Skyshine)

THESIS
SKYSHINE RADIATION RESULTING FROM

6 MV AND 10 MV PHOTON BEAMS FROM A MEDICAL ACCELERATOR
Submitted by
Deirdre Harris Elder
Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
In partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the Degree of Master of Science
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
Summer 2008
ABSTRACT OF THESIS
SKYSHINE RADIATION RESULTING FROM
6 MV AND 10 MV PHOTON BEAMS FROM A MEDICAL ACCELERATOR
Skyshine radiation scattered in the atmosphere above a radiation therapy
accelerator facility can result in measurable dose rates on locations near the facility at
roof level and on the ground. A Reuter Stokes RSS-120 pressurized ion chamber was
used to measure exposure rates in the vicinity of a Varian Trilogy Linear Accelerator at
the Colorado State University Veterinary Medical Center. The linear accelerator was
used to deliver 6 MV photons and 10 MV photons with several combinations of field
sizes and gantry angles.
The equation in NCRP publications (2005, 1977) for modeling skyshine radiation
in the vicinity of medical accelerators is not a good fit to the observed dose rates at
ground level or on the roof. A more accurate method of estimating skyshine may be to
measure the exposure rate of the radiation exiting the roof of the facility and to scale the
results using the graphs presented in this thesis.
Deirdre H. Elder
Environmental and Radiological Sciences Department
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523
Summer 2008
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT OF THESIS.............ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................iii
Introduction........................................................................................................................1
Materials and Methods......................................................................................................3
The Accelerator Facility..........................................................................................3
Radiation Detection Instrumentation.......................................................................6
Calculation of Expected Radiation Levels...............................................................8
Results...............................................................................................................................10
Roof Transmission.................................................................................................10
RSS-120 PIC Calibration and Constancy..............................................................11
Skyshine Radiation at Ground Level Locations....................................................12
Skyshine Radiation Levels for Outside Locations at Roof Level.........................16
Skyshine Radiation Levels at Second Floor Corridor Locations..........................19
Discussion.........................................................................................................................20
Conclusion........................................................................................................................25
References........................................................................................................................26
Appendix A Calibration ..............................................................................................27
Appendix B RSS-120 PIC Constancy.........................................................................30
Appendix C Exposure Rate In Beam and Roof Shielding Transmission Factors..35
Appendix D Calculation of Expected Skyshine Dose Rate
Using NCRP 151 Method........................................................................36
Appendix E Skyshine Data and Analysis for Ground Locations.............................40
Appendix F Skyshine Data and Analysis for Outdoor Roof Locations...................60
Appendix G Skyshine Data and Analysis for Second Floor Corridor Locations...71
Appendix H Comparison of Skyshine to Primary Beam..........................................78
iii
Introduction
Skyshine is the term used for radiation that originates near the surface of the earth with an
upward velocity and then is scattered back by the molecules in the atmosphere. Skyshine
radiation is of concern because it can deliver radiation dose to the public in areas beyond
the boundary of the radiation production facility, even in areas that are not in the line of
sight of the source. When the Brookhaven Cosmotron and the Lawrence Berkeley
Bevatron became operational in 1953 and 1954, the radiation levels in the vicinity of the
accelerator facilities were much higher than predicted. This was due to neutrons that had
been scattered by the atmosphere (Thomas, 2001). Also, as early as 1957, the radiation
doses around hot cells used to store large quantities of radioactive materials were
reported to be high due to photon scattering (Rindi and Thomas, 1975). Both of these
phenomena were referred to as skyshine radiation. These observations led to a large
number of empirical and theoretical studies of radiation propagation and skyshine
radiation.
Several methods for calculating the expected skyshine radiation from x-ray and
gamma radiation facilities have been developed and are described by the National
Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP 2005). These methods
include an equation for dose rate at a location based on the dose rate at isocenter, the
solid angle of the beam, and geometric considerations. McGinley (1993) measured
skyshine radiation levels in the vicinity of a medical accelerator producing 18 MV
photons. His results showed a discrepancy with the values calculated using NCRP (2005,
1977) methods.
The most common photon energies for medical accelerators are 6 MV and 10
MV. Neutron production is not a concern at these energies, but photon skyshine can
contribute a radiation dose to employees or members of the public. Even when all
radiation levels in the vicinity of the accelerator are below regulatory limits, the ALARA
principle requires that the radiation exposures be kept as low as reasonably achievable.
This requires knowledge of the radiation levels present.
The purpose of this work is to examine the skyshine radiation levels on the roof
and at ground level in the vicinity of a radiation therapy accelerator facility which
produces 6 MV and 10 MV photons. The radiation exposure rates were measured using a
pressurized ion chamber with an eight liter volume and the results were compared to the
values calculated using the equation in NCRP 151 (2005). This research shows that the
model in NCRP 151 does not fit the observed values of skyshine radiation.
Materials and Methods

The Accelerator Facility
A Varian Trilogy Accelerator (Varian Trilogy, Varian Medical Systems, Palo
Alto, CA 94304) was commissioned at the Colorado State University Veterinary Medical
Center in autumn 2007. The walls of the Edward L. Gillette Radiation Oncology Suite
are constructed of 1.5 m of concrete in the primary beam (Fig. 1). This provides
sufficient shielding from direct radiation. However, as is the case at many accelerator
facilities, the roof has minimal shielding and radiation escapes vertically. This radiation
is scattered in the atmosphere resulting in measurable levels of skyshine on the roof and
at ground level around the facility.
N
Control
Room
Scale
= 1 meter
= Axis of Gantry
Rotation
A
Ground
Locations
Outside
Facility
Fig. 1. Plan view of the radiation therapy suite. The ground locations to the west are
indicated by the arrow. Location A on the plan indicates where the constancy
measurements were taken. The axis of rotation of the accelerator gantry is in the northsouth direction at a height of 1.3 m above the floor.
3
The locations selected for skyshine measurements were at ground level along a
line to the west of the isocenter (Fig. 1) and at roof level, both outside directly south of
the isocenter and inside along a corridor (Fig. 2).
Chain Link
Fence
Isocenter
Below
Scale
= 1 meter
Outside
Roof
Locations
Inside 2nd
Floor Corridor
Fig. 2. Plan view of the roof of the radiation therapy suite. The locations for
measurements at roof level are indicated by the arrows. Measurements were taken
outside directly south of the isocenter location beginning at the second fence.
Measurements were also taken inside along the corridor as shown.
The Varian Trilogy is a linear accelerator for radiation oncology therapy. The
dose rate is calibrated at dmax in a water phantom with a source to surface distance (SSD)
of 100 cm. For 6 MV photons, dmax is at a depth of 1.5 cm and for 10 MV photons, dmax
is at a depth of 2.5 cm. The Varian Trilogy is capable of delivering 6 MV photons at
dose rates up to 1000 cGy min-1 and 10 MV photons at dose rates up to 600 cGy min-1
For the purposes of this study, the Trilogy accelerator was operated at a dose rate of 600
cGy min-1 during all measurements. The gantry rotates about the isocenter, a point 100
cm from the accelerator target (Fig 3). Data were obtained for vertical gantry (180) for
all measurement locations. Data were also obtained with gantry angle 205 for the
ground level measurements and 155 for the corridor measurements (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
4
The collimators can be adjusted to dimensions from 0.5 cm to 40 cm measured at

isocenter. For this project, the collimator was closed to 0.5 cm 0.5 cm beam to measure
leakage radiation. For skyshine measurements, a field size of 10 cm 10 cm at isocenter
was used because it is the most common for traditional treatment plans. Measurements
were also taken for a 40 cm 40 cm field because it is the largest field size available with
this accelerator.
Gantry angle 0
Isocenter
Gantry
270
Gantry 90
Gantry
205 (25
to west)
Gantry 155
Gantry angle 180 (25 the east)
Beam Vertical
Fig 3. The gantry of the accelerator rotates about the isocenter. The angles are defined
such that 0 is at the top with the beam directed downward. The angles increase in the
clockwise direction as viewed facing the gantry.
Figure 4. The Varian Trilogy radiation therapy accelerator set to gantry angles of 180
and 205 for skyshine measurements.
5
Radiation Detection Instrumentation

The skyshine radiation measurements were made using a Reuter-Stokes Gamma
Radiation Sensor (RSS-120-100mR, Reuter-Stokes, Inc, 8499 Darrow Rd., Twinsburg,
Ohio 44087). The calibration certificate is in Appendix A. The RSS-120 is a spherical
ion chamber with an eight liter volume containing 25 atmospheres of argon. The unit
includes an auto-ranging electrometer with a low range of zero to 500 R h-1 and a high
range from 0.5 to 100 mR h-1. A Fluke model 25 digital multimeter (Fluke Corporation,
6920 Seaway Blvd., Everett, WA 98206) was used to measure the output voltage. An
internal 300 V battery provides the sensor bias voltage and an external 12 V rechargeable
battery pack supplies DC power to the electrometer. The RSS-120 pressurized ion
chamber (PIC) and the case containing the readout multimeter and the 12 V battery were
placed on a plastic cart with a horizontal surface 0.75 meter above the ground (Fig. 5) for
all measurements.
Figure 5. The RSS-120 PIC and the case containing the 12 V battery pack and a Fluke
digital multimeter for voltage readout were placed on a plastic cart for all measurements.
To measure and document instrument drift for the RSS-120, constancy

measurements were taken before and after each set of skyshine data. The PIC on the cart
was placed at position A as indicated in Fig. 1. Measurements were made with the gantry
facing west (270) and the collimator closed (0.5 cm 0.5 cm) for 6 MV and 10 MV
photons. These conditions yielded low range measurements from the electrometer.
Measurements were then made with the gantry facing east (90) and collimator wide
open (40 cm 40 cm) for 6 MV and 10 MV photons to test the high range.
For each location measurements were taken with the accelerator off to obtain
background levels, Measurements were also taken with the accelerator on and the
collimator closed to obtain leakage radiation measurements for each energy. For each
measurement of background, leakage, constancy or skyshine, five data points were
collected and averaged. The voltage readings were converted to exposure rates using the
calibration factor. The net skyshine radiation at each location and energy was determined
by subtracting the average background radiation and the average leakage, for that
location and energy, from the exposure rate measured.
In order to determine the transmission through the roof, the exposure rate in the
beam was measured at isocenter and in the center of the beam 0.90 meter above the roof.
Two instruments were used for these measurements to provide redundancy and validate
the results. The exposure rate was measured directly using a RadCal Model 2025
Radiation Monitor (Model 2025 Monitor with Model 20X5-3 Electrometer/Ion Chamber,
RadCal Corporation 426 West Duarte Road, Monrovia, CA 91016). The 3 cm3 ion
chamber was used with a buildup cap equivalent to 0.5 cm of water. In addition, a 0.6
cm3 Farmer chamber (PTW Model N30013 Farmer Chamber, PTW-Freiburg, Lrracher
Strasse 7, 79115 Freiburg, Germany) with an aluminum buildup cap equivalent to 2.5 cm
of water was used. The collected charge was displayed with a Keithley advanced therapy
dosimeter (Model 35040, Keithley Instruments, Inc., 28775 Aurora Road, Cleveland,
Ohio 44139). The exposure rate was determined by multiplying the charge (in nC) by the
calibration factor (Appendix C).
The distance from the floor of the therapy suite to the roof is 4.88 m and the
distance from the floor to the isocenter is 1.31 m. The RadCal chamber and the PTW
chamber were mounted on a stand 0.9 m above the level of the roof. When the gantry is
at 180, the target to chamber distance is 5.47 m. The roof shielding transmission factor
for photons, Bxs, is calculated using equation 1:
X& chamber d tc2
Bxs =
X& iso
(1)
where:
X& chamber is the exposure rate at the chamber location on the roof;
X& iso is the exposure rate at the isocenter (100 cm from the target);
d tc is the distance from the target to the chamber above the roof.
Calculation of Expected Radiation Levels

The expected skyshine radiation levels at ground locations outside the accelerator facility
(Fig. 6) are calculated using the methods of McGinley (2002) as described in NCRP 151
(2005).

2m
di
+
Isocenter
Detector
Target
ds
Fig 6. A simplified schematic showing the isocenter and the geometric variables used in
equation 1 for photon skyshine calculation. (NCRP 2005).
The dose equivalent rate at a horizontal distance from the isocenter of the beam is
given by equation 2 (NCRP, 2005):
2.5 10 7 D& 0 Bxs 1.3

H& =
(d i d s )2
(2)
where:
H& is the dose equivalent rate in nG h-1;

D& 0 is the absorbed dose output rate at one meter from the source in Gy h-1;
Bxs is the roof shielding transmission factor for photons;
is the solid angle of the beam in steradians;
di is the vertical distance from the target to a point two meters above the roof;
ds is the horizontal distance of the location of interest from the isocenter.
Results
Roof Transmission
The Varian Trilogy was set to deliver a dose rate of 600 cGy min-1 at dmax for an
SSD of 100 cm. Measurements of exposure rate were taken at isocenter and at a location
0.9 m above the roof. Data were obtained for 6 MV and 10 MV photons at a gantry angle
of 180 for 10 cm 10 cm and 40 cm 40 cm field sizes. The roof shielding
transmission factors, Bxs, to be used in later calculations are highlighted in Table 1. The
data for the 10 cm 10 cm field size was used to calculate the transmission factors
because the 40 cm 40 cm field size has significantly more scatter which increases the
reading at the chamber location. There is a discrepancy in the exposure rate values due to
insufficient buildup for the RadCal 20X5-3 in the beam at isocenter and a 5% uncertainty
in calibration for both probes.
Results from RadCal 2025 with Model 20X5-3 Probe including Cobalt-60 buildup cap
Exposure Rate R min-1
Exposure Rate C kg s
Isocenter
Roof
Isocenter
Roof
Ratio
Bxs
6 MV 10x10
594.87
0.514
0.153
1.33E-04
0.0009
0.027
6 MV 40x40
655.08
1.098
0.169
2.83E-04
0.0017
10 MV 10x10
517.81
0.917
0.134
2.37E-04
0.0018
0.055
10 MV 40x40
611.73
1.881
0.158
4.85E-04
0.0031
Results from PTW Model N30013 Farmer Chamber with Aluminum Buildup Cap
Exposure Rate R min-1
Exposure Rate C kg s
Bxs
Isocenter
Roof
Isocenter
Roof
Ratio
6 MV 10x10
639.37
0.564
0.165
1.46E-04
0.0009
0.027
6 MV 40x40
673.01
1.167
0.174
3.01E-04
0.0017
10 MV 10x10
684.04
1.151
0.176
2.97E-04
0.0017
0.052
10 MV 40x40
728.09
2.005
0.188
5.17E-04
0.0028
Table 1. Exposure rates and roof transmission factors calculated based on data obtained
with the RadCal 2025 and with the PTW N30013 (Appendix C).
10
RSS-120 PIC Calibration and Constancy
The RSS-120 PIC was calibrated by K&S Associates (1926 Elm Tree Drive,
Nashville, TN 37210, 6 May 2008). The calibration factor for the low range (exposure
rates zero to 500 R h-1) is 0.554 R hr-1 mV-1. The calibration factor for the high range
(exposure rates 0.5 to 100 mR h-1) is 10.93 R hr-1 mV-1. The accuracy of the calibration
factor is plus or minus 10% (Appendix A).
Measurements were taken using the RSS-120 PIC on six different days. To verify
that the instrument response was consistent over time, constancy measurements were
taken for background and high and low range conditions (Appendix B). The
measurements of background radiation had a coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.0406.
The CV for the 6 MV low range was 0.0335 and the CV for the 10 MV low range was
0.0329. For the 6 MV high range, the CV was 0.049. The measurements taken for 10
MV high range condition had a CV of 0.137. The exposure rate for the high range
condition (gantry 90, collimator 40 cm 40 cm) was at the upper end of the operating
range of the RSS-120 and the voltage output was dependent on the electrometer bias
voltage (Fig. 9). None of the PIC readings for the skyshine data were above 4 V high
range, which is well within the operating range of the RSS-120.
11
PIC Constancy
12
6 MV Low
Range
10 MV Low
Range
PIC Output (V)
10
6 MV High
Range
10 MV High
Range
Background
6
4
2
0
10
11
12
Battery Voltage (with load)
13
Fig. 9. Average output voltages for the RSS-120 PIC during constancy measurements for
the conditions indicated previously. The 10 MV high range output was sensitive to the
voltage of the 12 V battery that provided the electrometer bias.
Skyshine Radiation at Ground Level Locations
The skyshine radiation was measured for locations beginning at the outside wall
of the radiation therapy suite and extending 50 meters to the west (Fig. 1). The exposure
rate data was placed in Appendix E. For a gantry angle of 180, the location of the peak
is 10.9 m from the isocenter. The measured radiation levels at the peak for both photon
energies and field sizes are given in Table 2.
To normalize the skyshine exposure rate to a quantity that can be measured at
most medical accelerator facilities, the net skyshine exposure rate at a given location was
divided by the exposure rate for radiation exiting the roof above the isocenter. The ratio
was calculated for both energies and both field sizes (Fig. 10).
12
Exposure Rates in mR h-1

40 cm 40 cm field
10 cm 10 cm field
Location of Peak
6 MV
10 MV
6 MV
10 MV
180
10.9 m
1.88
2.32
0.115
0.144
205
10.0 m
1.99
2.69
0.146
0.197
Gantry
Table 2. Skyshine exposure rates (mR h-1) measured at the location of the peak for both
gantry angles, both energies and both field sizes.
The transmission of photons increases with photon energy, but higher energy
photons scatter in the forward direction. The combination of these factors results in
higher net exposure rates for the 10 MV photons, but a lower ratio between the skyshine
radiation and the radiation leaving the roof above the isocenter (Fig. 10 a and b). The 40
cm 40 cm field size has sixteen times the area of a 10 cm x 10 cm field size and results
in exposure rates sixteen times as high, as expected. The size of the error bars in Fig. 10
are calculated using propagation of errors, which include the 10% uncertainty in the RSS120 PIC calibration factor and the variation in background radiation, leakage and PIC
measurements.
For a gantry angle of 205 the peak exposure rate is greater than for a gantry angle
of 180, and occurs closer to the wall. The transmission factor and exposure rate exiting
the roof were not determined for a 205 gantry angle, so ratios were not calculated.
13
Ratio of Skyshine Radiation

to the Exposure Rate Exiting the Roof
for a 40 x 40 Field with 180 Gantry
3.00E-05
6 MV
10 MV
2.50E-05
Ratio
2.00E-05
1.50E-05
1.00E-05
5.00E-06
0.00E+00
0
10
20
30
40
50
Distance from Isocenter (m)
(a)

for 10 x 10 Field with 180 Gantry
4.00E-06
6 MV
3.50E-06
10 MV
3.00E-06
Ratio
2.50E-06
2.00E-06
1.50E-06
1.00E-06
5.00E-07
0.00E+00
0
10
20
30
40
50
(b)
Fig. 10. The net exposure rate for skyshine radiation at a location was divided by the
exposure rate measured 0.9 m above the roof above isocenter. The gantry angle was 180
and the field sizes were (a) 40 cm 40 cm and (b) 10 cm x 10 cm.
14
The expected skyshine radiation for ground and roof locations was calculated in
Appendix D using equation (2). The calculated and measured skyshine dose rates for
ground locations are compared in Fig. 11.
Skyshine Dose Rates at Ground Locations
For 40 x 40 Field Size
Net Dose Rate (Gy/hr)
35
6 MV Calculated
6 MV Measured
30
10 MV Calculated
25
10 MV Measured
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
Distance From Isocenter (m)
40
50
(a)
Skyshine Dose Rates at Ground Locations
Net Dose Rate (Gy/hr)
1.5
6 MV Calculated
6 MV Measured
10 MV Calculated
10 MV Measured
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
10
20
30
40

(b)
Fig. 11. Skyshine dose rates measured and calculated using equation 2 for
(a) 40 cm 40 cm and (b) 10 cm 10 cm field sizes.
50
15
Skyshine Radiation Levels for Outside Locations at Roof Level
The skyshine radiation was measured on the roof beginning at the second fence
(Fig. 2) and extending 50 meters south. The exposure rate data for outside roof locations
was placed in Appendix F. Only a vertical gantry angle (180) was used for
measurements made along the line south of the isocenter. As shown in Fig. 12, for the
roof locations there is no peak in the skyshine radiation curve. The exposure rate
decreased with distance for all roof locations. The skyshine exposure rate was
normalized to the radiation exiting the roof above isocenter. The ratio of skyshine to
beam exiting the roof was calculated for both energies and both field sizes (Fig. 12).
Measurements were not obtained for locations inside the second fence (Fig. 2).
The plastic cart on which the PIC was placed for all measurements did not fit between the
inner and middle fences, and the values obtained were very different when the PIC was
set on the roof compared to on the cart. For example, at the location just outside the
second fence, the PIC sitting on the cart produced readings more than a factor of 3 higher
than when the PIC was sitting directly on the roof. At the location outside the outer
fence, the cart level readings were more than 68% higher than the roof level readings for
the same beam conditions.
Since the shape of the exposure rate curve for outdoor locations on the roof is
similar to the shape of the graph generated using equation (2), a comparison was made
between measured skyshine radiation and the calculated values (Appendix D).
The calculation of skyshine radiation using the same value of di as was used for the
ground locations (di = 6.57) resulted in estimates of skyshine that were significantly
lower than the observed radiation dose rates. (Fig. D.1). The di is the distance from the
16
target to a point 2 m above the roof, so the calculations were repeated with a di value of
2.0 m resulting in a better fit to the data (Fig. D.2). However, the calculated dose rate is
still an underestimation, and more work needs to be done to develop a model that fits the
data for skyshine radiation at roof level.
17

for a 40 x 40 Field with 180Gantry
1.00E-03
6 MV
10 MV
Ratio
1.00E-04
1.00E-05
1.00E-06
10
20
30
40
50
(a)
for a 10 x 10 Field with 180 Gantry
1.00E-04
6 MV
Ratio
10 MV
1.00E-05
1.00E-06
1.00E-07
0
10
20
30
40
50
(b)
Fig. 12. Ratio of skyshine radiation at a location on the roof to the exposure rate
exiting the roof. The net exposure rate for skyshine radiation at a location was
divided by the exposure rate measured 0.9 m above the roof above isocenter. The
field sizes were (a) 40 cm 40 cm and (b) 10 cm 10 cm.
18
Skyshine Radiation Levels at Second Floor Corridor Locations
The skyshine dose rates were determined for locations beginning at the north wall
and extending 40 meters down the second floor corridor (Fig. 2). The net dose rates in
the corridor are no more than 6% of the values at the same distance outside.
Net Dose Rate (Gy/h)
Skyshine Dose Rates in Second Floor Corridor

40 x 40 Field Size
4
10 MV G180
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
10 MV G 155
6 MV G 180
6 MV G 155
Background
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
(a)
Skyshine Dose Rates in Second Floor Corridor
10 x 10 Field Size
0.4
10 MV G180
10 MV G155
0.35
6 MV G180
6 MV G155
0.3
Background
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
(b)
Fig. 14. The skyshine dose rates measured in the second floor corridor for 6 MV and 10
MV photons with gantry angles of 180 and 155. The field sizes are (a) 40 cm 40 cm
and (b) 10 cm 10 cm.
19
Discussion
The skyshine radiation observed at a location depends on the energy of the

photons, the field size and the gantry angle. As expected, the exposure rate is higher
when the gantry is pointing towards the location of the detector than when it is vertical.
At ground locations, the exposure rate increased as the detector was moved away
from the wall until a point between ten and eleven meters from the wall, then the
exposure rate decreased with r2 (Appendix E). The wall of the radiation therapy suite
shields locations near the wall from the scattered radiation. An unexpected result is that
the location of highest exposure rate for ground locations is closer to the wall when the
gantry is not vertical (Fig 15).
Gantry 180
Gantry 205
+ Isocenter
ds
Fig. 15. Skyshine radiation exposure rates at ground level locations have a peak at a
location that is closer to the wall when the gantry is tilted towards the detector.
20
A chain link fence encloses an area extending 15.5 m west from the wall of the
radiation therapy suite. An unanticipated decline in readings was observed immediately
beyond the fence (Fig. 16).
Skysine Exposure Rates - Ground Locations

Gantry 205, Field 40 x 40
Exposure Rate (uR/hr)
3000
6 MV
2500
10 MV
Background
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Distance from Isocenter (m eters)
Fig. 16. The exposure rate immediately outside the chain link fence was noticeably
reduced. The graphs of exposure rates for other beam conditions (Appendix E) show the
same anomaly.
McGinley (2002) obtained data for skyshine radiation at ground level outside a
facility with an 18 MV accelerator. The units have been changed and the results were
graphed to allow comparison with the results from this study (Fig. 17). In both cases, the
field size at isocenter was 40 cm 40 cm and the gantry was vertical. McGinley used a
dose rate of 400 cGy/min at isocenter and a roof transmission of 1.0 (no attenuation). In
this study, the dose rate was 600 cGy/min at dmax and the roof transmission was 0.027 for
6 MV photons and 0.055 for 10 MV photons. In spite of these differences, the shapes of
the curves are similar. It is clear from these graphs that the equation (2) from NCRP
21
(2005) does not fit the data obtained at ground level locations outside an accelerator
facility.
Skyshine Dose Rates
40 x 40 Field Size, 10 MV
30
Measured
Calculated
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
Distance From Isocenter (m)
50
40
(a)
McGinley (1993) Skyshine Dose Rates
40 x 40 Field, 18 MV
200
Measured
Photon Rate (Gy/h)
180
Calculated
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
(b)
Fig. 17. The calculated and observed skyshine dose rates due to medical accelerators.
The field sizes are 40 cm 40 cm. (a) Skyshine dose rates observed in this study due to
10 MV photons. (b) Skyshine from an 18 MV accelerator (McGinley, 1993).
22
The author proposes that medical accelerator facilities with 6 MV or 10 MV

photon beams measure the exposure rate in the beam at a point 0.9 m above the roof and
multiply by the values in Fig. 10 to determine the expected skyshine radiation exposure
rates at ground level locations.
On the roof, there is no evidence of a peak in the exposure rate curve. This is
reasonable since there is no vertical wall to shield roof locations from the skyshine
radiation. The shape of the curve obtained using the equation in NCRP 151 (NCRP,
2005) is similar to the data obtained outside on the roof. Nevertheless, more data is
needed from facilities with different energies and geometries to determine an appropriate
model for skyshine radiation at roof locations. The author proposes that medical
accelerator facilities with 6 MV or 10 MV photon beams measure the exposure rate in the
beam at a point 0.9 m above the roof and multiply by the values in Fig. 12 to determine
the expected skyshine radiation exposure rates at roof level locations.
In the 2nd floor corridor, the skyshine radiation is reduced to less than 6% of the
outside values at the same distance from the isocenter (with a gantry angle of 155).
When the gantry is vertical (180), the dose rates in the hallway are approximately 2% of
the rates outside at the same distance from the isocenter The curves are not as smooth as
those obtained outside because the exposure rates are the same order of magnitude as the
background radiation with similar variability. In addition, differences in shielding
material within the roof (duct work, etc.) may cause the attenuation of the skyshine to
vary with location.
It was also observed that the exposure rate in the corridor dropped by up to 50%
when people walked by. It was surprising that the radiation was attenuated to such a
23
large degree by a person in the hallway. Measurements were repeated when this
occurred, but it is clear that the measurements made in the hallway were sensitive to the
conditions at the PIC location and between the PIC and the source.
It is important to put skyshine radiation in perspective. The relative importance of
primary beam radiation, leakage, scatter and skyshine depend on the treatment protocols
in use at the accelerator facility and the shielding in the walls and the roof. At a ground
level location 10.9 m from the isocenter at the CSU VMC accelerator facility, the
skyshine radiation is a maximum. For field sizes of 10 cm 10 cm, if we assume the use
factor is the same for the roof and the wall (i.e. let U=0.25), the weekly dose due to
skyshine at that location is 5% of the dose due to the primary beam for 6 MV photons and
1% for 10 MV photons (Appendix H). In comparison, the dose from scatter is less than
4% and the dose from leakage is less than 0.1% of the dose due to the primary beam.
Scatter and leakage radiation are taken into consideration when designing the shielding
for a radiation therapy facility. Skyshine radiation should also be considered.
24
Conclusion
The dose rates due to skyshine radiation depend on the energy, the field size, the
gantry angle and the dose rate in the primary beam. They also are sensitive to the
conditions at the location of the measurement.
The equation used to model skyshine in NCRP publications (2005, 1977) is not a
good fit to the observed dose rates at ground level or on the roof outside a medical
accelerator facility. At ground level locations, there is a region in which the skyshine is
shielded by the wall. The dose rate increases to a peak location approximately 10 m from
the wall and then decreases with r2. For locations on the roof of the facility, there is no
region of shielding and thus no peak in the curve. The shape of the curve produced by
equation (2) is similar to the observed dose rates at roof level, but the parameters need to
be adjusted to obtain a good fit to the data.
The author recommends that a more accurate method for estimating skyshine
radiation in the vicinity of a medical accelerator facility is to measure the exposure rate of
the radiation exiting the roof of the facility and to scale the results using Fig. 10 for
ground level locations and Fig. 12 for locations on the roof.
Additional data is needed from facilities operating at different energies and with
different geometries in order to accurately estimate the skyshine radiation in the vicinity
of current and future medical accelerator facilities.
25
References
McGinley PH. Radiation skyshine produced by an 18 MeV medical accelerator. Radiat

Prot Manage 10, 59-64; 1993.
McGinley PH. Shielding techniques for radiation oncology facilities. 2nd ed. Madison,
WI: Medical Physics Publishing; 2002: 101-106.
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Structural shielding design
and evaluation for megavoltage x- and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. Bethesda, MD:
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; NCRP Report No. 151;
2005: 84-88.
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Radiation protection
design guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV particle accelerator facilities. Washington, DC :
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; NCRP Report No. 51;
1977.
Rindi A, Thomas RH. Skyshine a paper tiger? Particle Accelerators 7: 23-39; 1975.
Thomas RH. The history and future of accelerator radiological protection. Radiat Prot
Dosimetry 96:441-457; 2001.
Varian Medical Systems 3100 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, CA. [online]
http://www.varian.com/us/oncology/radiation_oncology/trilogy/. Accessed 22 April
2008.
26
Appendix A Calibration
27
Figure A.1. The calibration certificate for the RSS-120 PIC.
28
Exposure Rate (uR/h)
RSS-120 Low Range Calibration
y = 0.0554x - 2.5165
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
PIC Reading (mV)
Figure A.2. The calibration curve for the low range of the RSS-120 PIC. The calibration
factor is 0.0554 R h-1 mV-1 (18.047 mV R-1 h). The coefficient of determination, R2, is
equal to 1.0.
RSS-120 High Range Calibration
y = 10.947x - 31.324
Exposure Rate (uR/h)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
PIC Reading (mV)
Figure A.3. The calibration curve for the high range of the RSS-120 PIC. The
calibration factor is 10.47 R h-1 mV-1 (0.0913 mV R-1 h). The coefficient of
determination, R2, is equal to 1.0.
29
Appendix B RSS-120 PIC Constancy
30
Table B.1. PIC Constancy Raw Data

Date:
Background:
3/5/2008
0.317
0.326
0.340
0.331
0.332 Battery No Load
0.334
0.322
0.327
Battery w/ Load
Constancy readings taken with gantry facing west (270) and collimator closed (0.5x0.5)
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Reading 5
6 MV
0.452
0.432
0.435
0.433
0.459
10 MV
1.331
1.389
1.312
1.377
1.426
11.62
11.50
Constancy readings taken with gantry facing east (90) and collimator wide open (40x40)
6 MV
2.105
2.097
2.100
2.117
2.108 High Range
10 MV
7.870
7.880
7.870
7.880
7.880 High Range
Date:
3/12/2008
Background:
0.336
Background:
0.334
0.329
0.337
0.350
0.348
0.355
0.352

0.331 Battery w/ Load
11.26
9.82
6 MV
0.449
0.471
0.462
0.455
0.443
10 MV
1.365
1.415
1.460
1.456
1.423
6 MV
2.051
2.041
2.067
2.073
2.061 High Range
10 MV
6.940
6.940
6.940
6.930
6.930 High Range
Date:
3/27/2008
Background:
0.368
Background:
0.340
3:00 PM
0.351
0.344
0.343
0.335
0.339
0.350

12.25
11.83
6 MV
0.462
0.459
0.468
0.464
0.473
10 MV
1.445
1.426
1.471
1.454
1.463
6 MV
2.055
2.054
2.060
2.043
2.061 High Range
10 MV
9.570
9.570
9.570
9.570
9.570 High Range
Date:
3/27/2008
Background:
0.368
Background:
0.340
3:00 PM
0.351
0.344
0.343
0.335
0.339
0.350

12.25
11.83
6 MV
0.462
0.459
0.468
0.464
0.473
10 MV
1.445
1.426
1.471
1.454
1.463
6 MV
2.055
2.054
2.060
2.043
2.061 High Range
10 MV
9.570
9.570
9.570
9.570
9.570 High Range
31
Table B.1.
Date:_
3/27/2008
Background:
0.340
Background:
0.351
5:00 PM
0.343
0.406
0.352
0.355
0.352
0.353

12.18
11.74
6 MV
0.474
0.491
0.486
0.475
0.456
10 MV
1.507
1.489
1.491
1.509
1.510
6 MV
2.083
2.098
2.092
2.075
2.113 High Range
10 MV
9.420
9.420
9.420
9.420
9.420 High Range
Date:
3/31/2008
Background:
0.338
Background:
0.338
3:00 PM
0.337
0.340
0.351
0.350
0.320
0.344

12.89
12.53
6 MV
0.454
0.467
0.450
0.460
0.454
10 MV
1.381
1.382
1.424
1.424
1.419
6 MV
2.064
2.056
2.030
2.037
2.039 High Range
10 MV
10.230
10.230
10.230
10.230
10.230 High Range
Date:_
3/31/2008
Background:
0.319
Background:
0.319
5:00 PM
0.316
0.322
0.333
0.336
0.335
0.330

12.73
12.36
6 MV
0.452
0.459
0.471
0.452
0.466
10 MV
1.361
1.387
1.412
1.426
1.420
6 MV
2.039
2.024
2.021
2.047
2.038 High Range
10 MV
10.170
10.160
10.160
10.170
10.160 High Range
Date:
Background:
Background:
4/2/2008
0.361
0.362
1:30 PM
0.352
0.336
0.339
0.328
0.335
0.337

13.01
12.94
6 MV
0.463
0.476
0.492
0.469
0.463
10 MV
1.450
1.435
1.460
1.476
1.456
6 MV
2.033
2.071
2.032
2.030
2.035 High Range
32
Table B.1.
Date:
Background:
Background:
4/2/2008
0.327
5:00 PM
0.330
0.331
0.331

Battery w/ Load
12.93
12.87
6 MV
0.473
0.474
0.464
0.458
0.471
10 MV
1.482
1.543
1.500
1.534
1.499
6 MV
1.811
1.809
1.793
1.811
1.802 High Range
Date:_
Background:
Background:
4/2/2008
0.354
8:00 PM
0.355
0.352
0.350

Battery w/ Load
12.92
12.85
6 MV
0.445
0.480
0.476
0.496
0.488
10 MV
1.440
1.468
1.426
1.446
1.442
6 MV
1.836
1.819
1.832
1.822
1.837 High Range
Date:
Background:
4/8/2008
0.344
4:15 PM
0.361
0.338
0.351

Battery w/ Load
13.01
12.92
6 MV
0.456
0.428
0.433
0.458
0.466
10 MV
1.438
1.404
1.427
1.434
1.403
6 MV
2.065
2.083
2.054
2.074
2.059 High Range
Date:
Background:
4/8/2008
0.347
5:40 AM
0.349
0.347
0.346

Battery w/ Load
12.96
12.89
6 MV
0.450
0.450
0.469
0.439
0.453
10 MV
1.411
1.394
1.428
1.410
1.401
6 MV
2.078
2.069
2.067
2.043
2.087 High Range
33
Table B.2. PIC Constancy Statistical Analysis

Mean PIC Standard Coefficient
of
Reading Deviation
Variation
(V)
6 MV Low Range
0.461
0.015
0.034
10 MV Low Range
1.436
0.047
0.033
6 MV High Range
2.018
0.099
0.049
10 MV High Range
9.033
1.238
0.137
Background
0.341
0.014
0.041
34
Appendix C - Exposure Rate In Beam

and Roof Shielding Transmission Factors
Date:
5/25/2008
Pressure: 635.5 mm Hg
Temperature:
22 C
Instrument and Probe

RadCal 2025 Series
RadCal Model 20X5-3
with Cobalt Build-up cap
Rate Mode
Rel to 22 C, 101.3kPa
Temp (C) 23.4
At Isocenter
Temp Pres Factor =
1.2041995
10x10 Field:
Measured TP Corrected
6MV
494
594.87
R/min
10 MV
430
517.81
R/min
40 x 40 Field:
6MV
544
655.08
R/min
10 MV
508
611.73
R/min
Temp (C) 14.5
Location:
Roof
Temp Pres Factor =
1.168041
10x10 Field:
Measured TP Corrected
6MV
0.440
0.514
R/min
10 MV
0.785
0.917
R/min
40 x 40 Field:
6MV
0.940
1.098
R/min
10 MV
1.610
1.881
R/min
Location:
84.52 kPa
Instrument and Probe

Keithley Model 35040
1 min pulse
PTW Model N30013
Farmer Chamber w/Al Build-up cap
Calib. Factor =
5.689 R/nC
Rel to 22 C, 101.3 kPa
Temp (C) 23.4
At Isocenter
Temp Pres Factor =
1.204199473
Measured (nC)
TP Corr Exposure
93.33
639.37
R/min
99.85
684.04
R/min
98.24
673.01
R/min
106.28
728.09
R/min
Temp (C) 14.5
Roof
Temp Pres Factor =
1.168040987
Measured (nC)
TP Corr Exposure
0.085
0.56
R/min
0.173
1.15
R/min
0.176
0.302
1.17
2.00
R/min
R/min
10x10
0.027
0.052
40x40
0.053
0.085
Calculation of Roof Transmission Factor

Distance Target to roof =
Distance roof to chamber
Total distance =
RadCal
6 MV
10 MV
10x10
0.027
0.055
4.57 meters
0.98 meters
5.55 meters
Transmission Factor Bxs

40x40
Farmer
0.052
6 MV
0.095
10 MV
35
Appendix D - Calculation of Expected Skyshine Dose Rate

Using NCRP 151 Method
Equation (2) is used to calculate the expected dose equivalent rate, H& , due to skyshine
(NCRP, 2005).
2.5 10 7 D& 0 Bxs 1.3

H& =
(d i d s )2
(2)
Roof Transmission Factors used for calculations (Bxs)

6MV: Bxs = 0.027
10 MV: Bxs = 0.052
Solid Angle of the Beam =2(1-cos)
For 10 cm 10 cm field:
r = 5.64 cm (circle with area equivalent to 10 cm 10 cm square)
= arctan (5.64/100) = 3.23 degrees = 0.056 radians
= 0.010 steradians
For 40 cm 40 cm field:
r = 22.6 cm (circle with area equivalent to 40 cm 40 cm square)
= arctan (22.6/100) = 12.72 degrees = 0.222 radians
= 0.154 steradians
Dose Rate = D& 0 =360 Gy/hr (600 cGy/minute)
di = 6.57 m (from target to 2 m above the roof) for ground locations
di = 2.00 m (chosen for good fit to all roof data) for roof locations
36
Skyshine Dose Rates at Roof Locations

100
6 MV Measured
90
10 MV Measured
Dose Rate (Gy/h)
80
6MV Calculated
70
10 MV Calculated
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
50
40
(a)
Dose Rate (Gy/h)

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6 MV Measured
10 MV Measured
6 MV Calculated
10 MV Calculated
10
20
30
40
50
60
(b)
Figure D.1. Measured and calculated skyshine radiation at roof locations. Calculations
were made using equation (2) with di = 6.57.
37

100
6 MV Measured
90
10 MV Measured
Dose Rate (Gy/h)
80
6MV Calculated
70
10 MV Calculated
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
50
40
(a)
Dose Rate (Gy/h)

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6 MV Measured
10 MV Measured
6 MV Calculated
10 MV Calculated
10
20
30
40
50
60
(b)
Fig. D.2. Measured and calculated skyshine radiation at roof locations. Calculations were
made using equation (2) with di = 2.0. The fit is better than with di = 6.57, but exposure
rates are still underestimated.
38
Table D.1. Calculation of Expected Dose Rate Using NCRP 151 Method
6 MV 10 x 10
Distance to
Isocenter (m)
4.52
5.44
6.35
7.27
8.18
9.10
10.01
10.92
11.84
12.75
13.67
14.58
15.50
16.41
18.24
20.07
24.64
29.22
35.31
42.63
49.95
6 MV 40 x 40
Ground
Roof
Dose Rate Dose Rate
(Sv/hr)
(Sv/hr)
4.222
45.563
2.921
31.523
2.140
23.098
1.635
17.649
1.290
13.923
1.044
11.264
0.862
9.299
0.723
7.807
0.616
6.648
0.531
5.728
0.462
4.987
0.406
4.381
0.360
3.880
0.321
3.459
0.259
2.800
0.214
2.313
0.142
1.534
0.101
1.092
0.069
0.747
0.048
0.513
0.035
0.373
10 MV 10 x 10
Distance to
Isocenter (m)
4.52
5.44
6.35
7.27
8.18
9.10
10.01
10.92
11.84
12.75
13.67
14.58
15.50
16.41
18.24
20.07
24.64
29.22
35.31
42.63
49.95
Ground
Roof
Distance to Dose Rate Dose Rate
Isocenter (m) (Sv/hr)
(Sv/hr)
4.52
25.77 278.113
5.44
17.83 192.411
6.35
13.06 140.986
7.27
9.98 107.726
8.18
7.88 84.985
9.10
6.37 68.752
10.01
5.26 56.762
10.92
4.42 47.655
11.84
3.76 40.577
12.75
3.24 34.966
13.67
2.82 30.443
14.58
2.48 26.744
15.50
2.19 23.680
16.41
1.96 21.115
18.24
1.58 17.092
20.07
1.31 14.119
24.64
0.87
9.365
29.22
0.62
6.663
35.31
0.42
4.561
42.63
0.29
3.129
49.95
0.21
2.280
10 MV 40 x 40
Ground
Roof
Dose Rate Dose Rate
(Sv/hr)
(Sv/hr)
8.70
93.88
6.02
64.95
4.41
47.59
3.37
36.36
2.66
28.69
2.15
23.21
1.78
19.16
1.49
16.09
1.27
13.70
1.09
11.80
0.95
10.28
0.84
9.03
0.74
7.99
0.66
7.13
0.53
5.77
0.44
4.77
0.29
3.16
0.21
2.25
0.14
1.54
0.10
1.06
0.07
0.77
Ground
Roof
Distance to Dose Rate Dose Rate
Isocenter (m) (Sv/hr)
(Sv/hr)
4.52
53.70
579.46
5.44
37.15
400.90
6.35
27.22
293.75
7.27
20.80
224.45
8.18
16.41
177.07
9.10
13.27
143.25
10.01
10.96
118.27
10.92
9.20
99.29
11.84
7.83
84.54
12.75
6.75
72.85
13.67
5.88
63.43
14.58
5.16
55.72
15.50
4.57
49.34
16.41
4.08
43.99
18.24
3.30
35.61
20.07
2.73
29.42
24.64
1.81
19.51
29.22
1.29
13.88
35.31
0.88
9.50
42.63
0.60
6.52
49.95
0.44
4.75
39
Appendix E Skyshine Data and Analysis

For Ground Locations
40
Table E.1. Raw Data for skyshine measurements Ground Locations to West
Date: 3/27/08
All Readings are in Volts.
Location: at wall
Background Readings:
Collimator Closed 6 MV

0.338
0.329
0.328
0.325
0.326
0.545
0.537
0.531
0.509
0.505
0.596
0.631
0.650
0.607
0.617
Gantry 180 degrees (vertical)

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.070
10 MV Photons
0.086
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.349
10 MV Photons
1.544
Gantry 205 degrees (west)
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.084
10 MV Photons
0.119
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.652
10 MV Photons
2.192
0.071
0.087
0.070
0.088
0.071
0.087
0.070
0.087
1.349
1.617
1.337
1.617
1.341
1.608
1.343
1.601
0.085
0.118
0.086
0.118
0.085
0.118
0.085
0.119
1.674
2.200
1.671
2.186
1.673
2.199
1.669
2.224
Location: 3 ft from wall


0.333
0.342
0.344
0.326
0.325
0.477
0.478
0.490
0.476
0.467
0.578
0.584
0.593
0.587
0.567

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.096
10 MV Photons
0.119
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.578
10 MV Photons
2.037
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.113
10 MV Photons
0.154
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.120
10 MV Photons
2.789
0.097
0.118
0.095
0.119
0.096
0.120
0.096
0.119
1.600
2.059
1.602
2.027
1.593
2.055
1.589
2.035
0.114
0.155
0.113
0.154
0.112
0.155
0.113
0.154
2.171
2.805
2.130
2.790
2.118
2.821
2.110
2.847


0.354
0.332
0.320
0.312
0.315
0.453
0.464
0.468
0.469
0.472
0.555
0.553
0.568
0.569
0.558

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.118
10 MV Photons
0.148
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.883
10 MV Photons
2.347
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.136
10 MV Photons
0.186
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.427
10 MV Photons
3.235
0.118
0.146
0.119
0.148
0.120
0.147
0.119
0.147
1.894
2.348
1.899
2.346
1.915
2.366
1.891
2.379
0.137
0.187
0.136
0.186
0.137
0.185
0.138
0.188
2.442
3.250
2.433
3.260
2.438
3.280
2.450
3.260
41
Table E.1

0.321
0.322
0.319
0.301
0.303
0.426
0.455
0.444
0.432
0.413
0.509
0.509
0.537
0.535
0.534

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.139
10 MV Photons
0.172
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.113
10 MV Photons
2.682
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.159
10 MV Photons
0.213
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.739
10 MV Photons
3.670
0.138
0.171
0.139
0.173
0.138
0.172
0.139
0.172
2.122
2.656
2.111
2.657
2.114
2.673
2.121
2.668
0.158
0.214
0.159
0.215
0.158
0.213
0.159
0.214
2.757
3.660
2.768
3.670
2.743
3.660
2.752
3.680


0.302
0.289
0.288
0.295
0.290
0.423
0.426
0.446
0.431
0.431
0.538
0.516
0.537
0.543
0.537

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.155
10 MV Photons
0.193
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.335
10 MV Photons
2.890
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.174
10 MV Photons
0.233
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.946
10 MV Photons
3.940
0.154
0.194
0.155
0.191
0.154
0.192
0.154
0.193
2.312
2.883
2.307
2.895
2.324
2.890
2.325
2.857
0.173
0.234
0.172
0.233
0.173
0.233
0.173
0.234
2.952
3.930
2.961
3.940
2.961
3.930
2.969
3.920


0.324
0.321
0.309
0.320
0.322
0.408
0.400
0.425
0.417
0.411
0.521
0.533
0.527
0.535
0.513

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.165
10 MV Photons
0.204
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.404
10 MV Photons
3.056
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.179
10 MV Photons
0.244
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
3.073
10 MV Photons
4.040
0.166
0.203
0.165
0.205
0.164
0.203
0.166
0.205
2.405
3.043
2.416
3.107
2.395
3.082
2.418
3.058
0.181
0.245
0.180
0.244
0.181
0.245
0.182
0.245
3.095
4.040
3.073
4.060
3.068
4.070
3.050
4.040
42
Table E.1

0.278
0.269
0.276
0.271
0.305
0.401
0.400
0.394
0.405
0.388
0.498
0.504
0.510
0.498
0.511

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.171
10 MV Photons
0.212
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.449
10 MV Photons
3.097
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.186
10 MV Photons
0.250
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
3.073
10 MV Photons
4.080
0.170
0.214
0.172
0.213
0.171
0.212
0.172
0.213
2.453
3.111
2.439
3.131
2.458
3.127
2.463
3.130
0.185
0.251
0.184
0.249
0.185
0.250
0.185
0.249
3.090
4.110
3.081
4.100
3.109
4.120
3.100
4.130
Date: __4/2/08___________
Location: at wall

0.330
0.327
0.321
0.324
0.319
0.509
0.497
0.512
0.517
0.517
0.610
0.616
0.621
0.597
0.588

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.073
10 MV Photons
0.091
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.390
10 MV Photons
1.677
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.088
10 MV Photons
0.119
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.678
10 MV Photons
2.222
0.074
0.090
0.073
0.090
0.074
0.090
0.073
0.091
1.354
1.669
1.362
1.691
1.379
1.667
1.375
1.699
0.088
0.120
0.088
0.119
0.087
0.120
0.089
0.120
1.680
2.224
1.681
2.243
1.680
2.233
1.677
2.224


0.309
0.319
0.315
0.302
0.300
0.424
0.429
0.435
0.428
0.417
0.531
0.516
0.514
0.516
0.540

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.140
10 MV Photons
0.172
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.096
10 MV Photons
2.667
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.159
10 MV Photons
0.215
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.709
10 MV Photons
3.590
0.139
0.174
0.138
0.172
0.139
0.173
0.139
0.172
2.074
2.689
2.083
2.680
2.101
2.690
2.107
2.688
0.158
0.213
0.158
0.214
0.159
0.215
0.157
0.213
2.700
3.620
2.740
3.610
2.720
3.640
2.768
3.660
43
Table E.1

0.305
0.312
0.293
0.294
0.342
0.407
0.403
0.398
0.400
0.393
0.482
0.463
0.473
0.475
0.471

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.173
10 MV Photons
0.212
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.461
10 MV Photons
3.073
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.182
10 MV Photons
0.249
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
3.055
10 MV Photons
4.040
0.172
0.211
0.171
0.212
0.171
0.213
0.171
0.212
2.458
3.079
2.452
3.084
2.453
3.083
2.466
3.110
0.183
0.248
0.184
0.246
0.182
0.247
0.183
0.248
3.053
4.050
3.038
4.040
3.038
4.060
3.011
4.070


0.297
0.301
0.284
0.284
0.294
0.365
0.377
0.368
0.387
0.388
0.484
0.465
0.444
0.442
0.470

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.174
10 MV Photons
0.215
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.495
10 MV Photons
3.113
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.183
10 MV Photons
0.246
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
3.023
10 MV Photons
4.030
0.175
0.214
0.174
0.216
0.175
0.215
0.174
0.215
2.495
3.100
2.488
3.125
2.499
3.141
2.483
3.133
0.185
0.247
0.183
0.246
0.184
0.248
0.183
0.246
3.016
4.020
3.026
4.050
3.046
4.060
3.049
4.000


0.305
0.328
0.318
0.319
0.306
0.366
0.373
0.385
0.372
0.385
0.446
0.459
0.448
0.434
0.445

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.174
10 MV Photons
0.215
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.493
10 MV Photons
3.134
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.179
10 MV Photons
0.242
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.983
10 MV Photons
3.990
0.175
0.216
0.173
0.215
0.174
0.216
0.174
0.215
2.477
3.097
2.504
3.082
2.498
3.094
2.473
3.096
0.180
0.243
0.181
0.243
0.180
0.244
0.180
0.242
3.014
3.970
3.008
3.990
2.987
3.980
2.995
3.930
44
Table E.1

0.306
0.316
0.306
0.298
0.289
0.342
0.341
0.324
0.337
0.377
0.433
0.436
0.430
0.424
0.429

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.173
10 MV Photons
0.212
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.452
10 MV Photons
3.050
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.176
10 MV Photons
0.236
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.891
10 MV Photons
3.790
0.172
0.214
0.173
0.213
0.173
0.214
0.174
0.212
2.435
3.062
2.451
3.061
2.449
3.069
2.430
3.059
0.176
0.237
0.175
0.235
0.176
0.236
0.175
0.236
2.935
3.820
2.944
3.830
2.925
3.840
2.913
3.830


0.276
0.285
0.261
0.267
0.290
0.348
0.335
0.335
0.343
0.337
0.417
0.425
0.425
0.421
0.423

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.169
10 MV Photons
0.209
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.420
10 MV Photons
2.978
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.171
10 MV Photons
0.229
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.812
10 MV Photons
3.700
0.170
0.210
0.169
0.208
0.170
0.207
0.169
0.208
2.436
2.940
2.442
3.010
2.413
3.022
2.419
3.040
0.170
0.230
0.172
0.229
0.169
0.228
0.171
0.230
2.823
3.710
2.801
3.710
2.791
3.740
2.761
3.720


0.299
0.285
0.277
0.279
0.280
0.319
0.322
0.332
0.331
0.335
0.408
0.406
0.414
0.401
0.395

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.166
10 MV Photons
0.203
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.357
10 MV Photons
2.945
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.165
10 MV Photons
0.222
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.712
10 MV Photons
3.600
0.164
0.205
0.165
0.204
0.166
0.203
0.167
0.205
2.382
2.952
2.383
2.975
2.366
2.949
2.359
2.952
0.166
0.221
0.165
0.228
0.164
0.221
0.165
0.222
2.733
3.590
2.704
3.610
2.702
3.620
2.723
3.650
45
Table E.1

0.338
0.304
0.305
0.307
0.301
0.330
0.320
0.327
0.336
0.331
0.391
0.375
0.386
0.390
0.402

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.155
10 MV Photons
0.192
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.214
10 MV Photons
2.756
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.153
10 MV Photons
0.204
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.557
10 MV Photons
3.370
0.156
0.193
0.155
0.190
0.154
0.192
0.155
0.191
2.205
2.757
2.236
2.743
2.250
2.748
2.251
2.766
0.154
0.207
0.153
0.206
0.152
0.207
0.153
0.206
2.538
3.380
2.560
3.390
2.551
3.400
2.589
3.390


0.276
0.271
0.286
0.284
0.282
0.362
0.314
0.323
0.354
0.361
0.406
0.407
0.392
0.282
0.290

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.155
10 MV Photons
0.192
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.171
10 MV Photons
2.737
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.150
10 MV Photons
0.204
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.504
10 MV Photons
3.290
0.154
0.191
0.155
0.192
0.154
0.191
0.155
0.192
2.178
2.731
2.186
2.709
2.193
2.740
2.199
2.753
0.151
0.206
0.152
0.205
0.152
0.204
0.152
0.203
2.491
3.310
2.488
3.320
2.480
3.310
2.521
3.300


0.283
0.286
0.298
0.286
0.277
0.315
0.343
0.347
0.327
0.332
0.348
0.368
0.355
0.363
0.358

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.151
10 MV Photons
0.185
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.136
10 MV Photons
2.682
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.143
10 MV Photons
0.194
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.389
10 MV Photons
3.151
0.151
0.185
0.151
0.186
0.152
0.185
0.151
0.184
2.145
2.671
2.135
2.678
2.148
2.654
2.171
2.675
0.144
0.192
0.143
0.191
0.144
0.193
0.143
0.192
2.431
3.148
2.425
3.152
2.410
3.162
2.416
3.142
46
Table E.1

0.265
0.268
0.281
0.292
0.277
0.329
0.325
0.306
0.309
0.322
0.355
0.366
0.365
0.365
0.355

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.143
10 MV Photons
0.176
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.062
10 MV Photons
2.520
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.134
10 MV Photons
0.181
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.261
10 MV Photons
2.985
0.142
0.177
0.143
0.175
0.144
0.177
0.144
0.176
2.073
2.520
2.070
2.526
2.087
2.514
2.099
2.549
0.135
0.180
0.135
0.181
0.135
0.180
0.135
0.181
2.266
2.994
2.273
2.985
2.298
2.987
2.298
2.994


0.324
0.310
0.305
0.290
0.306
0.354
0.332
0.328
0.349
0.343
0.338
0.361
0.338
0.335
0.340

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.121
10 MV Photons
0.150
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.798
10 MV Photons
2.195
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.110
10 MV Photons
0.149
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.938
10 MV Photons
2.504
0.123
0.149
0.121
0.149
0.122
0.150
0.121
0.149
1.792
2.224
1.809
2.224
1.810
2.242
1.845
2.226
0.111
0.150
0.111
0.147
0.110
0.149
0.109
0.147
1.946
2.495
1.968
2.501
1.942
2.501
1.953
2.511


0.293
0.296
0.298
0.296
0.295
0.322
0.322
0.326
0.327
0.327
0.345
0.351
0.350
0.337
0.335

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.105
10 MV Photons
0.129
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.571
10 MV Photons
1.926
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.095
10 MV Photons
0.128
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.693
10 MV Photons
2.184
0.106
0.130
0.105
0.129
0.106
0.130
0.105
0.129
1.583
1.934
1.586
1.942
1.581
1.934
1.543
1.955
0.094
0.126
0.095
0.127
0.095
0.128
0.094
0.126
1.696
2.177
1.695
2.187
1.701
2.198
1.696
2.188
47
Table E.1

0.242
0.251
0.262
0.273
0.282
0.325
0.311
0.323
0.323
0.333
0.273
0.271
0.275
0.288
0.292

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.089
10 MV Photons
0.108
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.399
10 MV Photons
1.639
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.080
10 MV Photons
0.107
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.455
10 MV Photons
1.861
0.090
0.109
0.089
0.110
0.089
0.108
0.090
0.109
1.387
1.660
1.373
1.669
1.357
1.687
1.371
1.668
0.079
0.106
0.080
0.106
0.079
0.107
0.080
0.106
1.458
1.848
1.455
1.857
1.440
1.840
1.473
1.854


0.260
0.283
0.287
0.290
0.279
0.273
0.284
0.290
0.289
0.298
0.321
0.332
0.316
0.323
0.322

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.071
10 MV Photons
0.088
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.142
10 MV Photons
1.398
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.063
10 MV Photons
0.085
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.192
10 MV Photons
1.535
0.070
0.086
0.071
0.087
0.071
0.088
0.072
0.087
1.160
1.388
1.164
1.358
1.150
1.382
1.166
1.370
0.062
0.084
0.063
0.084
0.062
0.085
0.063
0.084
1.190
1.530
1.203
1.537
1.197
1.566
1.196
1.547


0.287
0.278
0.285
0.301
0.300

Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.063
10 MV Photons
0.077
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.043
10 MV Photons
1.238
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.055
10 MV Photons
0.074
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.099
10 MV Photons
1.386
0.062
0.076
0.062
0.077
0.062
0.076
0.063
0.077
1.047
1.236
1.037
1.235
1.054
1.243
1.047
1.252
0.056
0.075
0.055
0.074
0.055
0.075
0.056
0.074
1.079
1.387
1.091
1.377
1.092
1.396
1.095
1.388
48
Table E.2. Analysis of skyshine measurements for ground locations to west. The
low range calibration factor is 0.018147 V/(R/h) and the high range calibration factor is
0.0000915 V/(R/h).
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Location: at wall
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3292
0.5254
0.6202
0.0052
0.0176
0.0211
18.14
28.95
34.18
1.84
3.05
3.61
12.41
17.64
3.67
4.15
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.0704
0.0870
0.0005
0.0007
769.40
950.82
77.17
95.40
740.45
916.64
77.29
95.51
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.3438
1.5974
0.0052
0.0306
74.05
88.03
7.41
8.96
45.10
53.85
8.52
10.09
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.0850
0.1184
0.0007
0.0005
928.96
1293.99
93.22
129.54
900.01
1259.81
93.31
129.62
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
1.6678
2.2002
0.0090
0.0145
91.90
121.24
9.20
12.15
62.95
87.07
10.12
13.00
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3340
0.4776
0.5818
0.0088
0.0082
0.0099
18.41
26.32
32.06
1.90
2.67
3.25
9.78
15.52
3.36
3.84
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.0960
0.1190
0.0007
0.0007
1049.18
1300.55
105.20
130.28
1022.86
1268.49
105.28
130.36
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.5924
2.0426
0.0096
0.0137
87.75
112.56
8.79
11.28
61.43
80.50
9.63
12.09
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1130
0.1544
0.0007
0.0005
1234.97
1687.43
123.74
168.85
1208.65
1655.37
123.80
168.91
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.1298
2.8104
0.0241
0.0243
117.36
154.87
11.81
15.54
91.05
122.81
12.45
16.14
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3266
0.4652
0.5606
0.0171
0.0074
0.0074
18.00
25.64
30.89
2.03
2.60
3.12
9.10
14.35
3.30
3.73
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1188
0.1472
0.0008
0.0008
1298.36
1608.74
130.16
161.13
1272.73
1577.85
130.22
161.19
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.8964
2.3572
0.0119
0.0147
104.50
129.89
10.47
13.01
78.87
99.00
11.17
13.69
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1368
0.1864
0.0008
0.0011
1495.08
2037.16
149.79
204.10
1469.45
2006.27
149.84
204.14
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.4380
3.2570
0.0087
0.0164
134.35
179.48
13.44
17.97
108.71
148.59
13.99
18.47
49
Table E.2
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3132
0.4340
0.5248
0.0103
0.0162
0.0145
17.26
23.92
28.92
1.82
2.55
3.00
7.38
12.38
3.27
3.63
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1386
0.1720
0.0005
0.0007
1514.75
1879.78
151.59
188.14
1490.84
1850.86
151.64
188.18
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.1162
2.6672
0.0005
0.0008
116.61
146.98
11.66
14.70
92.70
118.06
12.28
15.28
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1586
0.2138
0.0005
0.0008
1733.33
2336.61
173.44
233.84
1709.42
2307.69
173.48
233.88
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.7518
3.6680
0.0115
0.0084
151.64
202.13
15.18
20.22
127.72
173.21
15.66
20.64
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2928
0.4314
0.5342
0.0058
0.0088
0.0105
16.13
23.77
29.44
1.64
2.43
3.00
7.23
12.90
3.17
3.63
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1544
0.1926
0.0005
0.0011
1687.43
2104.92
168.85
210.86
1663.66
2075.48
168.89
210.90
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.3206
2.8830
0.0111
0.0151
127.88
158.87
12.80
15.91
104.11
129.43
13.35
16.45
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1730
0.2334
0.0007
0.0005
1890.71
2550.82
189.23
255.15
1866.94
2521.38
189.27
255.19
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.9578
3.9320
0.0089
0.0084
162.99
216.67
16.31
21.67
139.22
187.24
16.74
22.07
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3192
0.4122
0.5258
0.0059
0.0094
0.0090
17.59
22.71
28.97
1.79
2.33
2.94
6.17
12.43
3.10
3.58
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1652
0.2040
0.0008
0.0010
1805.46
2229.51
180.78
223.22
1782.75
2200.53
180.82
223.26
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.4076
3.0692
0.0094
0.0254
132.67
169.13
13.28
16.97
109.96
140.16
13.79
17.46
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1806
0.2446
0.0011
0.0005
1973.77
2673.22
197.77
267.39
1951.06
2644.25
197.80
267.42
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
3.0718
4.0500
0.0161
0.0141
169.27
223.18
16.95
22.33
146.56
194.20
17.35
22.71
50
Table E.2
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2798
0.3976
0.5042
0.0145
0.0067
0.0063
15.42
21.91
27.78
1.74
2.22
2.80
5.37
11.24
3.02
3.47
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1712
0.2128
0.0008
0.0008
1871.04
2325.68
187.33
232.75
1849.13
2297.90
187.36
232.78
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.4524
3.1192
0.0092
0.0148
135.14
171.89
13.52
17.21
113.23
144.10
14.01
17.67
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1839
0.2487
0.0014
0.0015
2009.84
2718.03
201.54
272.29
1987.93
2690.25
201.57
272.32
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
3.0648
4.0800
0.0144
0.0333
168.89
224.83
16.91
22.56
146.98
197.05
17.30
22.91
4/2/2008
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Location: at wall
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3242
0.5104
0.6064
0.0044
0.0082
0.0136
17.87
28.13
33.42
1.80
2.85
3.43
28.13
33.42
3.51
3.99
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.0734
0.0904
0.0005
0.0005
802.19
987.98
80.44
98.98
780.28
960.19
80.54
99.08
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.3720
1.6806
0.0142
0.0140
75.60
92.61
7.60
9.29
53.69
64.83
8.62
10.32
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.0880
0.1196
0.0007
0.0005
961.75
1307.10
96.48
130.85
939.84
1279.32
96.57
130.92
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
1.6792
2.2292
0.0016
0.0088
92.53
122.84
9.25
12.29
70.62
95.06
10.11
13.09
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3090
0.4266
0.5234
0.0082
0.0067
0.0115
17.03
23.51
28.84
1.76
2.38
2.95
23.51
28.84
3.14
3.59
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1390
0.1726
0.0007
0.0009
1519.13
1886.34
152.11
188.89
1497.22
1858.55
152.16
188.93
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.0922
2.6828
0.0135
0.0097
115.29
147.84
11.55
14.79
93.38
120.05
12.15
15.36
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1582
0.2140
0.0008
0.0010
1728.96
2338.80
173.14
234.13
1707.05
2311.01
173.18
234.17
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.7274
3.6240
0.0272
0.0270
150.29
199.70
15.10
20.03
128.38
171.92
15.56
20.45
51
Table E.2
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3092
0.4002
0.4728
0.0200
0.0053
0.0069
17.04
22.05
26.05
2.03
2.22
2.63
22.05
26.05
3.02
3.33
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1716
0.2120
0.0009
0.0007
1875.41
2316.94
187.80
231.82
1853.50
2289.16
187.83
231.86
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.4580
3.0858
0.0058
0.0142
135.45
170.04
13.55
17.02
113.54
142.26
14.03
17.47
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1828
0.2476
0.0008
0.0011
1997.81
2706.01
199.99
270.89
1975.90
2678.23
200.02
270.92
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
3.0390
4.0520
0.0176
0.0130
167.47
223.29
16.77
22.34
145.56
195.50
17.17
22.68
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2920
0.3770
0.4610
0.0077
0.0106
0.0179
16.09
20.77
25.40
1.66
2.16
2.72
4.23
8.86
2.97
3.41
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1744
0.2150
0.0005
0.0007
1906.01
2349.73
190.70
235.10
1884.10
2321.94
190.73
235.13
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.4920
3.1224
0.0064
0.0162
137.32
172.06
13.74
17.23
115.41
144.28
14.20
17.68
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1836
0.2466
0.0009
0.0009
2006.56
2695.08
200.89
269.69
1984.65
2667.30
200.93
269.71
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
3.0320
4.0320
0.0146
0.0239
167.08
222.19
16.73
22.26
145.17
194.40
17.11
22.61
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3152
0.3762
0.4464
0.0097
0.0085
0.0089
17.37
20.73
24.60
1.82
2.12
2.51
20.73
24.60
2.95
3.24
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1740
0.2154
0.0007
0.0005
1901.64
2354.10
190.32
235.49
1879.73
2326.31
190.35
235.52
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.4890
3.1006
0.0134
0.0196
137.16
170.86
13.74
17.12
115.25
143.08
14.20
17.54
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1800
0.2428
0.0007
0.0008
1967.21
2653.55
196.87
265.51
1945.30
2625.77
196.91
265.54
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.9974
3.9720
0.0133
0.0249
165.17
218.88
16.53
21.93
143.26
191.09
16.92
22.26
52
Table E.2
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3030
0.3442
0.4304
0.0101
0.0197
0.0045
16.70
18.97
23.72
1.76
2.19
2.38
18.97
23.72
2.99
3.14
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1730
0.2130
0.0007
0.0010
1890.71
2327.87
189.23
233.04
1868.80
2300.08
189.26
233.07
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.4434
3.0602
0.0102
0.0068
134.64
168.63
13.48
16.87
112.73
140.85
13.96
17.28
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1756
0.2360
0.0005
0.0007
1919.13
2579.23
192.01
258.04
1897.22
2551.45
192.04
258.07
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.9216
3.8220
0.0206
0.0192
161.00
210.61
16.14
21.09
139.09
182.83
16.54
21.42
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2758
0.3396
0.4222
0.0121
0.0057
0.0033
15.20
18.71
23.27
1.66
1.90
2.33
18.71
23.27
2.79
3.10
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1694
0.2084
0.0005
0.0011
1851.37
2277.60
185.23
228.10
1829.46
2249.81
185.27
228.13
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.4260
2.9980
0.0123
0.0395
133.69
165.21
13.39
16.66
111.78
137.42
13.83
17.07
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1706
0.2292
0.0011
0.0008
1864.48
2504.92
186.86
250.66
1842.57
2477.13
186.90
250.69
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.7976
3.7160
0.0237
0.0152
154.16
204.77
15.47
20.49
132.25
176.99
15.85
20.83
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2840
0.3278
0.4048
0.0089
0.0069
0.0072
15.65
18.06
22.31
1.64
1.85
2.27
18.06
22.31
2.76
3.05
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1656
0.2040
0.0011
0.0010
1809.84
2229.51
181.41
223.22
1787.93
2201.72
181.44
223.25
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.3694
2.9546
0.0124
0.0118
130.57
162.81
13.07
16.29
108.66
135.03
13.52
16.70
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1650
0.2228
0.0007
0.0029
1803.28
2434.97
180.49
245.62
1781.37
2407.19
180.53
245.65
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.7148
3.6140
0.0131
0.0230
149.60
199.15
14.98
19.96
127.69
171.37
15.37
20.29
53
Table E.2
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3110
0.3288
0.3888
0.0152
0.0059
0.0097
17.14
18.12
21.43
1.91
1.84
2.21
18.12
21.43
2.75
3.01
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1550
0.1916
0.0007
0.0011
1693.99
2093.99
169.58
209.77
1672.08
2066.20
169.61
209.80
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.2312
2.7540
0.0209
0.0089
122.95
151.76
12.35
15.18
101.04
123.98
12.82
15.61
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1530
0.2060
0.0007
0.0012
1672.13
2251.37
167.39
225.53
1650.22
2223.58
167.43
225.56
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.5590
3.3860
0.0188
0.0114
141.02
186.59
14.14
18.67
119.11
158.80
14.55
19.02
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2798
0.3428
0.3554
0.0062
0.0226
0.0637
15.42
18.89
19.58
1.58
2.26
4.02
18.89
19.58
3.05
4.51
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1546
0.1916
0.0005
0.0005
1689.62
2093.99
169.07
209.48
1667.71
2066.20
169.11
209.54
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.1854
2.7340
0.0112
0.0161
120.43
150.66
12.06
15.09
98.52
122.87
12.61
15.88
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1514
0.2044
0.0009
0.0011
1654.64
2233.88
165.75
223.74
1632.73
2206.10
165.79
223.79
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.4968
3.3060
0.0161
0.0114
137.59
182.18
13.79
18.23
115.68
154.39
14.27
18.89
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2860
0.3328
0.3584
0.0076
0.0128
0.0076
15.76
18.34
19.75
1.63
1.97
2.02
18.34
19.75
2.84
2.87
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1512
0.1850
0.0004
0.0007
1652.46
2021.86
165.32
202.33
1630.55
1994.07
165.36
202.36
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.1470
2.6720
0.0145
0.0108
118.31
147.24
11.86
14.74
96.40
119.46
12.36
15.15
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1434
0.1924
0.0005
0.0011
1567.21
2102.73
156.84
210.64
1545.30
2074.95
156.87
210.67
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.4142
3.1510
0.0162
0.0073
133.04
173.64
13.33
17.37
111.13
145.85
13.78
17.72
54
Table E.2
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2766
0.3182
0.3612
0.0108
0.0101
0.0057
15.24
17.53
19.90
1.64
1.84
2.01
0.99
3.36
2.75
2.87
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1432
0.1762
0.0008
0.0008
1565.03
1925.68
156.77
192.79
1543.12
1897.90
156.81
192.82
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
2.0782
2.5258
0.0147
0.0136
114.52
139.19
11.48
13.94
92.61
111.40
11.98
14.38
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1348
0.1806
0.0004
0.0005
1473.22
1973.77
147.40
197.47
1451.31
1945.99
147.44
197.50
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
2.2792
2.9890
0.0177
0.0046
125.60
164.71
12.60
16.47
103.69
136.93
13.06
16.85
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.3070
0.3412
0.3424
0.0122
0.0110
0.0105
16.92
18.80
18.87
1.82
1.98
1.97
2.26
2.33
2.84
2.84
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1216
0.1494
0.0009
0.0005
1328.96
1632.79
133.26
163.39
1307.05
1605.00
133.30
163.43
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.8108
2.2222
0.0206
0.0170
99.79
122.46
10.04
12.28
77.88
94.67
10.64
12.77
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.1102
0.1484
0.0008
0.0013
1204.37
1621.86
120.78
162.85
1182.46
1594.07
120.83
162.88
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
1.9494
2.5024
0.0118
0.0058
107.42
137.90
10.76
13.79
85.51
110.11
11.32
14.23
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2956
0.3248
0.3436
0.0018
0.0026
0.0073
16.29
17.90
18.93
1.63
1.80
1.94
1.36
2.39
2.72
2.82
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.1054
0.1294
0.0005
0.0005
1151.91
1414.21
115.35
141.55
1130.00
1386.42
115.40
141.59
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.5728
1.9382
0.0176
0.0110
86.67
106.81
8.72
10.70
64.76
79.02
9.36
11.25
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.0946
0.1270
0.0005
0.0010
1033.88
1387.98
103.56
139.23
1011.97
1360.19
103.62
139.27
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
1.6962
2.1868
0.0029
0.0076
93.47
120.50
9.35
12.06
71.56
92.72
9.95
12.55
55
Table E.2
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2620
0.3230
0.2798
0.0161
0.0079
0.0095
14.44
17.80
15.42
1.70
1.83
1.63
1.26
-1.12
2.75
2.61
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.0894
0.1088
0.0005
0.0008
977.05
1189.07
97.89
119.26
955.14
1161.29
97.95
119.30
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.3774
1.6646
0.0161
0.0174
75.90
91.73
7.64
9.22
53.99
63.94
8.37
9.80
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.0796
0.1064
0.0005
0.0005
869.95
1162.84
87.20
116.44
848.04
1135.06
87.27
116.49
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
1.4562
1.8520
0.0117
0.0082
80.24
102.06
8.05
10.22
58.33
74.27
8.75
10.74
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Background
Leakage 6 MV
Leakage 10 MV
0.2798
0.2868
0.3228
0.0118
0.0092
0.0058
15.42
15.80
17.79
1.67
1.66
1.81
-0.74
1.25
2.63
2.73
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.0710
0.0872
0.0007
0.0008
775.96
953.01
77.98
95.74
754.05
925.22
78.05
95.80
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.1564
1.3792
0.0101
0.0156
63.72
76.00
6.40
7.65
41.81
48.22
7.21
8.37
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.0626
0.0844
0.0005
0.0005
684.15
922.40
68.68
92.43
662.24
894.62
68.76
92.50
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
1.1956
1.5430
0.0050
0.0143
65.88
85.03
6.59
8.54
43.97
57.24
7.39
9.20
NET Exp
Stdev Exp
Average
Std Dev
Avg Exposure Stdev
Background
0.2902
0.0100
15.99
1.69
G180 Open 6 MV
G180 Open 10 MV
0.0624
0.0766
0.0005
0.0005
681.97
837.16
68.46
83.93
660.06
809.37
68.49
83.95
G180 10x10 6 MV
G180 10x10 10 MV
1.0456
1.2408
0.0062
0.0070
57.62
68.37
5.77
6.85
35.71
40.59
6.12
7.15
G205 Open 6 MV
G205 Open 10 MV
0.0554
0.0744
0.0005
0.0005
605.46
813.11
60.84
81.53
583.55
785.33
60.88
81.56
G205 10x10 6 MV
G205 10x10 10 MV
1.0912
1.3868
0.0075
0.0068
60.13
76.42
6.03
7.65
38.22
48.64
6.36
7.92
56
In Table E.2, Average and Std Dev refer to the PIC voltage measurements. The
Avg Exposure is the average exposure rate (in R/h) calculated using the appropriate
calibration factor. The Stdev is the standard deviation of the average exposure rate
taking into account the variation in the data and the 10% uncertainty in the calibration
factor. NET Exp is obtained by subtracting net leakage and average background
exposure rates from the average exposure rate for the location. Stdev Exp takes into
account the propagation of error from the measurement, the calibration factors, the
leakage and the background.
57
Skyshine Exposure Rates - Ground Locations

2500
2000
6 MV
10 MV
1500
Background
1000
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
Distance from isocenter (meters)
50
(a)
3000
2500
6 MV
2000
10 MV
Background
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
(b)
Fig. E.1. Skyshine exposure rates obtained at ground locations for 40 cm 40 cm
field size. Locations are ground level to the west of the accelerator facility. The gantry
angles were (a) 180 and (b) 205.
58

250
6 MV
200
10 MV
Background
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Distance from Isocenter (meters)

(a)
160
140
120
6 MV
100
10 MV
Background
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
(b)
Fig. E.2. Skyshine exposure rates obtained at ground locations for 10 cm 10 cm
field size. Locations are ground level to the west of the accelerator facility. The gantry
angles were (a) 180 and (b) 205.
59
Appendix F Skyshine Data and Analysis

For Outdoor Roof Locations
60
Table F.1. Raw Data for skyshine measurements for outdoor roof locations
Date: __3/12/08___________
Location: _Roof at Outer Fence_____________

0.305
0.291
0.310
0.314
0.289
0.425
0.424
0.432
0.470
0.456
0.445
0.442
0.447
0.450
0.460
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.663
10 MV Photons
0.834
Collimator 10x10
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.044
10 MV Photons
0.056
0.666
0.834
0.667
0.835
0.666
0.835
0.666
0.833
0.044
0.055
0.044
0.056
0.044
0.055
0.044
0.056
Location: _3 ft from fence_____________

0.323
0.318
0.321
0.310
0.299
0.418
0.405
0.410
0.405
0.408
0.485
0.464
0.451
0.443
0.461
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.569
10 MV Photons
0.718
Collimator 10x10
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.039
10 MV Photons
0.048
0.576
0.716
0.570
0.716
0.572
0.716
0.571
0.715
0.038
0.049
0.039
0.048
0.038
0.049
0.039
0.049

0.309
0.308
0.295
0.305
0.290
0.375
0.390
0.394
0.401
0.394
0.430
0.436
0.439
0.443
0.453
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.505
10 MV Photons
0.634
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
6.910
HIGH RATE 10 MV Photons
0.042
0.506
0.632
0.505
0.631
0.507
0.628
0.505
0.633
6.920
0.043
6.970
0.042
6.980
0.042
6.960
0.043

0.317
0.328
0.309
0.304
0.304
0.390
0.394
0.390
0.382
0.383
0.433
0.445
0.431
0.422
0.419
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.445
10 MV Photons
0.556
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
6.220
HIGH RATE 10 MV Photons
0.038
0.446
0.553
0.443
0.555
0.445
0.557
0.447
0.556
6.210
0.039
6.220
0.038
6.230
0.039
6.230
0.038
61
Table F.1
Location: _12 ft from fence____________
0.306
0.324
0.299
0.292
0.295
0.369
0.383
0.380
0.376
0.370
0.395
0.387
0.388
0.400
0.403
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.392
10 MV Photons
0.491
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
5.500
10 MV Photons
6.880
0.391
0.490
0.391
0.489
0.394
0.487
0.393
0.490
5.510
6.920
5.510
6.950
5.500
6.940
5.490
6.950

0.323
0.334
0.326
0.344
0.320
0.366
0.367
0.355
0.353
0.354
0.402
0.406
0.390
0.389
0.384
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.353
10 MV Photons
0.434
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
4.870
10 MV Photons
6.190
0.352
0.438
0.350
0.440
0.353
0.434
0.354
0.440
4.900
6.210
4.950
6.220
4.960
6.250
4.960
6.240

0.296
0.308
0.316
0.303
0.294
0.342
0.315
0.310
0.328
0.342
0.358
0.361
0.354
0.360
0.340
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.237
10 MV Photons
0.296
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
3.320
10 MV Photons
4.070
0.238
0.295
0.237
0.294
0.238
0.295
0.237
0.296
3.330
4.090
3.320
4.120
3.330
4.110
3.330
4.100

0.305
0.298
0.304
0.301
0.302
0.365
0.341
0.337
0.350
0.341
0.360
0.333
0.323
0.335
0.317
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.176
10 MV Photons
0.219
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.593
10 MV Photons
3.180
0.175
0.218
0.175
0.219
0.176
0.215
0.177
0.218
2.611
3.186
2.608
3.210
2.613
3.237
2.582
3.218
62
Table F.1
0.275
0.284
0.288
0.286
0.279
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.137
10 MV Photons
0.171
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
2.097
10 MV Photons
2.578
0.138
0.171
0.138
0.170
0.139
0.169
0.139
0.171
2.105
2.582
2.115
2.589
2.108
2.570
2.127
2.574

0.289
0.314
0.315
0.300
0.318
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.112
10 MV Photons
0.137
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.714
10 MV Photons
2.088
0.111
0.138
0.112
0.137
0.111
0.136
0.112
0.137
1.710
2.085
1.729
2.090
1.728
2.097
1.755
2.095

0.284
0.286
0.290
0.291
0.311
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.094
10 MV Photons
0.115
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.491
10 MV Photons
1.792
0.093
0.116
0.095
0.117
0.094
0.115
0.093
0.116
1.488
1.802
1.483
1.801
1.482
1.778
1.479
1.752

0.315
0.295
0.279
0.286
0.288
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.080
10 MV Photons
0.099
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.292
10 MV Photons
1.554
0.081
0.099
0.080
0.100
0.081
0.100
0.081
0.099
1.317
1.561
1.310
1.565
1.314
1.567
1.335
1.573
63
Table F.1
0.301
0.320
0.320
0.317
0.306
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.069
10 MV Photons
0.086
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.143
10 MV Photons
1.382
0.070
0.086
0.069
0.085
0.070
0.086
0.069
0.086
1.146
1.371
1.160
1.402
1.174
1.399
1.165
1.398

0.275
0.284
0.282
0.296
0.293
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RATE
6 MV Photons
0.060
10 MV Photons
0.076
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
1.053
10 MV Photons
1.238
0.061
0.075
0.061
0.075
0.060
0.075
0.061
0.076
1.053
1.248
1.052
1.237
1.050
1.272
1.062
1.281
Date: 4/8/08
Location: _At middle fence___________
0.312
0.308
0.297
0.295
0.299
1.300
1.298
1.317
1.340
1.313
1.735
1.759
1.721
1.751
1.732
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
4.360
10 MV Photons
5.500
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
0.267
10 MV Photons
0.343
4.340
5.490
4.360
5.500
4.320
5.490
4.340
5.500
0.267
0.343
0.266
0.341
0.267
0.342
0.268
0.343
Location: _9 ft from middle fence (15.5 ft from inner fence)__________

0.284
0.268
0.305
0.295
0.288
0.596
0.633
0.931
0.632
0.624
0.723
0.734
0.751
0.709
0.712
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
1.555
10 MV Photons
1.964
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
0.099
10 MV Photons
0.125
1.559
1.954
1.556
1.950
1.561
1.959
1.560
1.956
0.098
0.124
0.099
0.125
0.098
0.125
0.099
0.124
64
Table F.1
Location: 14 ft from middle fence (20.5 ft from inner fence)___________
0.294
0.300
0.305
0.309
0.289
0.519
0.512
0.509
0.504
0.516
0.570
0.577
0.568
0.575
0.580
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
1.043
10 MV Photons
1.302
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
0.068
10 MV Photons
0.087
1.041
1.307
1.043
1.305
1.041
1.305
1.041
1.304
0.068
0.085
0.068
0.085
0.067
0.086
0.068
0.087
Location: _Outside outer fence__________

0.303
0.294
0.298
0.282
0.290
0.439
0.430
0.440
0.428
0.424
0.470
0.468
0.471
0.459
0.469
Collimator 40x40
HIGH RANGE
6 MV Photons
0.660
10 MV Photons
0.829
Collimator 10x10
6 MV Photons
8.790
10 MV Photons
0.055
0.657
0.828
0.659
0.831
0.664
0.833
0.662
0.832
8.820
0.055
8.800
0.055
8.790
0.055
8.810
0.055
65
Table F.2. Analysis of skyshine measurements for outdoor roof locations

The low range calibration factor is 0.018147 V/(R/h) and the high range calibration
factor is 0.0000915 V/(R/h).
Average
Std Dev Avg Exposure
Location: _Roof at Outer Fence_____________
Isocenter dist =
11.92 meters
Background
0.302
0.011
16.631
Leakage 6 MV
0.441
0.021
24.324
Leakage 10 MV
0.449
0.007
24.731
HIGH RATE
0.666
0.834
HIGH RATE
180 10x10 6 MV
0.044
180 10x10 10 MV
0.056
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
Stdev
NET Exp Stdev Exp
1.775
2.683
2.502
7.69
8.10
3.270
3.123
0.002
0.001
7274.317
9116.940
727.620
911.740
7249.81
9092.02
727.630
911.747
0.000
0.001
480.874
607.650
48.087
61.059
456.36
582.73
48.235
61.167

Isocenter dist =
12.835 meters
Background
0.314
0.010
Leakage 6 MV
0.409
0.005
Leakage 10 MV
0.461
0.016
17.314
22.549
25.393
1.814
2.274
2.686
5.24
8.08
2.943
3.272
0.003
0.001
6246.995
7827.322
625.397
782.824
6224.94
7802.43
625.407
782.833
0.001
0.001
421.858
531.148
42.608
53.451
399.81
506.25
42.751
53.584
HIGH RATE
0.572
0.716
HIGH RATE
180 10x10 6 MV
0.039
180 10x10 10 MV
0.049
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
E
Isocenter dist =
13.749 meters
Background
0.301
0.008
Leakage 6 MV
0.391
0.010
Leakage 10 MV
0.440
0.009
16.609
21.535
24.257
1.725
2.219
2.471
4.93
7.65
2.900
3.098
0.001
0.002
5525.683
6902.732
552.655
690.732
5503.94
6880.99
552.666
690.741
0.031
0.001
382.873
463.388
38.326
46.724
361.13
441.64
38.481
46.864

Isocenter dist =
14.664 meters
Background
0.312
0.010
Leakage 6 MV
0.388
0.005
Leakage 10 MV
0.430
0.010
17.215
21.370
23.695
1.811
2.156
2.436
4.15
6.48
2.85
3.07
0.001
0.002
4865.574
6069.945
486.827
607.221
4844.60
6046.65
486.84
607.23
0.008
0.001
342.867
419.672
34.290
42.392
321.89
396.37
34.46
42.54
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.506
0.632
6.948
0.042
HIGH RATE
0.445
0.555
6.222
0.038
66
Table F.2
Average
Location: _12 ft from fence____________
Isocenter dist =
15.579 meters
Background
0.303
0.013
16.708
Leakage 6 MV
0.376
0.006
20.698
Leakage 10 MV
0.395
0.007
21.745
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.392
0.489
5.502
6.928
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.352
0.437
4.928
6.222
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.237
0.295
3.326
4.098
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.176
0.218
2.601
3.206
3.99
5.04
2.81
2.89
428.871
535.120
4265.53
5326.78
428.88
535.13
0.008
0.029
303.191
381.771
30.323
38.212
282.38
359.92
30.51
38.37
18.152
19.783
21.723
1.892
2.014
2.232
1.63
3.57
2.75
2.91
0.002
0.003
3851.366
4778.142
385.493
478.963
3832.92
4757.75
385.51
478.98
0.041
0.024
271.560
342.867
27.249
34.312
253.11
322.48
27.45
34.49
16.719
18.042
19.540
1.744
1.981
2.011
1.32
2.82
2.72
2.74
0.001
0.001
2594.536
3226.230
259.523
322.753
2576.40
3206.59
259.54
322.77
0.005
0.019
183.281
225.822
18.331
22.607
165.14
206.18
18.63
22.85
16.642
19.111
18.383
1.671
2.009
2.051
2.47
1.74
2.74
2.77
0.001
0.002
1921.311
2380.328
192.349
238.709
1902.03
2361.77
192.38
238.73
0.013
0.023
143.352
176.679
14.354
17.715
124.07
158.12
14.73
18.03

Isocenter dist =
25.640 meters
Background
0.302
0.003
Leakage 6 MV
0.347
0.011
Leakage 10 MV
0.334
0.016
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
1.813
2.097
2.209
4286.339
5348.634

Isocenter dist =
21.066 meters
Background
0.303
0.009
Leakage 6 MV
0.327
0.015
Leakage 10 MV
0.355
0.009
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
NET Exp Stdev Exp
0.001
0.002

Isocenter dist =
16.493 meters
Background
0.329
0.010
Leakage 6 MV
0.359
0.007
Leakage 10 MV
0.394
0.009
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
Stdev
67
Table F.2
Isocenter dist =
30.213 meters
Background
0.282
0.005
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.138
0.170
2.110
2.579
15.562
1.584
0.001
0.001
1510.383
1862.295
151.315
186.486
1493.57
1845.48
151.36
186.52
0.011
0.007
116.295
142.095
11.646
14.215
99.48
125.28
12.24
14.71
16.928
1.824
1219.672
1497.268
122.114
149.926
1202.86
1480.45
122.172
149.973

Isocenter dist =
34.786 meters
Background
0.307
0.012
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.112
0.137
0.001
0.001
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
1.727
0.018
95.178
2.091
0.005
115.226
Average
Isocenter dist =
39.359 meters
Background
0.292
0.011
16.113
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.094
0.116
1.485
1.785
HIGH RATE
0.081
0.099
1025.137
1265.574
102.921
126.887
1008.32
1248.76
102.938
126.901
0.005
0.021
81.810
98.363
8.185
9.903
64.99
81.55
8.396
10.078
16.124
1.782
880.874
1086.339
88.291
108.799
864.06
1069.52
88.310
108.815
72.387
86.185
7.288
8.627
55.57
69.37
7.524
8.827
17.237
1.790
0.001
0.000
758.470
937.705
76.083
93.898
741.65
920.89
76.106
93.916
0.013
0.013
63.790
76.619
6.419
7.697
46.97
59.80
6.685
7.921
0.001
0.001
180 10x10 6 MV
1.314
0.015
180 10x10 10 MV
1.564
0.007
Isocenter dist =
48.505 meters
Background
0.313
0.009
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.069
0.086
1.158
1.390
1.717
0.001
0.001

Isocenter dist =
43.932 meters
Background
0.293
0.014
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
9.567
78.36
10.282
11.526
98.41
12.125
Stdev
NET Exp Stdev Exp
68
Table F.2
Average
Isocenter dist =
53.079 meters
Background
0.286
0.009
15.760
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
HIGH RATE
0.061
0.075
Stdev
NET Exp Stdev Exp
1.644
0.001
0.001
662.295
824.044
66.499
82.622
645.48
807.23
66.53
82.64
0.005
0.020
58.081
69.168
5.814
7.006
41.26
52.35
6.11
7.25
Location: _At middle fence___________

Isocenter dist =
5.810 meters
Background
0.3022
0.0074
Leakage 6 MV
1.3136
0.0169
Leakage 10 MV
1.7396
0.0153
16.6529
72.3866
95.8616
1.714
7.298
9.623
55.73
79.21
7.533
9.803
47475.4098 4751.062 47467.40

60065.5738 6006.856 60057.16
4751.068
6006.864
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
1.054
1.255
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
4.3440
5.4960
0.0167
0.0055
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
0.2670
0.3424
0.0007
0.0009
2918.0328
3742.0765
291.906
374.335
2910.03
3733.66
292.009
374.468
21.78
24.13
8.753
4.515
17029.5082 1703.186 17021.50

21383.6066 2139.137 21375.19
1703.209
2139.143
Location: _9 ft from middle fence (15.5 ft from inner fence)__________

Isocenter dist =
8.646 meters
Background
0.2880
0.0137
15.8704
1.758
Leakage 6 MV
0.6832
0.1393
37.6481
8.551
Leakage 10 MV
0.7258
0.0172
39.9956
4.110
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
1.5582
1.9566
0.0026
0.0053
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
0.0986
0.1246
0.0005
0.0005
1069.59
1353.34
108.296
136.394
Location: 14 ft from middle fence (20.5 ft from inner fence)___________

Isocenter dist =
10.170 meters
Background
0.2994
0.0081
16.4986
1.709
Leakage 6 MV
0.5120
0.0059
28.2140
2.840
11.72
Leakage 10 MV
0.5740
0.0049
31.6306
3.175
15.13
3.399
3.684
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
1.0418
1.3046
0.0011
0.0018
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
0.0678
0.0860
0.0004
0.0010
Location: _Outside outer fence__________

Isocenter dist =
11.920 meters
Background
0.2934
0.0080
Leakage 6 MV
0.4322
0.0070
Leakage 10 MV
0.4674
0.0048
1077.5956
1361.7486
107.926
136.306
11385.7923 1138.642 11377.79

14257.9235 1425.931 14249.51
1138.649
1425.937
740.9836
939.8907
74.259
94.622
732.98
931.48
74.361
94.712
16.1680
23.8166
25.7563
1.676
2.413
2.589
7.65
9.59
3.051
3.193
180 Open 6 MV
180 Open 10 MV
0.6604
0.8306
0.0027
0.0021
7217.4863
9077.5956
722.352
908.042
7209.48
9069.18
722.361
908.050
180 10x10 6 MV
180 10x10 10 MV
8.8020
0.0550
0.0130
0.0000
485.0388
601.0929
48.509
60.109
477.03
592.68
48.641
60.223
69
In Table F.2, Average and Std Dev refer to the PIC voltage measurements. The
Avg Exposure is the average exposure rate (in R/h) calculated using the appropriate
calibration factor. The Stdev is the standard deviation of the average exposure rate
taking into account the variation in the data and the 10% uncertainty in the calibration
factor. NET Exp is obtained by subtracting net leakage and average background
exposure rates from the average exposure rate for the location. Stdev Exp takes into
account the propagation of error from the measurement, the calibration factors, the
leakage and the background.
70
Appendix G Skyshine Data and Analysis

For Second Floor Corridor Locations
71
Table G.1. Raw Data for skyshine measurements for second floor corridor locations
Date: _3/5/08___________
Location: At wall
Beam Energy = 6 MV
Collimator Wide Open
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155

0.343
0.339
0.352
0.356
0.345
2.122
5.290
2.146
5.300
2.170
5.320
2.175
5.300
2.158
5.290
0.450
0.676
0.457
0.659
0.439
0.649
0.460
0.668
0.453
0.670
2.882
2.898
2.897
2.895
2.887
7.530 0.037 HR 0.036 HR 0.036 HR 0.037 HR
0.038
0.037
0.036
0.036
0.037
0.506
0.808
0.515
0.828
0.499
0.837
0.486
0.832
0.492
0.810

Beam Energy = 6 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155

0.364
0.335
0.336
0.332
0.334
1.559
3.690
1.602
3.710
1.635
3.690
1.675
3.650
1.661
3.680
0.415
0.532
0.434
0.555
0.423
0.559
0.421
0.551
0.408
0.552
2.153
5.030
2.161
5.060
2.156
5.050
2.159
5.080
2.141
5.100
0.424
0.664
0.438
0.670
0.440
0.669
0.439
0.665
0.438
0.673
Location: 30 feet from wall

Beam Energy = 6 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155

0.318
0.324
0.320
0.308
0.301
0.918
1.485
0.884
1.512
0.924
1.484
0.893
1.472
0.937
1.501
0.361
0.358
0.364
0.386
0.343
0.389
0.342
0.395
0.346
0.388
1.149
1.944
1.161
1.943
1.160
1.953
1.151
1.962
1.160
1.959
0.372
0.416
0.372
0.406
0.388
0.410
0.383
0.441
0.367
0.431
72
Table G.1
Beam Energy = 6 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155

0.307
0.310
0.305
0.306
0.297
0.678
0.935
0.687
0.917
0.693
0.910
0.709
0.900
0.708
0.903
0.327
0.348
0.344
0.347
0.320
0.348
0.315
0.351
0.318
0.343
0.325
1.129
0.819
1.143
0.812
1.144
0.802
1.125
0.808
1.122
0.342
0.387
0.351
0.382
0.356
0.407
0.374
0.406
0.367
0.381

Beam Energy = 6 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155

0.317
0.308
0.305
0.300
0.245
0.505
0.566
0.508
0.567
0.515
0.567
0.519
0.574
0.533
0.591
0.360
0.337
0.349
0.342
0.329
0.353
0.319
0.338
0.314
0.320
0.599
0.720
0.594
0.697
0.601
0.698
0.609
0.699
0.613
0.716
0.343
0.337
0.363
0.319
0.356
0.329
0.341
0.347
0.332
0.340

Beam Energy = 6 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155

0.308
0.315
0.328
0.349
0.341
0.547
0.601
0.550
0.596
0.550
0.607
0.532
0.599
0.544
0.590
0.320
0.325
0.346
0.386
0.338
0.344
0.326
0.332
0.344
0.331
0.630
0.696
0.628
0.716
0.624
0.716
0.637
0.707
0.657
0.697
0.379
0.342
0.345
0.350
0.338
0.361
0.342
0.349
0.330
0.335
73
Table G.1
Beam Energy = 6 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155

0.318
0.309
0.298
0.298
0.310
0.493
0.535
0.515
0.561
0.506
0.557
0.524
0.546
0.521
0.528
0.327
0.305
0.347
0.303
0.328
0.316
0.323
0.334
0.338
0.344
0.601
0.603
0.593
0.608
0.598
0.617
0.584
0.623
0.581
0.625
0.312
0.329
0.314
0.343
0.328
0.346
0.328
0.337
0.310
0.334

Beam Energy = 6 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
Gantry: 180
155
Collimator 1010
Gantry: 180
155

0.312
0.316
0.316
0.310
0.288
0.421
0.437
0.425
0.453
0.423
0.443
0.430
0.437
0.439
0.447
0.313
0.336
0.324
0.332
0.334
0.339
0.331
0.342
0.312
0.331
0.477
0.506
0.482
0.503
0.493
0.514
0.510
0.510
0.499
0.510
0.336
0.324
0.312
0.327
0.326
0.334
0.323
0.345
0.322
0.337
74
Table G.2. Analysis of skyshine measurements for second floor corridor locations
Avg Reading
Distance = 0 ft
Background
Std Dev
Avg Exposure NET Exposure Std Dev Exp

R/h
R/h
R/h
0.347
0.007
19.12
2.154
5.300
0.021
0.012
118.71
292.06
101.18
274.53
10.37
27.62
0.452
0.664
0.008
0.011
24.90
36.61
7.37
19.08
0.87
2.06
Beam Energy = 10 MV
180
2.892
0.007
159.35
141.83
14.33
0.037
0.001
402.11
384.59
35.06
0.500
0.823
0.011
0.013
27.53
45.35
10.00
27.82
1.16
2.96
0.340
0.013
18.75
1.626
3.684
0.047
0.022
89.62
203.01
72.10
185.48
7.91
18.81
0.420
0.550
0.010
0.010
23.16
30.30
5.63
12.77
0.70
1.43
0.008
0.027
118.70
279.05
101.17
261.53
10.26
26.48
0.007
0.004
24.01
36.82
6.49
19.29
0.78
2.06
Beam Energy = 6 MV
180
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
Distance=15 ft
Background
Beam Energy = 6 MV
180
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
180
2.154
155
5.064
Collimator 1010
180
0.436
155
0.668
Distance=30
Background
Beam Energy = 6 MV
180
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
R/h
R/h
R/h
0.314
0.009
17.31
0.911
1.491
0.022
0.016
50.21
82.15
32.68
64.62
3.52
6.66
0.351
0.383
0.010
0.014
19.35
21.12
1.83
3.59
0.30
0.51
0.006
0.009
63.71
107.58
46.19
90.05
4.76
9.15
0.009
0.015
20.74
23.19
3.21
5.66
0.45
0.73
Beam Energy = 10 MV
180
1.156
155
1.952
Collimator 1010
180
0.376
155
0.421
75
Table G.2
Distance=45
Background
Beam Energy = 6 MV
180
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
0.305
0.005
16.81
0.695
0.913
0.013
0.014
38.30
50.31
20.77
32.78
2.25
3.46
0.325
0.347
0.012
0.003
17.90
19.14
0.37
1.62
0.12
0.26
0.217
0.010
39.30
62.41
21.77
44.88
7.87
4.65
0.013
0.013
19.73
21.63
2.20
4.11
0.35
0.56
Beam Energy = 10 MV
180
0.713
155
1.133
Collimator 1010
180
0.358
155
0.393
Distance=60
Background
Beam Energy = 6 MV
180
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
R/h
R/h
R/h
0.295
0.029
16.26
0.516
0.573
0.011
0.011
28.43
31.58
10.91
14.05
1.24
1.56
0.334
0.338
0.020
0.012
18.42
18.63
0.89
1.10
0.22
0.22
0.008
0.011
33.24
38.90
15.71
21.38
1.71
2.30
0.012
0.011
19.12
18.43
1.59
0.90
0.28
0.19
0.328
0.017
18.09
0.545
0.599
0.007
0.006
30.01
32.99
12.48
15.46
1.39
1.68
0.335
0.344
0.011
0.025
18.45
18.93
0.92
1.41
0.20
0.32
0.013
0.010
35.00
38.93
17.48
21.40
1.92
2.29
0.019
0.010
19.11
19.14
1.58
1.62
0.31
0.28
Beam Energy = 10 MV
180
0.603
155
0.706
Collimator 1010
180
0.347
155
0.334
Distance=75
Background
Beam Energy = 6 MV
180
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
180
0.635
155
0.706
Collimator 1010
180
0.347
155
0.347
76
Table G.2
Avg Reading
Std Dev
Distance=90
Background
Beam Energy = 6 MV
180
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
Avg Exposure NET Exposure Std Dev Exp

R/h
R/h
R/h
0.307
0.009
16.90
0.512
0.545
0.013
0.014
28.20
30.05
10.68
12.53
1.23
1.43
0.333
0.320
0.010
0.018
18.33
17.66
0.80
0.13
0.18
0.08
0.009
0.009
32.59
33.90
15.06
16.37
1.65
1.79
0.009
0.007
17.55
18.61
0.02
1.09
0.02
0.21
0.308
0.012
16.99
0.428
0.443
0.007
0.007
23.56
24.43
6.04
6.91
0.73
0.82
0.323
0.336
0.010
0.005
17.79
18.52
0.26
0.99
0.09
0.19
0.013
0.004
27.12
28.03
9.60
10.50
1.12
1.18
0.009
0.008
17.84
18.37
0.32
0.84
0.10
0.18
Beam Energy = 10 MV
180
0.591
155
0.615
Collimator 1010
180
0.318
155
0.338
Distance=105
Background
Beam Energy = 6 MV
180
155
Collimator 1010
180
155
Beam Energy = 10 MV
180
0.492
155
0.509
Collimator 1010
180
0.324
155
0.333
77
Appendix H
Comparison of Skyshine to Primary Beam
The primary beam measurements are from the radiation survey performed 9/17/2007.
The dose rate setting was 400 MU/min (400 cGy/min) for the radiation survey and the
maximum collimator setting was 35 cm 35 cm. In order to compare the skyshine
radiation exposure rates to the primary beam exposure rates, the primary beam was scaled
by a factor of 600 cGy min-1/400 cGy min-1 to account for the different dose rates. The
skyshine radiation was scaled by a factor of (35cm)2/(40cm)2 to account for the different
beam sizes.
Primary Beam measured with Victoreen 451 P
Gantry 270
400 cGy/min
mR/hr
Collimator
6 MV
10 MV
35 x 35
2.4
14.6
10 x 10
1.2
5.5
Primary Beam Scaled to

600 cGy/min
mR/hr
Collimator
6 MV
10 MV
35 x 35
3.6
21.9
10 x 10
1.8
8.25
Skyshine measured with RSS-120

Gantry 180
600 cGy/min
mR/hr
Collimator
6 MV
40 x 40
1.88
10 x 10
0.115
Scale 40 x 40 to 35 x 35
mR/hr
Collimator
6 MV
10 MV
35 x 35
1.44
1.78
10 x 10
0.088
0.110
10 MV
2.32
0.144
Ratios of Skyshine to Primary Beam

Collimator
6 MV
10 MV
35 x 35
0.40
0.08
10 x 10
0.05
0.01
78

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THESIS

SKYSHINE RADIATION RESULTING FROM

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

Materials and Methods

The collimators can be adjusted to dimensions from 0.5 cm to 40 cm measured at

Radiation Detection Instrumentation

To measure and document instrument drift for the RSS-120, constancy

Calculation of Expected Radiation Levels

2.5 10 7 D& 0 Bxs 1.3

H& is the dose equivalent rate in nG h-1;

RSS-120 PIC Calibration and Constancy

PIC Output (V)

Battery Voltage (with load)

Skyshine Radiation at Ground Level Locations

Exposure Rates in mR h-1

Ratio of Skyshine Radiation

Distance from Isocenter (m)

Ratio of Skyshine Radiation

Distance from Isocenter (m)

Net Dose Rate (Gy/hr)

Distance From Isocenter (m)

Net Dose Rate (Gy/hr)

Distance from Isocenter (m)

Skyshine Radiation Levels for Outside Locations at Roof Level

Ratio of Skyshine Radiation

Distance from Isocenter (m)

Distance from Isocenter (m)

Skyshine Radiation Levels at Second Floor Corridor Locations

Net Dose Rate (Gy/h)

Skyshine Dose Rates in Second Floor Corridor

Distance from Isocenter (m)

Distance from Isocenter (m)

The skyshine radiation observed at a location depends on the energy of the

Skysine Exposure Rates - Ground Locations

Exposure Rate (uR/hr)

Distance from Isocenter (m eters)

Net Dose Rate (Gy/h)

Distance From Isocenter (m)

Photon Rate (Gy/h)

The author proposes that medical accelerator facilities with 6 MV or 10 MV

McGinley PH. Radiation skyshine produced by an 18 MeV medical accelerator. Radiat

Figure A.1. The calibration certificate for the RSS-120 PIC.

Exposure Rate (uR/h)

RSS-120 Low Range Calibration

PIC Reading (mV)

Exposure Rate (uR/h)

PIC Reading (mV)

Appendix B RSS-120 PIC Constancy

Table B.1. PIC Constancy Raw Data

0.356 Battery No Load

0.348 Battery No Load

0.348 Battery No Load

0.343 Battery No Load

0.328 Battery No Load

0.334 Battery No Load

0.349 Battery No Load

0.326 Battery No Load

0.354 Battery No Load

0.353 Battery No Load

0.362 Battery No Load

Table B.2. PIC Constancy Statistical Analysis

Appendix C - Exposure Rate In Beam