CHAPTER 3

Thirteen English Colonies

As English colonies were established on the eastern coast of North America, many Europeansincluding the non-Englishbegan to resettle there. Some sought economic opportunitieswork and land. Others were escaping religious or political persecution. At first, there were two kinds of colonies: joint-stock company ventures, backed by English merchants for profit, and proprietary colonies, given to the monarchs friends, who ran them subject to royal approval. By the early 1700s, all but three colonies were royal colonies, ruled by a governor appointed by the monarch. Connecticut and Rhode Island were self-governing, and Georgia was a proprietary colony until 1752. Colonial communities reflected European economic, social, religious, and political patterns. But there were differences, stemming from local conditions:

Geography influenced work patterns and the use and treatment of

African slaves. Towns along shorelines and inland waterways grew stronger through trade.

Religious leaders called for strictly enforced observance or toleration of

differences.

Social conditions dictated forms of government. Group survival and stability often took precedence over individual rights, equality, and privacy.

Such distinctions eventually grew into sectionalism (strong loyalty to one region within a larger territory or nation).

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Overview Economics New Englands rocky soil and long winters made farming difficult; farms were small and did not require a large workforce, as in the South. Many settlements were near the ocean, where the abundant fish were caught, salted, and dried both for home use and export. New England had a brisk trade with Europe, the West Indies (Caribbean islands), and the other colonies. It exported foodstuffs, raw materials, and furs. Rum was particularly important in the African slave trade with Southern colonies and the West Indies. New Englands infant industries included shipbuilding, ironmaking, and lumber. Society/Religion With many settlers from the home country, New Englands colonies were the most English. There were fewer slaves than elsewhere; they were unneeded on farms, long winters provided little work for them, and, as in England, there was a growing dislike of slavery.
29

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NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS

Except in several colonies of Separatists (Protestants not associated with the Church of England), the Puritan faith dictated social life. Religious fervor ran so high that, in Salem, Massachusetts, in the late 1600s, it caused a witch-hunt for devil worshipers; a number of the accused were put to death. Schooling was important to New Englanders. By the mid-1600s, all sizable towns had primary schools. Harvard College (now University) was founded in 1636. Politics As elsewhere in the colonies, the companies or proprietors who ran New England colonies received charters from the monarch. Laws passed by colonial legislatures had to have royal approval. A distinctive feature of the region was the town meeting; everyone was free to speak on issues of the day, but only male property holders had the right to vote on them. Plymouth In 1620, the Separatist Pilgrims sailed from the Netherlands, where they had resettled, to North America. Their ship, the Mayflower, landed at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts. Onboard, the Pilgrims had signed an agreement, the Mayflower Compact, the first instrument of selfgovernment in the English colonies. (See table, page 43.) They promised to obey all laws for the common good and elect a representative government. This document was the first instrument of self-government in the English colonies. Arriving in December, the colonists faced a harsh climate. They cut trees to build shelters. But food was scarce, and many sickened and died. In the spring, friendly Algonquians taught them to plant, grow, and harvest the corn and vegetables native to the region. To round out their diet, they hunted, fished, and raised livestock. (Sheep, whose wool was used for clothing, were particularly valuable.) To mark the turn in their
Signing the Mayflower Compact onboard

THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES

31

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Date
1620 1630 1636 1636 1680

Name
Plymouth* Massachusetts Bay Rhode Island Connecticut New Hampshire

Type
Joint-stock Joint-stock Self-governing Self-governing Royal

Reason
Religious freedom Religious freedom Religious toleration Religious toleration Religious freedom; trade

Leader
William Bradford John Winthrop Roger Williams Thomas Hooker

*Part of Massachusetts Bay after 1691.

fortunes, the colonists held a ceremony of survival and invited the Algonquians; it continues to this day as the November holiday of Thanksgiving. Under the Pilgrims second governor, William Bradford, the colony prospered, although many members sought easier environments elsewhere. Most adult males acquired property. The Pilgrims became financially secure by repaying loans to London merchants who had given them a head start. Massachusetts Bay In 1630, a group of English Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They had first landed at Salem on the coast and, led by Governor John Winthrop, expanded their settlement in and around Boston. Puritans wanted religious freedom for themselves, but did not extend it to others. Nevertheless, the colony grew when Puritans at home formed a joint-stock company and acquired rights to a large part of New England. It included Maine, New Hampshire, and, eventually, Plymouth Colony. New Hampshire was chartered as a separate colony in 1680; Maine remained part of Massachusetts Bay until 1820. Rhode Island The religious intolerance that characterized Massachusetts Bay targeted Roger Williams, a Puritan minister, for his liberal opinions. He wanted Puritan congregations to be separate from the Church of England; he thought that the English had taken land from Native Americans illegally; and he opposed punishment for religious offenses. He and his followers were expelled and, in 1636, resettled on land purchased from the Narragansetts. At first, it was called Providence Plantations; later, Rhode Island. The colonys diverse groups were held together by civil law based on religious equality and tolerance. Williams found in Hebrew scripture a pure expression of religion and believed that Christians would someday regret their harsh treatment of Jews. Rhode Island welcomed both Jews and Quakers; it was less tolerant of Roman Catholics. A renowned settler in Williamss Rhode Island was Anne Hutchinson, also expelled from Massachusetts for liberal views. She later resettled in New York. Connecticut Also in 1636, Thomas Hooker, a Puritan unhappy in Massachusetts Bay Colony, led followers to Hartford in the Connecticut

32

NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS Interior of Touro Synagogue, Newport, Rhode Island

River Valley. In 1639, they drew up a set of laws, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. It was the first written constitution in the Americas. In 1662, King Charles II united all the settlements between Long Island Sound and southern Massachusetts as Connecticut Colony. INFO CHECK
1. Explain the differences between a colony backed by a joint-stock company, a proprietorship, and a royal colony. 2. In what way were Pilgrims different from Puritans? 3. Name two reasons why Europeans became immigrants to the New England colonies. In your opinion, do modern immigrants to the United States come for the same or different reasons? Explain.

MIDDLE ATLANTIC COLONIES Before 1664, the Middle Atlantic coloniesNew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delawarehad been part of two non-English settlements: New Netherland and, further south along the Delaware River, New Sweden. (The Dutch, jealous of Swedish trade competition, moved on New Sweden in 1655.) New York The English takeover from the Dutch in 1664 revised the colonys name to New York, in honor of the Duke of York, the colonys new

THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES

33

MIDDLE ATLANTIC COLONIES

Date
1664 1664 1664 1681

Name
New York New Jersey Delaware Pennsylvania

Type
Proprietary; royal Proprietary; royal Royal; proprietary Proprietary

Reason
Trade and commerce Trade and commerce; religious tolerance Trade Religious tolerance; pacifism

Leader
Duke of York; Peter Minuit George Carteret; John Berkeley Duke of York; William Penn William Penn

owner. At first, the English did not interfere with the Dutch way of life. The surrender terms guaranteed freedom of religion and continued Dutch ownership of private property and commercial enterprises. Population Diversity The new colony of New York, only lightly settled by Europeans, grew slowly. About 1500 colonists lived in New York Town (forAdvertisements for enslaved Africans printed in a New York City newspaper, 1784

34

NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS Africans in Colonial America, 17001770

merly New Amsterdam), with 300 more in Albany. Soon, English settlers outnumbered the Dutch, but the early variety of nationalities continued. Refuge for Many The growing population included many people fleeing oppression or other hardships in Europe. Not everyone appreciated the ethnic diversity. Charles Lodwicke, mayor of New York City in 1694, remarked: Our chiefest unhappiness here is so great a mixture of nations. SELECTED NATIONALITIES SEEKING REFUGE IN NEW YORK COLONY
Year
1685 1710

Nationality
French Protestants (Huguenots) Germans (largest single group) Irish Catholics (southern Ireland) Scotch-Irish (northern Ireland) Jews

Place of Settlement
New Paltz Livingston Manor; later, Schoharie Valley, Herkimer Cherry Valley and New York City

Problem in Europe
Religious persecution War; religious/political persecution Religious/political persecution; poverty

1730s 1740s 1740s

New York City

Religious persecution

Religious tolerance, although general, did not extend to Roman Catholics. Beginning in the late 1600s, their religious and political rights were limited, their priests banned, and the ceremony of mass outlawed.

THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES

35

1746: A South Prospect of Ye Flourishing City of New-York in the Province of New York, North America

INFO CHECK
1. Trace the events leading up to the English takeover of New Netherland. 2. Why did the English takeover have little effect on most people? Name an exception to this situation. 3. Describe new groups who settled in New York Colony, and explain why they came.

POPULATION GROWTH OF NEW YORK COLONY

Year
1775 1790*

Ethnic Group
Mostly Dutch, British; some Africans All groups Enslaved Africans Free Africans Of European descent Of African descent Mixture of groups

Population
160,000 340,120 21,324 4,654 22,000 3,000 3,000

Place of Settlement
Throughout colony

Throughout colony New York City Albany

1790 1790

*Year of first census.

LAND USE The English repeated Dutch mistakes in using land. They created manors, or large estates. The owners then rented small parcels of land to tenant-farmers. This system discouraged population growth and led to rebellion. On both banks of the Hudson, however, there were more independent farmers than tenants. Small landholdings were especially common in southern New York and on Long Island, where manors were rare. Landlords and Manor Life Manor landlords lived like English nobles. As friends of the monarch, they received land grants, for which they

36

NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS

LAND USE: COMPARISON OF PATROONSHIPS AND MANORS

Dutch Patroonship
Economic Patroonship is a land grant Settlers rent holdings, paid with percentage of crops All laborersmen, women, servants, slaveswere equal Patroon, as company director, governed settlers, appointed officials, set up civil and criminal codes

English Manor
Self-sufficient, self contained system Landowner rents land to farmer, farmer paid with percentage of crops Male-dominated class system; women and slaves had no rights Royal grant gave proprietors power to govern appoint officials, set up civil and criminal codes. Legal cases handled by colonial courts.

Social Political

Gra n t to Du ke o f Yo r k (1 6 6 4 ) Ma n o r
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Poughkeepsie

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THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES

37

The seat of the Livingston Manor, located on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, near Poughkeepsie

made annual payments. All-powerful, they refused to sell land to tenants, could order evictions (forced removals), mined minerals and cut timber on tenant land, and appointed all clergy. A tenant farmer signed a lease and paid rent in produce and days worked for the landlord. When the lease expired, the landlord could repossess the land plus any improvements made. The tenant then moved on or signed a new, usually more expensive, lease. Breaking a leases terms was cause for immediate eviction. Effects of Tenant System The system encouraged ambitious people to buy their own land elsewhereNew Jersey or Pennsylvania. Tenant farmers did little to improve the land they worked; indeed, they often abused it. They felt deep resentment when they compared their situations to those of freehold farmers, who owned the land they worked and could pass it on to children. In 1751 and 1766, violence broke out. The two rebellions occurred when tenants were threatened with eviction. Landlords destroyed tenant crops; tenants ruined landlords fields and forests. Tenants demanded the right to purchase land they had worked for years. The landlord-friendly government sent in troops to put the rebellions down. William Pendergast, leader of the 1766 revolt, was arrested, tried, convicted, and sentenced to torture and beheading. He was given a last-minute pardon. The conflict ended, but anger and distrust smoldered until the tenant system was abolished 80 years later. INFO CHECK
1. Why did tenant farmers resent the manor system? 2. How did the tenant system discourage settlement in New York? 3. Describe the tenant rebellions.

38

NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS

Social Classes In Europe, power, property, and titles belonged to noble families and were passed down to heirs, mainly sons. In the colony, the upper and middle classes had no titles, but the first group had acquired wealth and the second, moderate comfort. For the lower class, there was only hard workand the faint hope that it might lead to better days. Upper Class The royal governor and agents of the Crown (monarchy) headed colonial society. Next came manored landlords and prominent New York Town merchants. Slaves and household servants made their daily lives easy. Landlords and merchants had a common interestmaking money. Landlords invested in businesses, and great merchants invested in land. In 1766, the upper class made up 20 percent of the colonys population and owned 60 percent of its wealth. In time, the two groups were further united through marriages. Middle Class Cities had a large middle class that included smaller merchants, property owners, and successful artisans. They worked very long hours. A merchant family often worked in the front shop and lived in the rear. The more successful were able to hire laborers or keep slaves. In rural areas, the middle class were hardworking, independent farm families. They were usually self-sufficient; they not only farmed but also made and repaired tools and furniture, preserved food, dipped candles, spun cloth, and sewed it into clothing. Lower Class Lower down the social scale were tenant-farmers, unskilled workers, merchant sailors, and servants. They all made low wages and had little control over their work or lives. When business was slow, they were idled. Many lived on the edge of poverty. Indentured servants led particularly bleak lives trying to escape poverty. While still in Europe, they agreed to a number of years labor in the colony in exchange for sea passage (and, perhaps, release from an English jail). Once in the colony, they hoped to fulfill their service and ensure a better life for their children. The following are terms for a young girls indenture:

# . . . [S]he has bound herself as a servant . . . of her own free will until she

comes of age. . . . [S]he shall faithfully serve her master, keep his secrets, and do no damage. She shall not waste her masters goods or lend them to anyone . . . she will not sell her own goods without . . . permission . . . she shall not be absent . . . day or night without . . . permission. . . . . . . [T]he master shall provide enough wholesome food, washing, lodging, and clothing . . . fit for a servant.

INFO CHECK
1. Describe members of the upper class in New York. 2. Compare the lives of middle- and lower class people in New York. 3. Why did people agree to indentured servitude?

New Jersey In 1664, the duke of York granted the land between the Hudson and Delaware rivers to George Carteret and John Berkeley as

THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES

39

proprietors. To lure settlers, they promised land, religious freedom, and representative government. New Jersey grew as English Puritans and Separatists (notably Quakers, Scots, Scotch-Irish, and Germans) poured in. As in New York and the other Middle Atlantic colonies, there was a blend of cultures. Thus, a more cosmopolitan (worldly) point of view became common, especially in heavily settled areas and large cities. Quakers bought Berkeleys rights, and a mixed group of settlers bought those of Carteret. In 1702, both sections were united as the royal colony of New Jersey. New Jerseys economic livelihood mirrored New Yorksfur trading, export-import enterprises, and artisan businesses. Lumber and ironmaking were growing industries. The relatively mild climate and fertile soil made small farms profitable.
The thirteen English colonies (1750)

FRENCH

MAINE (MASS.)
Furs

Fishing

N.H.
Furs Lumber

Shipbuilding

Salem

NEW YORK
Furs Grain

S. MAS Iron Boston

NEW ENGLAND

CONN.
Iron

R.I.
Rum

Whaling

New York

PENNSYLVANIA

Iron

Philadelphia
FRENCH
Grain

N.J.

MD. DEL.
Tobacco Furs

MIDDLE COLONIES

VIRGINIA
Tobacco

Williamsburg

Tobacco

ATLANTIC OCEAN

NORTH CAROLINA
Furs

Naval Stores

SOUTH CAROLINA
Rice

SOUTHERN COLONIES
Charleston

GEORGIA
Indigo Rice

New England
Savannah

Middle Colonies Southern Colonies

Miles 0 0 100 100 200 400 300
W

SPANISH

E
S

200 300 Kilometers

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NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS

Pennsylvania In 1681, Charles II gave a large tract of land west of New Jersey to William Penn. As a devout Quaker, Penn was a pacifist opposed to war, soldiering, and taxes for military purposes. His plan was to establish a colony devoted to peace, self-government, and political and religious equality. In 1683, he founded the capital city of Philadelphia. Penns principles attracted a variety of nationalities, as well as differing religious sectsQuakers, Presbyterians, Germans of various denominations, even Irish Catholics. In addition, Penn paid Native Americans fairly for their land and vowed to maintain peaceful relations with them, which he did. In 1682, Penn drafted a Frame of Government, which set up a governor (answerable to Penn), a council, and an elected assembly. Soon, laws were passed protecting the poor and orphans, requiring fair trials, and assuring humane punishments. Penns enlightened approach to colonization was reflected in Pennsylvanias quick growth and economic success. As elsewhere in the Middle Atlantic colonies, agriculture, trade, and new industries prospered. By 1710, Philadelphia was the largest city in the English colonies. Delaware In 1664, New Sweden became English, and its new owner, the Duke of York, renamed it Delaware. It remained a fairly lightly settled area in which fur trading was the major enterprise. Recognizing that Pennsylvania lacked one asseta seaportthe duke gave it Delaware (with its port capital of Wilmington). In 1703, Delaware again became a separate colony, although it shared a governor with Pennsylvania until the late 1700s. INFO CHECK
1. Identify: New Sweden, Quaker, pacifist. 2. How did the social and religious aspects of Pennsylvania differ from those of Massachusetts Bay? 3. Which of the Middle Atlantic colonies was probably the least cosmopolitan? Why?

SOUTHERN COLONIES Overview Economics The Southern colonies, from Maryland south to Georgia, shared a (1) wide coastal plain (level or rolling land), (2) warm to hot climate, and (3) long growing season. Agriculture was the regions economic backbone. Small farmers raised grains, vegetables, fruits, and livestock. Many-acred plantations raised one or more cash crops on a large scale. Artisans produced essential goods (barrels, tools, leather, and such). Extensive forests provided lumber and wood by-products. Adventurous colonists traveled far inland to fur-trade with Native American trappers. The Southern colonies traded mainly with Englandcolonial cash crops and raw materials for English furniture, cloth, tableware, wine, and

THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES

41

SOUTHERN COLONIES
Date
1607 1634 1653 1670 1733

Name
Virginia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Type
Joint-stock; royal Proprietary; royal Proprietary; royal Proprietary; royal Proprietary; royal

Reason
Trade and commerce Religious toleration Religious toleration; trade Religious toleration, trade Debtors colony; trade

Leader
John Smith, Lord Delaware Cecilius Calvert James Oglethorpe

tea. They also did a flourishing business with colonial and European slave traders. Society/Religion The aristocrats of the South were plantation owners. Unaccustomed to hard work in the home country, as early colonists they struggled first to survive and then to build up and maintain extensive landholdings. The plantation system required many hardworking laborers. Colonists were unwilling, so slavery took hold in the South as nowhere else. Considered property, slaves were attached to the land unless sold by their owners. Many slave families were thus split up cruelly. Lacking family security, slaves turned to religiona mix of Christianity, adopted from owners, and old African rites and beliefs. The first colonies in the South were settled when Anglicanism was the established Church of England. (Anglicanism won out over Puritanism again in the late 1600s.) It therefore became the official church of the Southern colonies, with the exception of Maryland, a haven for religious tolerance. Politics Each of the Southern colonies began as a joint-stock venture or a proprietorship. As such, they had appointed governors and more and less democratic legislatures. By the late 1600s, however, all (except for still-uncolonized Georgia) had become royal colonies directly answerable to the monarchin theory if not always in practice. Virginia The first permanent settlement in America was Jamestown, Virginia (1607). The London Company hoped to profit from metal mining and trade with Native Americans. It was a bad beginning. The site was swampy, the Indians hostile, and mining took preference over food and shelter. More than half the settlers died. Captain John Smith led the settlers to plant crops, build homes, and seek food and aid from the natives. He returned to England and the colony almost died. The winter of 16091610 was the starving time. The Company then sent a new governor, Lord Delaware, more settlers including womenand fresh supplies to help the colony keep going. They found settlers worked harder once the Company agreed to individual land ownership. Then the prospering colony attracted many newcomers.

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NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS House of Burgesses, 1619

The biggest boost was tobacco farming. In the 1500s, tobacco became hugely popular in Europe. And it grew easily in Virginia. Developed as a cash crop for export, tobacco made the landowners wealthy. Africans, who worked the tobacco fields, first arrived on a Dutch ship in 1619 as indentured servants. Many ships carrying Africans followed, and they were soon being sold as slaves. Also in 1619, the Company allowed colonists to elect the first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses. Although Virginia became a royal colony in 1624, the House of Burgesses continued to share power with the governor and royal council. Maryland Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, inherited from his father a charter (issued by Charles I) to land north of Virginia. As a Roman Catholic, he wanted to establish a refuge for others of his faith. The first settlement, St. Marys City, was made at the mouth of the Potomac River in 1634. It prospered immediately, mainly because its climate and soil were ideal for growing tobacco. Maryland extended religious toleration to all Christians. Settlers poured in from other colonies, and there were soon more Protestants than Catholics. To discourage disputes between denominations, the assembly passed the Toleration Act in 1649. It granted religious freedom to all Christians. In 1689, the Protestants turned against the Catholic population. In 1692, Maryland became a royal colony. North and South Carolina In 1653, Virginians moved south into the Carolina region and began settlements along the Chowan River. In 1663, a formal charter to Carolina was granted to eight proprietors. They wished to encourage settlement by offering land on good terms, religious freedom, and a representative assembly. Their first settlers arrived in 1670 and founded Charles Town (Charleston), which had a fine harbor

THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES

43

and grew into the colonys commercial center. Carolina attracted many nationalities and Protestants of every persuasionAnglicans, English Separatists, French Huguenots. The northern and southern areas were distinct. In the north, tobacco grew well, and pine forests provided shipbuilding products known as naval stores (pitch, tar, turpentine). In the south, the cash crops were rice and indigo (source of a blue dye). Increasingly, colonists and their assemblies feuded with the proprietors agents. In 1729, North Carolina and South Carolina became separate royal colonies. Georgia George II granted James Oglethorpe and his trustees the right to found a colony, Georgia, where English debtors could make a fresh start. (In England, they were jailed.) A second purpose was to provide a colonial barrier to Spanish expansion north from Florida. The first settlers arrived in 1733 and founded the seaport of Savannah. Georgia also attracted settlers from the Carolinas, Scotland, Wales, Switzerland, and Germany. From the first, it thrived on the export of such cash crops as rice, indigo, and sugar. The colonists, however, objected to such trustee policies as small plots of land and a ban against slavery. In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony. DEMOCRATIC ROOTS IN THE COLONIAL EXPERIENCE In all three regions of the thirteen colonies, colonists learned something about the uses of democracy in daily life. The following table summarizes this experience:

DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE THIRTEEN COLONIES

Institution/Year
Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) Mayflower Compact (1620)

Significance
First colonial representative government, by which Virginia Company gave its colonists the right to elect representatives to colonial legislature. First self-governing plan to pass and obey just and equal laws; set precedents for: direct democracy (citizens as lawmakers) acceptance of majority rule equal treatment under the law. government by direct democracy male property owners to conduct town affairs and execute laws elected representatives to serve in colonial legislature. First written constitution; provided for: loyal citizens to elect legislative assembly government by will of majority. First colony to grant religious freedom to all Christians. First colonial document to defend religious freedom from threats by appointed governor (Stuyvesant).

New England town meetings Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) Maryland Toleration Act (1649) New YorkFlushing Remonstrance (1657)

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NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS

INFO CHECK
1. Identify: coastal plain, plantation, naval stores. 2. Explain how the Southern colonies differed from other regions in physical features, trade, and slave ownership. 3. What is the significance of Virginias House of Burgesses? Marylands Toleration Act? 4. In what way was the founding of Georgia different from that of any other English colony?

CHAPTER REVIEW
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The physical environment of New England is characterized by 1. 2. 3. 4. rich soil but a poor growing climate clay soil and a long growing season stony soil and a short growing season rich soil and an excellent growing climate. 6. The Southern colonies imported enslaved Africans 1. to serve as dock workers 2. because of the needs of plantation agriculture 3. as craftspersons and mechanics 4. to re-create the social environment in England. 7. Tobacco was a cash crop because it was 2. Plymouth Colony was organized by 1. Separatists 2. Catholics 3. Quakers 4. Anglicans. 1. 2. 3. 4. sold to other colonies and to Europe not used by the colonists who grew it a source of funds needed for gold mining used by the colonists as money.

3. By signing the Mayflower Compact, colonists agreed to 1. respect laws for the common good and elect a representative government 2. remain loyal to England and establish laws for the good of the colony 3. remain loyal to the Church of England and follow its strict moral code 4. conquer new territory for the home country. 4. William Penn was a 1. Pilgrim 2. Puritan 3. Anglican 4. pacifist.

8. The House of Burgesses 1. ceased to exist when Virginia became a royal colony 2. was the first elected representative assembly in the colonies 3. was a partnership of Northern and Southern bankers 4. was the monarchs official residence in Virginia. 9. North and South Carolina 1. 2. 3. 4. were originally part of Georgia were founded as one colony began as a refuge for Quakers attracted few foreigners.

5. William Penn and the Quakers founded Pennsylvania for 1. 2. 3. 4. religious tolerance trade in furs and gold the benefit of debtors the conversion of Native Americans to Christianity.

THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES 10. Georgia was established 1. to prevent the French from moving in from the north 2. to assure religious toleration for all its settlers 3. to give debtors a chance to start a new life 4. to serve as a prison settlement for criminals. 11. According to the graph on page 34, what was the estimated African population of colonial America in 1720? 1. 2. 3. 4. 30,000 70,000 100,000 130,000

45

12. According to the graph, in which year did Africans in colonial America number 150,000? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1710 1730 1740 1760

Constructed-Response Questions
Base your answers to questions 13 on the tables on pages 31, 33, and 41. 1. Identify one colony and its region. 2. Describe how its location determined its economic development. 3. How might location lead to regional differences? Explain. Refer to the illustration on page 37, and answer questions 4 and 5. 4. What does the illustration tell you about rural colonial life? 5. In what ways is this scene similar to, or different from, the picture of New York City in 1746 on page 38?

Document-Based Question

Part A: Short Answer

Study each document and answer the question(s) following it. Then read the Task and write your essay. It should include references to most of the document, along with additional information based on your knowledge of social studies. HISTORICAL CONTEXT: Colonial communities were centers of economic, social, and political life. Although these communities had distinctive identities, they tended to develop according to European patterns. DOCUMENT 1. Refer to the map on page 39.

1. What types of industries or products were typical of each region? 2. How did geography have an effect on the development of each regions economy? DOCUMENT 2. Refer to the illustration on page 30.

3. What region was associated with the Mayflower Compact? 4. Explain how the Mayflower Compact reflected the political tradition of those who signed it. DOCUMENT 3. Refer to the table on page 31.

5. What kinds of colonies were established in New England? 6. What was the major reason for establishing these colonies? DOCUMENT 4. Reread the third paragraph of the section Pennsylvania on page 40.

7. Who wrote the Frame of Government? 8. Explain how this document was based on English tradition.

46 DOCUMENT 5.

NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS Reread the section Economics on page 40.

9. How did the geography of the Southern colonies influence its economic development? DOCUMENT 6. Reread the last paragraph of the section Virginia on page 41 and refer to the illustration on page 42. 10. How did the government of Virginia differ from the forms of government in New England?

Part B: Essay
TASK

Name the regions into which the thirteen colonies were divided. Select one region: Describe how the regions colonies developed their own economic or social or political identities. Describe how these identities reflected the peoples economic or social or political traditions.

Explain how the region you selected developed its own identity and how it differed from those of the other two regions.