DFD, ERD and Use case ER-model

Patient See/se en by Doctors

See/ seen by

Treated in/ house

Wards Associat e

Assistants

________________________________________________________

Context level diagram for food ordering system (Level 0) Customer Kitchen 0
Food Order

Customer Order

Receipt

Food Ordering System

Management Report

Restaurant Manager

DFD level 1 of the food ordering system

Customer Order

1.1 Receive Customer Order

Customer Order

1.3 Transform Order to Kitchen Format

Food Order

Customer Order

1.5 Generate Inventory Decrements

1.2 Generate Customer Report

1.4 Generate Goods Sold Increments

Goods sold data

Receipt

Complete DFD of a Food ordering system

Customer
1.0
Customer Order

Kitchen
Received and Transaction Customer Food Order Food Order

Receipt

2.0 Update Goods Sold File

Formatted Goods Sold Data

Goods Sold

Inventory Data

3.0 Update Inventory File Formatted Inventory

Goods Sold File

4.0 Produce Managemen t Reports

Daily Inventory Depletion amt

Inventory File

Daily Goods Sold Amounts

Management Reports

Restaurant manager

Case Studies Library Management System y This system manages the information of a college library y The library has good collection of books, magazines, and its issued to readers who work in departments. y The books and magazines are two main entities in this system and they are issued to readers. y The readers belong to departments and they are given unique reader numbers y The books and magazine collections are given unique tickets to keep track of to whom they are issued. y The entity relationship between these entities is as follows.

Collections # coll_no * Not null

Books #book_no *book_name *size *time_publ *year_ publ cost author chief_author comp_auth *lang_no *nation_no *spec_no *coll_no kw_master kw_slave comment

Languages #lang_no *lang_name *lang_vn *lang_sys

Specialty #spec_no *Spec_name

Nations #nation_no *nation_name *nation_vn

Department #dept_no *dept_name

Readers #reader_no *reader_name *dept_no address birth_date comment

B/r book tickets #reader_no *book_no *book_date return_date comment

Comment #primary key * not null option

Collections # coll_no * Not null

Magazine Header #magazine_head_no *mag_name *start_year imag_shefl issue_no pub_house *lang_no *nation_no *spec_no *coll_no comment

Languages #lang_no *lang_name *lang_vn *lang_sys

Specialty #spec_no *Spec_name

Nations #nation_no *nation_name *nation_vn

Department #dept_no *dept_name

Readers #reader_no *reader_name *dept_no address birth_date comment

B/r maga tickets #reader_no *mag_head_ no *mag_detl_no borrow_date return_date comment

Comment #primary key * not null option

y The main information management system can be described by the context level diagram. y The information about the document suppliers through whom the magazines and books are purchased is stored in the system. y This is validated and maintained by the system. y Any book that arrives, its payments, entry into the library is dealt with by the system. y Then the book is ready to be borrowed by the readers. y The readers from various departments are validated and they are issued the book borrowing ticket through the system. y If the is returned then its ticket entries are accordingly updated by the system. y The system generated various re[orts that have to be produced for management purpose.

DFD high level

Readers

Readers Register

Manage readers
Looking up documents Readers Doc no return

Infor mati on reply

Reader no checking / updating

Dept/ readers
Process/ Borrow/ return ticket
Document check

Look up docume nts

Looking up

B/R/ ticket documents B/R ticket

Documents suppliers

Manage Document s

Reports

Document supply

Report about library system

Borrow excess time limit

Leader of Institute Departments in institute

Readers
Reports

Readers

DFD (function 1)
1.2 Check Dept_no
Reader no
Allocate roll_no

1.4 Allocate Reader_no

Dept_no
Reader information

Receive new reader

Dept_no

New dept allocating

Dept/Readers
New department

Readers

1.3 register new department

Dept/Readers

DFD (function 2)
2.2 insert new books

books
Books information
2.1 classify new document s

Documents

Magazines Document suppliers

2.3 insert new magazine s

Magazine information

home layout

Peruse descriptive content

Customize safehome

Select safe home components Save configuration

Log on to safe home assured.com

View shopping cart

Purchase configuratio n

Provide purchase data

Recall saved configuration

Complete safehome order

Use Cases for Example ATM System

Ex1 At first we have to identify all actors. In this case I think they are self revealing :
y y y

Employee Manager Administrator

Then we should identify what will they do.

y y y y y y

reserve a room review reservation status cancel reservation edit holiday home data edit ciphers login

Now we just have to link this together. We use generalization between actors as manager has the same use cases as employee and administrator has the same as manager plus he can edit ciphers.

DFD Example - General model of publisher's present ordering system

Following are the set of DFDs drawn for the General model of publisher's present ordering system.

First Level DFD

Second Level DFD - Showing Order Verification & credit check

Third Level DFD - Elaborating an order processing & shipping

Ex 2
An example of a Data Flow Diagram - DFD for a system that pays workers is shown in the figure below. In this DFD there is one basic input data flow, the weekly time sheet, which originates from the source worker. The basic output is the pay check, the sink for which is also the worker. In this system, first the employee's record is retrieved, using the employee ID, which is contained in the time sheet. From the employee record, the rate of payment and overtime are obtained. These rates and the regular and overtime hours (from the time sheet) are used to complete the payment. After total payment is determined, taxes are deducted. To computer the tax deduction, information from the tax rate file is used. The amount of tax deducted is recorded in the employee and company records. Finally, the paycheck is issued for the net pay. The amount paid is also recorded in company records.

Ex 3
Chinese Takeaway The example below is an illustration of the data flow in a takeaway restaurant. The order is taken on a carbon pad, the cost is calculated from the menu, and the order is checked with the customer, if OK the order is stuck on a pin-board. When the food is ready, the order becomes the delivery note for the driver. At the close of business, carbons are used to update accounts and then dumped along with the delivery notes. Management information is passed to the manager.