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Chapter 8.

Multiple Integrals
8.1
8.1.1

Double Integrals
Definition

The definition of definite integral in chapter 3 can be


extended to functions of two variables.
Let R be a plane region in the xy-plane.
Subdivide R into subrectangles Ri (i = 1, ..., n).
Let Ai be the area of Ri and (xi, yi) be a point in
Ri .
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables. Then the
double integral of f over R is
ZZ
f (x, y) dA = lim
R

n
X
i=1

f (xi, yi)Ai.

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Geometrical meaning

8.1.2

Geometrically, if f (x, y) 0 for all (x, y) R, the


definite integral

RR

R f (x, y)

dA is equal to the vol-

ume under the surface z = f (x, y) and above the


xy-plane over the region R as shown in the following
diagram.
z

z=f(x,y)

R 11111111111111
00000000000000
00000000000000
11111111111111
d
00000000000000
11111111111111

a
b

11111111111111
00000000000000
00000000000000
11111111111111
c
00000000000000
11111111111111
x
00000000000000
11111111111111

Summing over all the rectangles,


n
X

f (xi, yi)Ai

i=1

gives the approximate volume of the solid under the


2

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

surface and above R.


By letting n go to , (i.e. making the subdivision
more refined), the above sum will approach the exact
volume of the solid.
8.1.3

Properties of Double Integrals


ZZ

(1)

(f (x, y) + g(x, y)) dA


R
ZZ
ZZ
=
f (x, y) dA +
g(x, y) dA.
R

ZZ
(2)

ZZ

cf (x, y) dA = c

f (x, y) dA, where c is

a constant.
(3) If f (x, y) g(x, y) for all (x, y) R,
ZZ
ZZ
then
f (x, y) dA
g(x, y) dA.
R
R
ZZ

ZZ
(4)
dA =
1 dA = A(R), the area of R.
R

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

ZZ

ZZ
(5)

ZZ

f (x, y) dA =

f (x, y) dA +

R1

f (x, y) dA,
R2

where R = R1 R2
and R1, R2 do not overlap except perhaps on their
boundary.
...................................................
.........
......... .....
........
.....
..
.........
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
....
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.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
..
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
...
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
R
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
..
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
R
.
.
.
R
1
.
...
..
........
.....
..
........
.......
...
.......
............
.... ..............
.................
.
.............................................

(6) If m f (x, y) M for all (x, y) R, then


ZZ
mA(R)
f (x, y) dA M A(R).
R
8.2

Evaluation of double integrals

We shall discuss how to derive an efficient way to


evaluate double integrals over certain plane regions.
The key is to describe the given region in terms of
the coordinates.
4

8.2.1

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Rectangular regions

A rectangular region R in the xy-plane can be described in terms of inequalities:


a x b,
Then
ZZ

c y d.
Z d "Z

f (x, y) dA =
R

f (x, y) dx
c

dy.

The RHS is called an iterated integral. i.e. repeating the integration for each variable, one at a
time.
We can also change the order of the variables of integration (without changing the value):
ZZ
Z "Z
b

f (x, y) dA =
R

f (x, y) dy
a

#
dx.

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Note that we can do away with the square brackets


in the integrated integrals.
8.2.2

Example

Evaluate the iterated integrals:


Z 3Z 2
Z 2Z 3
(a)
(x + 2y) dydx, (b)
(x + 2y) dxdy.
0

Solution:
Z 3Z
(a)
=

2 y=2
y y=1 dx

(x + 2y) dydx =
xy +
0
2 0 x=3
Z 31
x
+ 3x
= 27/2.
(x + 3) dx =
2
0
x=0

Z 2Z
(b)

Z 2

x=3

x
(x + 2y) dxdy =
+ 2xy
dy
2
1
0
1
x=0

y=2
Z 2
9
9y
+ 6y dy =
+ 3y 2
= 27/2.
2
2
1
y=1
6

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Example

8.2.3

Let R be the rectangular region


0 x 4, 1 y 2.
ZZ
Evaluate
x2y dA.
R

Solution:
ZZ
Z 4Z 2
x2y dA =
x2y dydx
R
0Z 41
Z 2

=
x2 dx
y dy
0

64 3
= 32.
=
3
2

Remark

8.2.4

In general, if f (x, y) = g(x)h(y), then


Z
! Z
!
ZZ
b
d
g(x)h(y) dA =
g(x) dx
h(y) dy
R

where R is the rectangular region


a x b,

c y d.
7

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

8.2.5

General regions - Type A

Bottom and top boundaries are curves given by y =


g1(x) and y = g2(x) respectively. i.e. they need
not be straight lines. Left and right boundaries are
straight lines given by x = a and x = b respectively.
y

0000
1111
y=g (x)
11111
00000
0000
1111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000 111
11111
000
00000
11111
0
1
0
1
000y=g (x)
111
00000
11111
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
x
2

1
0
0
1
0a
1

x+dx

If the top and bottom curves happen to intersect at


x = a or b, then the left or right side may reduce to
just a point.

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

The region R is given by


R:

g1(x) y g2(x),

a x b.

The cross-sectional area of the slice between x and


x + dx is given by
Z
c(x) =

g2 (x)

f (x, y) dy

g1 (x)

The total volume is the sum of the volumes of all the


slices:
Z

Z b "Z

g2 (x)

c(x) dx =
a

#
f (x, y) dy

dx.

g1 (x)

In other words, the double integral of f over Type


A region R can be computed by an iterated integral
first w.r.t. dy followed by dx:
#
ZZ
Z b "Z g2(x)
f (x, y) dA =
f (x, y) dy dx
R

g1 (x)
9

10

8.2.6

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

General regions - Type B

Left and right boundaries are curves given by x =


h1(y) and x = h2(y) respectively, i.e. they need not
be straight lines. Bottom and top boundaries are
straight lines (given by y = c and y = d resp.

11
00
y
00
11
00
11
111111
000000
d
00
11
111111111x=h (y)
x=h (y)000000000
00
11
0000000000000
1111111111111
111111
000000
y+dy
00
11
0000000000000
1111111111111
00
11
0000000000000
1111111111111
y
00
11
1111
0000
00
11
00
11
11111
00000
c
00
11
111111111111
000000000000
00
11
1111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000
00
11
x
0
00
11
00
11
1

If the left and right curves happen to intersect at


y = c or d, then the bottom or top side may reduce
to just a point.

10

11

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

The region R is given by


R:

h1(y) x h2(y),

c y d.

The double integral of f over Type B region R can


be computed by an iterated integral first w.r.t. dx
followed by dy:
Z d "Z

ZZ
f (x, y) dA =
R

8.2.7

h2 (y)

#
f (x, y) dx

dy

h1 (y)

Example
2

If R is bounded by y = x and y = x , find


Solution:

RR

R 30xy

Treat R as a Type A region:


R:

x2 y x,

0
y1
0
1
111111111
000000000
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
y=x
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
y=x
000000000
111111111
11111111111111
00000000000000
0
1
x
000000000
111111111
01
1
0
0
1
2

11

0 x 1.

dA.

12

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Then
Z 1 Z

ZZ

30xy dA =
R
1

Z
=

15xy

2 y=x

y=x2

dx

30xy dy
0

Zx

dx =

15x(x2 x4) dx

0
0 4

x=1
15x
15x6
5
=

= .
4
6 x=0 4

If we treat R as a type B region:


R:

yx

y,

0 y 1.

1
0
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
x=y
0
1
x=y
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
11111111111111
00000000000000
x
000000000
111111111
0
0 1
0
1
0
1
y
1

1/2

Z 1 "Z

ZZ

30xy dA =
Z
=

R
1

30xy dx
0

15x y

x=y
x=y

dy

dy =

0 3

4 y=1
15y
15y
5
=

= .
3
4 y=0 4
12

15y 15y

dy

13

8.2.8

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Example
ZZ

Calculate

sin x
dA, where R is the triangle in
x
R

the xy-plane bounded by the x-axis, the line y = x


and the line x = 1.
Solution:

If we treat R as type B:

R : y x 1, 0 y 1.
11
00
y
00
11
00
11
000000000
111111111
1
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
x=y
000000000
111111111
x= 1
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
000000000 x
111111111
11111111111111
00000000000000
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
011
00
11
00
11

ZZ

sin x
dA =
x
R

Z 1 Z
0

1
y

sin x
dx dy,
x

which cannot be evaluated by elementary means.


13

14

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

If we treat R as type A:
R:

0 y x,

0 x 1.

1
0
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
y=x
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
11111111111111
00000000000000
x
0
1
000000000
111111111
01
y=0
0
1
0
1
0
1
y

Z 1 Z x
sin x
sin x
dA =
dy dx
x
x
y=x 0
Z 1R
Z0 1
sin x
=
y
dx =
(sin x 0) dx
x
0
0
y=0
ZZ

= [ cos x]x=1
x=0 = 1 cos 1.

14

15

8.2.9

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Example
Z 3Z

Evaluate

ey dy dx.

Solution:

1
x/3

R may be described as :
r

R:

x
y 1,
3

0 x 3.

Hence the Type A region looks like

11
00
y
00
11
y=1
111111111
000000000
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
y=(x/3)
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
11111111111111
00000000000000
x
00
11
0
3
00
11
00
11
00
11
1/2

However, it is difficult to integrate ey directly.


Now we treat R as type B:
Note that y =

px
3

= x = 3y 2.

15

16

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

So the region R is given by


R:

0 x 3y 2,

0 y 1.

11
00
y
00
11
00
11
11111111
00000000
00
11
1
00
11
00
11
00
x = 3y
x = 11
0
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
x
00
11
11111111111111
00000000000000
0
00
11
00
11
2

Z 3Z
0

Z 1 "Z

y3

e dy dx =

x/3

3y 2

y3

e dx
0

Z 1h
Z 1
2
i
x=3y
3
3
=
xey
dy =
3y 2ey dy
x=0
0
Z0 1
=
eudu = [eu]u=1
u=0 = e 1.
0

[Here we have used a substitution u = y 3.]

16

dy

17

8.3

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Double integral in polar coordinates

Certain regions (see examples below) can be described


more simply using polar coordinates r and . Hence,
it is more straightforward to evaluate double integrals
over such regions using polar coordinates.
Instead of giving the ranges for x and y, we give the
ranges for r, distance from origin to a point in the
region, and , angle of elevation of a point from the
x-axis.
8.3.1

Circle
y

..
.......
...
..
..........
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... .................
.
......
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........
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...
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...
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......
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..
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....
..
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...
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....
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.
...
..
...
...
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.
..
.
...
.
.
....
...
..
..
.. R
..
..
..
..
.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..
.
.. 1
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
...
....
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
.
.
.
.
....
....
....
.......
...
......
........
.
........
...........
........................................
...
..
...
..
...

17

18

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

In Cartesian coordinates, the circle can be regarded


as Type A region with the upper and lower semicircles as the upper and lower boundaries. i.e.
R:

x2

1 x2,

1 x 1.

Alternatively, we can regard it as Type B region with


the left and right semicircles as the left and right
boundaries. i.e.
R:

y2

1 y 2,

1 y 1.

In polar coordinates, we describe the circle in terms


of the ranges of r and :
R : 0 r 1,

18

0 2

19

8.3.2

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Sector of a circle
y

.
.........
...
..
.........
..
.. .............
.....
...
...
.
....
...
.
....
...
...
....
.
...
.
....
..
...
.
...
.
...
.
...
..
...
...
.
.
..
...
.
..
...
...
.
R
.
...
.
..
....
..
...
.
......
..
.
...
.
..
... .... .......
..
... ..
..
.
...
..
.... ...
..
..
......
..
..
.
.
.
..........................................................................................................................................................................................60
.....................................................................................................................................................................................

In Cartesian coordinates, the sector can be regarded


as Type B region with the line segment as the left
boundary and the arc of the circle as the right boundary. i.e.
1
R: yx
3

1 y 2,

3
0y
.
2

In polar coordinates, the sector is given by


R : 0 r 1,

19

0 /3

20

8.3.3

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Ring
y

.
........
...
.........................................
.............. ....
.........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
........
.......
.....
.......
......
.....
...
.....
.
....
.
.
.
..
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....
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.
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..
...
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.
..............
...
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..
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.
.
.
.
.
...
.... ... ...........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.....
...
.
...
R
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
....
.
..
..
.
.
.
..
.
..
...
..
...
.
..
..
.
..
..
..
...
...
..
..
.
..
..
.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..
.
.
..
.
.. 2
.
..
.
.
.
..
1
.
.
.
.
...
..
..
..
....
...
..
..
....
..
..
...
...
...
......
..
...
....
.
.
.
........
.
.
...
.
.
.
.
.................................
..
...
...
....
.....
....
....
...
...
....
.
.
.
.
......
..
....
.......
......
...
........
.......
...........
........
........................................................
...
...
...
.

This region is neither Type A nor Type B. To use


Cartesian coordinates, you need to partition the ring
into smaller regions which are either Type A or Type
B.
In polar coordinates, the ring is given by
1 r 2,
8.3.4

0 2

Polar rectangle

In general, a region R described in polar coordinates:


R:

a r b,
20

21

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

is shown in the following diagram. We call such a


region a polar rectangle.
y

..
........
..
..
..
...
..
........
...
... .............
..
...
......
...
...
....
b
.
..
.
....
...
...
....
...............
..
.
....
.
...... R
.
...
.
....
....
..
..
.
.
...
....
.
.
.
...
....
.......
..
.
..
.
.
.
.... ..............
.
.
.
...
.
...
..
.........
........
...
...
........
...
..
........
.
.............
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
.... ......... a
.. .....
. ...
... ..... ..................
.. ... ........ .. ...
................... ... ...
.
.............................................................................................................................
.........................

8.3.5

Change of variables

When we transform from the Cartesian coordinates


to polar coordinates, we are performing change of
variables from (x, y) to (r, ):
x = r cos ,

y = r sin .

In this case, dA will be changed from dxdy (or dydx)


to r dr d.
21

22

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Suppose a region R (in xy-plane) is given in polar


coordinates by
R:

a r b,

then we have
ZZ

f (x, y) dA =
R
8.3.6

f (r cos , r sin )rdrd.

Example
ZZ
(3x + 4y 2) dA, where R is the semicir-

Evaluate
R

cular ring in the upper half-plane between the semicircles x2 + y 2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 4.


y

...
.......
....
..
..
.
.
.............................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.......
.
.
.
.
.
............
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....
.
..........
.....
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...
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........
...
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.......
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...
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.......
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...
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......
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....
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...
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....
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....
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..
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.................
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..........
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.......
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...
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...
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...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
...
..
..
..
.
.
.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

22

23

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Solution:

The region R is given by


R : 1 r 2,

0 .

So
ZZ

Z
(3x + 4y 2) dA =

Z0
=
Z0
=

(3r cos + 4r2 sin2 ) rdrd

1
3

r cos + r sin )

r=2
r=1

7 cos + 15 sin d

Z0
15
=
7 cos + (1 cos 2) d
2
0

=
15
sin 2
= 7 sin + (
)
2
2
=0
15
=
2

23

24

8.4
8.4.1

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Applications of Double Integrals


Volume

Suppose D is a solid region under the surface of a


function f (x, y) over a plane region R. Then, as we
have seen in 8.1.2, the volume of D is given by
ZZ
f (x, y)dA.
R
8.4.2

Example

Find the volume of the solid D that is bounded by


the elliptic paraboloid x2 + 2y 2 + z = 16, the planes
x = 2, y = 2, and the 3-coordinate planes.
Solution: The solid region D is under the surface
represented by the function f (x, y) = 16 x2 2y 2

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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

and is above the rectangular region


R : 0 x 2,

0 y 2.

So volume of D is
ZZ
(16 x2 2y 2)dA
R
Z 2Z 2
=
(16 x2 2y 2)dxdy
0

...
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z = 16 x 2y 2

= 48.
8.4.3

Example

Find the volume of the solid enclosed laterally by


the circular cylinder about z-axis of radius 3 and
bounded on top by the plane x + z = 20 and below by the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2.

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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Solution: The volume can be computed as


ZZ

ZZ
f1(x, y)dA

V =
R

f2(x, y)dA
R

where f1 and f2 are the functions of the top and


bottom surfaces respectively and R is the projection
of the solid on the xy-plane.
From the equations of the plane and paraboloid, we
have
f1(x, y) = 20 x and f2(x, y) = x2 + y 2.
It is also clear that R is the circle of radius 3 centred
at origin which has polar coordinates
0 r 3,

0 2.

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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

So the volume of the solid is


ZZ
V =

ZZ
(x2 + y 2)dA

(20 x)dA
R

and can be computed as


Z

V =

(20 r cos )r dr d
Z0 2 Z0 3

(r2)r dr d

20r r2 cos r3 dr d

Z0 2 0
4 3
3
r
r
d
=
10r2 cos
3
4 0
Z0 2
81
90 9 cos
=
d
4
0
2
279
279
=
9 sin
=

4
2
0
=

8.4.4

Surface area

If f has continuous first partial derivatives on a closed


region R of the xy-plane, then the area S of that
portion of the surface z = f (x, y) that projects onto
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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

R is
s

ZZ
S=
R
8.4.5

z
x

2
+

z
y

2
+ 1 dA.

Example

Find the surface area of the portion of the cylinder


x2 + z 2 = 4 above the rectangle
R:

0 x 1,

0 y 4.

x+z =4
11111111111
00000000000
2
00000000000
11111111111
S
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
2

4
1

Solution: The portion of the cylinder x2 + z 2 = 4


that lies above the xy-plane has the equation z =

4 x2 .
So the surface is given by the function f (x, y) =
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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

4 x2 .
ZZ

S=
R

ZZ

z
x

2
+

z
y
2

2
+ 1 dA

x
=

+ 02 + 1 dA
4 x2
R

Z 4 Z 1
2

dx dy
=
2
4x
0
Z 4 0
1
x=1
=2
sin (x/2) x=0 dy
Z0 4

4
=2
dy = .
6
3
0
Z
1

Note that
dx = sin1(x/a) + C.
a2 x2
8.4.6

Mass and center of gravity

If a lamina with a continuous density function


(x, y) occupies a region R in the xy-plane, its total

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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

mass M is given by the double integral


ZZ
(x, y) dA,

M=
R

and its center of gravity (


x, y) is
RR
RR
x(x, y) dA
x(x, y) dA
x = RRR
= R
,
M
(x, y) dA
RR R
RR
R y(x, y) dA
R y(x, y) dA
RR
.
y =
=
M
(x,
y)
dA
R
Note that if (x, y) is a constant, then the center of
gravity of the lamina is:
RR
RR
RR
RR
R y dA
R x dA
R x dA
R y dA
RR
RR
, y =
.
x =
=
=
Area of R
Area of R
R 1 dA
R 1 dA
8.4.7

Example

Find the center of gravity of the triangular lamina


with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1) and (1, 0), and density function (x, y) = xy.
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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Solution:
x = 0,

The triangular lamina has boundaries

y = 0,

y = x + 1.

It is described by R : 0 y x+1, 0 x 1.
The mass of the lamina is
ZZ

ZZ

(x, y) dA =
xy dA
R
y=x+1
Z 1RZ x+1
Z 1
1 2
=
xy dy dx =
xy
dx
2
0
0
0
y=0

Z 1
1
1
1 3
=
x x2 + x dx = .
2
2
24
0
For the center of gravity,
ZZ

ZZ

x(x, y) dA =
x2y dA
R
y=x+1
Z 1RZ x+1
Z 1
1 2 2
=
x2y dy dx =
xy
dx
2
0
0
0
y=0

Z 1
1 4
1 2
1
3
=
x x + x dx = ,
2
2
60
0

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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

ZZ

ZZ

y(x, y) dA =
xy 2 dA
R
y=x+1
Z 1RZ x+1
Z 1
1 3
=
xy 2 dy dx =
xy
dx
3
0
0
0
y=0

Z 1
1 4
1
1
3
2
=
x + x x + x dx = .
3
3
60
0
So

and

8.5

RR
1/60 2
R x(x, y) dA
RR
x =
=
=
1/24
5
(x,
y)
dA
R
RR
y(x, y) dA 1/60 2
R
=
y = RR
=
1/24 5
R (x, y) dA
Triple integral

We can also define integration on functions of three


variables over solid region in xyz-space.
Let D be a solid region in the xyz space. Subdivide
D into smaller cubic region Di (i = 1, ..., n).
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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Let Vi be the volume of Vi and (xi, yi, zi) be a point


in Di. Let f (x, y, z) be a function of three variables.
Then the triple integral of f over D is
ZZZ
f (x, y, z) dV = lim

8.5.1

n
X

f (xi, yi, zi)Vi.

i=1

Physical meaning

There is no direct geometrical meaning for triple integral on a general function. However, when the function f represents certain physical quantity, then integrating f over a solid region may have some physical
meaning.
For example, when f is the constant function 1, then
ZZZ
1 dV = volume of D.
D
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8.5.2

MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Example

Given a solid object D with volume V and uniform


density , the mass M of D is given by
M = V.
However, suppose the density actually varies (continuously) at different points of D, i.e. the density is a
function (x, y, z) where (x, y, z) are the coordinates
of a point in D.
Divide D into subregions Di as before and let Mi be
the mass of the subregion Di.
Then
Mi (xi, yi, zi) Vi.

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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

Hence
M = lim

8.5.3

n
X

ZZZ
(xi, yi, zi)Vi =

(x, y, z) dV.
D

i=1

Evaluation of triple integral

Similar to double integral, we need to describe the


solid region D in terms of coordinates and evaluate
the triple integral as a triple iterated integral.
We will only consider the rectangular region in this
chapter.
8.5.4

Rectangular region

Suppose D is the rectangular box consisting of points


(x, y, z) such that
D:

a x b, c y d, r z s.
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MA1505 Chapter 8. Multiple Integrals

z
s

r
0

d
b

Then we have the iterated integral


ZZZ

Z bZ dZ

f (x, y, z) dV =
D

f (x, y, z) dz dy dx.
a

As in the case of double integrals, the order of integration with respect to the three variables does not
affect the answer of the triple integrals.

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