general population some journalists have conducted research on sexual abuse in particular organizations such as the boy scouts though this work is an important step in studying the problem it is not comprehensive in nature and more empirical work should be conducted on institutions that cater to children though not empirical in nature this literature review does contain an overview of published newspaper articles on child sexual abuse in specific organizations. 3.Conclusion Impressive progress has been achieved in the child sexual abuse field in the last 10 years. Advances have been made in identification, investigation, intervention, and treatment. Sexual abuse cases, perhaps even more than other types of maltreatment, require multidisciplinary, multiagency collaboration in order for professionals to effectively act in the victim's and family's best interest. Many communities have developed guidelines and protocols for handling these cases. Yet there is still much work to be done. More progress has been made in the identification and

investigation of sexual abuse than in treatment, and resources tend to go into these efforts rather than into preventing and ameliorating the problem. There is a startling paucity of treatment outcome studies. Consequently case management decisions and decisions about what techniques to use in treatment are made by clinicians without empirically tested guidelines.Moreover, despite the progress in identification, many cases still go undetected. Further, our investigative techniques do not guarantee all victimized children will disclose, and many cases are still inadequately investigated. Moreover, in too many instances children's disclosures are met with skepticism, and the conscientious work of professionals acting on their behalf is challenged.Although in part professional shortcomings relate to the fact that our abilities to address sexual abuse are still developing, they are largely the result of lack of adequate resources. Caseloads for child protection staff and foster care workers are too large; their training is inadequate; and because of the stresses of the job, their turnover rates are unacceptably high. There are too few trained clinicians who can provide treatment to families and individuals involved in sexual abuse, and when skilled professionals are available, there are often insufficient funds to pay for the necessary treatment. Finally, the funding for research to help us better understand sexual abuse and how to address it is in very short supply. Nevertheless, professionals in the field of child sexual abuse continue to strive to educate the public and other professionals about this problem and its pervasive effects. Despite the shortage of resources, there is leadership at the Federal and State levels that has played a fundamental role in the substantial progress that has been made. The willingness of adults with prominent roles in the community to identify themselves as former victims and survivors of sexual abuse has added immeasurably to the credibility of child victims and has inspired professionals to continue their work. 1.INTRODUCTION Sexual harassment, is intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors.[1] In some contexts or circumstances, sexual harassment may be illegal. It includes a range of behavior from seemingly mild transgressions and annoyances to actual sexual abuse or sexual assault.[2] Sexual harassment is a form of illegal employment discrimination in many countries, and is a form of abuse (sexual and psychological) and bullying. For many businesses, preventing sexual harassment, and defending employees from sexual harassment charges, have become key goals of legal decisionmaking. In contrast, many scholars complain that sexual harassment in education remains a "forgotten secret," with educators and administrators refusing to admit the problem exists in their schools, or accept their legal and ethical responsibilities to deal with it (Dziech, 1990). The term sexual harassment was used in 1973 in a report to the then President and Chancellor of MIT about various forms of gender issues. (See Saturn's Rings, 1974). Rowe has stated that she believes she was not the first to use the term, since sexual harassment was being discussed in women's groups in Massachusetts in the early 1970s, but that MIT may have been the first or one of the first large organizations to discuss the topic (in the MIT Academic Council), and to develop relevant policies and procedures. MIT at the time also recognized the injuries caused by racial harassment and the harassment of women of color which may be both racial and sexual. The President of MIT also stated that

harassment (and favoritism) are antithetical to the mission of a university as well as intolerable for individuals. In the book In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (1999), journalist Susan Brownmiller quotes the Cornell activists who in 1975 thought they had coined the term sexual harassment: "Eight of us were sitting in an office ... brainstorming about what we were going to write on posters for our speak-out. We were referring to it as 'sexual intimidation,' 'sexual coercion,' 'sexual exploitation on the job.' None of those names seemed quite right. We wanted something that embraced a whole range of subtle and unsubtle persistent behaviors. Somebody came up with 'harassment.' 'Sexual harassment!' Instantly we agreed. That's what it was." (p. 281). These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne went on to form Working Women's Institute which, along with the Alliance Against Sexual Coercion, founded in 1976 by Freada Klein, Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz, were among the pioneer organizations to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s.

2.Review of Related Literature Although the focus of this review is sexual harassment, it became clear early in the research process that the majority of the literature on sexual harassment appears to have been published in the 1990s, and in more recent years, the emphasis in the research has shifted to the broader issue of bullying. So before focusing on sexual harassment, it is useful to explore what constitutes workplace bullying and the relationship between that and sexual harassment. The attention given to workplace bullying has grown substantially since the term was introduced and defined as a workplace problem in Britain in the early 1990s (Adams, 1992). Whilst interest in bullying at work first developed in Scandinavia nearly a decade earlier, it has now become a globally recognised problem reflected in the recent agendas of international organisations such as the International Labour Office (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (Di Martino et al., 2003). Sustained effort by articulate victims, victim support groups and trade unions, aided by the results of several high profile nationwide surveys (e.g. Hoel and Cooper, 2000; Unison, 1997, 2000), have helped to keep the issue in the public eye as well as gradually attracting growing academic interest (Rayner et al., 2002). The majority of literature on bullying is based on school bullying (Brown et al., 2005; Smith and Birney, 2005; Fox and Boulton, 2005; Hunter et al., 2004; Baldry, 2003), with noticeably less published on workplace bullying (MacIntosh, 2005; Lee, 2002; Cowie et al., 2002). However, the pervasiveness of workplace bullying in organisations (Hoel and Cooper, 2000; Quine, 1999; Rayner and Hoel, 1997), the psychological harm which is often suffered by those who have been bullied (Einarsen and Mikkelsen, 2003) and, not least, the impact on organisations in terms of absenteeism, turnover and productivity (Hoel et al., 2003), have resulted in it being increasingly recognised as a management and leadership problem (Smith, 1999). No single agreed definition of bullying exists, although a convergence of definitions is gradually emerging (Di Martino et al., 2003; Hoel et al., 2003). Thus, there appears to be agreement that bullying refers to persistent exposure to negative behaviour and negative acts, often over a long time, where those at the receiving end have difficulty

3.CONCLUSION
This report has identified and reviewed the available literature on sexual harassment to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge. A number of key points have emerged which show that although some aspects of harassment are well documented, others are quite under researched. Harassment can have a serious impact on the individuals involved and the organisation where it occurs. The evidence strongly suggests that to avoid this, organisations take a proactive, i.e. preventative, rather than a reactive, i.e. response driven, approach to developing effective sexual harassment policies and procedures.