TeAm DiGiT

SPECTROSCOPY
In this document there is Selection Rules , Lambert Beer Law , Electronic
Transition , Chromophere , Auxochrome , Chromogens , Bathochromic ,
Hypochromic , Hyperchromic , UV-Visible components , Conjugation and
Steric effects , Solvent effect & Wood Words Fiesher Rule are discussed in D
UV-VISIBLE
SPECTROSCOPY
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 1 | P a g e
1. Give the Selection Rules of UV-Visible Spectroscopy.
The transition which involved a change in the spin Quantum
number [s] of an electron during the transition are not
allowed to take place or forbidden
The second rule is related to the multiplicity of states
According to this rule, Singlet -Triplet transition are forbidden
The third rule is related to forbidden transitions; arise from
the symmetry of electronic states.
Ex. The transition of a Non-Bonding electron to a * state in
Formaldehyde is forbidden by Symmetry
2. Explain Absorptivity & Molar Extinction Co-efficient. Give the
statement of Lambert Beer Law.
Absorptivity & Molar Extinction Co-efficient is a measurement
of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a
given wavelength It is an intrinsic property of the species;
the actual absorbance, A, of a sample is dependent on the
path length, , and the concentration, c, of the species via
the BeerLambert law.
=
Lambert Beer Law:
The Beer-Lambert law states that for a parallel beam of monochromatic
radiation passing through a homogeneous material the lose of radiant
intensity is proportional to the product of path length through the
material and the initial radiant intensity. The Beer-Lambert law states
that for a parallel beam of monochromatic radiation passing through a
homogeneous material the lose of radiant intensity is proportional to the
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 2 | P a g e
product of path length through the material and the initial radiant
intensity.
3. What is electronic transition? Explain different electronic
transition with examples
The absorption of UV or visible radiation corresponds to the
excitation of outer electrons. There are three types of electronic
transition which can be considered
i. o o
*
Transitions
ii. t t
*
Transitions
iii. n o
*
Transitions
iv. n
*
Transitions
o o
*
Transitions:
The excitation between bonding sigma and anti-bonding sigma orbitals
(o o
*
Transitions) requires large energies corresponding to
absorptions in the far UV region in the range from 120-200nm.thus,
these transitions in saturated hydrocarbons, containing just o bonds,
remain transparent in the near UV/Visible region.
Ex: methane, propane, cyclohexane etc. Display o o
*
Transitions
and
max
for each of these compounds is below 140nm.
t t
*
Transitions:
Transitions between bonding pi and antibonding pi are called
t t
*
Transitions. These transitions occur with compounds containing
conventional double or triple bonds, aromatic rings and carbonyl or azo
groups. Although ethylene absorbs strongly around 180nm in the far UV
region, conjugated electron systems are more readily excited.
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 3 | P a g e
The molar absorptivity, for t t
*
Transitions (
max
>1000) because the
and t
*
orbitals are situated in same plane and consequently the
probability of the jump of an electron from to t
*
orbital is very high.
Ex: Butadiene
n o
*
Transitions
The excitation of an electron in an unshared pair (non-bonding
electrons) on nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur or halogens to an antibonding o
orbital is called n o
*
transition.
Ex: methanol, 1-Iodobutane, trimethylamine
n t
*
Transitions:
Transitions between non-bonding atomic orbitals holding unshared pair
of electrons and antibonding pi-orbitals are called n t
*
Transitions.
Non-bonding electrons are held more loosely than o bonding electrons
and consequently undergo transitions at comparatively longer
wavelengths. These Transitions occurs with compounds containing
double bonds involving hetero-atoms bearing unshared pairs of
electrons.
n t
*
Transitions is always less intense because the electrons in the n-
orbital are situated perpendicular to the plane of the -bond (and hence
to the plane of the * orbital) and consequently the probability of the
jump of an electron from n to t
*
orbital is very low and in fact zero
according to symmetry selection rules. However, vibrations of atoms
bring about a partial overlape between the perpendicular planes and so
n t
*
transition occurs, but only to a limited extend.
Ex: CO, CS, NO
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 4 | P a g e
4. Define the terms: Chromophores, Auxochromes &
Chromogens.
Chromophores:
A chromophore is part of a molecule responsible for its color.
When a molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and
transmits or reflects others, the molecule has a color. A chromophore is
a region in a molecule where the energy difference between two
different molecular orbitals falls within the range of the visible
spectrum. Visible light that hits the chromophore can thus be absorbed
by exciting an electron from its ground state into an excited state.
Typical examples are C=C,C

C,C=N,C

N,C=O,N=N, etc.; they all
absorb intensely at the short wavelength end of the spectrum but some of
them (e.g. Carbonyl) have less intense bands at higher wavelength
owing to the participation of n electrons.
Auxochromes:
An Auxochromes is a group that depends colour. Its presence causes a
shift in the UV or Visible absorption maximum to a longer wavelength.
The most conspicuous property of an auxochromic grouping is its ability
to provide additional opportunity for charge delocalization and thus to
provide smaller energy increments for transition to excited states.
An Auxochromes is attached to a carbon-carbon double bond a
bathochromic effect will be observed and if to the double bonds where n
electrons are available (e.g. C=O) a hypochromic effect results.
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 5 | P a g e
Example:
Auxochrome Unsubstituted Chromophore
max
nm
substituted Chromophore
max
nm
-CH
3
H
2
C=CH-CH=CH
2
217 H
2
C=CH-CH=CHCH
3
224
-NEt
2
H
3
C-CH
2
CH
2
CH=CHCOCH
3
228 Et
2
NCH=CHCOCH
3
307
-OR H
3
C- CH=CH-COOH 204 H
3
C- C(OCH
3
)=CH-COOH 234
-Cl H
2
C=CH
2
175 H
2
C=CHCl 185
Chromogens:
A compound containing Chronopher is called chromogen
Ex:
5. Differentiate Bathochromic (Red Shift) & Hypsochromic (Blue
shift) effect.
Bathochromic (Red Shift) Hypsochromic (Blue shift)
A shift of an absorption maximum
to longer wavelength is called
Bathochromic shift
A shift of an absorption maximum
to shorter wavelength is called
Hypsochromic shift.
It is produced by a change of
medium (t t
*
Transitions
undergo Bathochromic effect with
an increase in the polarity of
solvent)
It is produced by a change of
medium (n t
*
Transitions
undergo Hypsochromic effect with
an increase in the polarity of
solvent)
Ex:Ethylene absorbs at 175nm in
comparison to 1-butene(
max
=185
nm)
Ex:Acetone absorbs at 279nm in
comparison to hexane(
max
=279
nm)
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 6 | P a g e
6. Differentiate Hypochromic & Hyperchromic effect.
Hypochromic effect Hyperchromic effect
The absorption intensity is
decrease in this effect
The absorption intensity is Increase
in this effect
Ex: The intensity of primary &
secondary band of Benzoic acid are
decrease in Benzoic ion.
Ex:The intensity of primary &
secondary band of phenol are
increase in phenolet ion.
7. Give the different components in UV spectrometer. What is the
rule of monochromater? Explain
Components of UV spectrometer are
i. Source
ii. Monochromator or Wave selector
iii. Sample holder
iv. Detector
v. Recorder
Monochromator or Wave selector:
i. Virtually all UV spectra are recorded solution-phase
ii. Cells can be made of plastic, glass or quartz
iii. Only quartz is transparent in the full 200-700 nm range; plastic and
glass are only suitable for visible spectra
iv. A typical sample cell (commonly called a cuvet)
v. Solvents must be transparent in the region to be observed
8. Discuss the conjugation & steric effects in UV spectroscopy.
Conjugation:
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 7 | P a g e
to * transitions, when occurring in isolated groups in a molecule,
give rise to absorptions of fairly low intensity. However, conjugation of
unsaturated groups in a molecule produces a remarkable effect upon the
absorption spectrum. The wavelength of maximum absorption moves to
a longer wavelength and the absorption intensity may often increase.
Ex:

max
=180-200nm
=10,000

max
=250nm

max
=217nm
=21,000

max
=290nm

max
=258nm
=35,000

max
=360nm
The same effect occurs when groups containing n electrons are
conjugated with a p electron group
Ex: O O
CH
3
-C-CH
3
, : CH
3
-C-CH
2
-CH
3

max
=290nm
max
=325nm
Aromatic systems, which contain p electrons, absorb strongly in the
ultraviolet
Ex:
N
N
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 8 | P a g e

max
=254nm

max
=250nm

max
=232nm

max
=217nm

max
=210nm
In general, the greater the length of a conjugated system in a molecule,
the nearer the max comes to the visible region
Steric Effects:
Electron systems conjugate best when the molecule is planar in
configuration. If the presence of an auxochrome prevents the molecule
from being planar then large effects will be noticed in the spectrum; e.g.,
m- and p-methyl groups in the diphenyls have predictable but slight
effects on the spectra compared with that of diphenyl itself. However,
methyl groups in the o-position alter the spectrum completely.
N
S
N
H
O
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 9 | P a g e
Ex:

Meta Para Ortho
Cis and Trans isomers of linear polyenes also show differences in their
spectra. The all-trans isomer has the longer conjugated system.
max
is at a longer wavelength and
max
(molar absorptivity or molar
extinction coefficient) is higher than for the all cis or mixed isomer.
9. Discuss the solvent effect in UV visible spectroscopy?
The effect on the absorption spectrum of a compound when diluted in a
solvent will vary depending on the chemical structures involved.
Generally speaking, non-polar solvents and non-polar molecules show
least effect. However, polar molecules exhibit quite dramatic differences
when interacted with a polar solvent. Interaction between solute and
solvent leads to absorption band broadening and a consequent reduction
in structural resolution and
max
.Ionic forms may also be created in
acidic or basic conditions. Thus care must be taken to avoid an
interaction between the solute and the solvent.
Figure 1(page no. 10) illustrates the effect of iso-octane and ethanol on
the spectrum of phenol, a change from hydrocarbon to hydroxylic
solvent. The loss of fine structure in the latter is due to broad band h-
bonded solvent-solute complexes replacing the fine structure present in
the iso-octane. The fine structure in the latter solvent illustrates the
principle that non-solvating or nonchelating solvents produce a spectrum
much closer to that obtained in the gaseous state.
Water and 0.1N solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide are
commonly used solvents for absorption spectrometry. Again care has to
be taken to avoid interaction. Where methodology requires buffering,
solutions have to be non-absorbing and generally both the composition
and pH will be specified. However, if this information is not available
lists can be found in the literature. For reactions in the 4.2 to 8.8 pH
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 10 | P a g e
region, mixtures of 0.1N dihydrogen sodium phosphate and 0.1N
hydrogen disodium phosphate are generally used.
Figure 1 Spectra of Phenol in Iso-octane and in Ethanol
10. Give the different transitions in UV visible Spectroscopy?
Arrange with their energy.
i. to *,
ii. n to *
iii. n to *
iv. to *.
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 11 | P a g e
The energy required for various transition obeys following
order:
to *>n to *> n to *> to *
11. By using Wood-Words fisher rule calculate different values of

max
.
Woodward-Fieser Rules for Dienes
The rules begin with a base value for
max
of the chromophore being
observed:
acyclic butadiene = 217 nm
The incremental contribution of substituents is added to this base value
from the group tables:
Group Increment
Extended conjugation (double bond) +30
Each exo-cyclic double bond +5
Alkyl/Ring residue +5
-OCOCH
3
+0
-OR +6
-SR +30
-Cl, -Br +5
-NR
2
+60
Woodward-Fieser Rules for Cyclic Dienes
There are two major types of cyclic dienes, with two different base
values
Heteroannular (transoid): Homoannular (cisoid):
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 12 | P a g e
= 5,000 15,000 = 12,000-28,000
base
max
= 214 base
max
= 253
The increment table is the same as for acyclic butadienes with a couple
additions:
Group Increment
Additional homoannular +39
Where both types of diene
are present, the one with
the longer becomes the
base
Woodward-Fieser Rules for Enones/,-Unsaturated carbonyl
compound
Group Increment
6-membered ring or acyclic system Base 215 nm
5-membered ring Base 202 nm
Aldehyde Base 207 nm
Acidic/Ester Base 193 nm
Exocyclic 5
Extra Double Bond 30
Alkyl group or ring residue
o. |. and higher
10, 12, 18
-OH
o. |. and higher
35, 30, 18
C C C |
| o
C C C C
| o
C
o
o
O
O
Aurthor: DIPESH R BARDOLIA 13 | P a g e
-OR
o. |. . o
35, 30, 17, 31
-OCOCH
3
o. |. o
6
-Cl
o. |
15, 12
-Br
o. |
25, 30
-NR
2
|
95
Homoanular diene component 39
Woodward-Fieser Rules for Aromatic system:
Parent Chromophore

max
R = alkyl / acyclic or ring residue
246
R = H
250
R = OH or O-Alkyl
230
Substituent increment
G o m p
Alkyl or ring residue 3 3 10
-O-Alkyl, -OH, -O-Ring 7 7 25
-Cl 0 0 10
-Br 2 2 15
-NH
2
13 13 58
-NHCOCH
3
20 20 45
-NHCH
3
73
-NR
2
20 20 85
R O
G