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Electromagnetic Induction: Faradays law states that the emf induced in a circuit by the linked magnetic field is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages. For engineering purposes the expression is used in the form d e = T . dt where T is the turns and is the flux. The ve sign is indicative of the direction of the emf as specified by Lenzs law. Generation:
R O n oit at o R n oit at o R
S S
Figure 1: Consider a 1-turn coil, i.e. 2-coil sides, 2-pole machine From Figure 1 it is seen that the flux linkage will vary from a maximum when = 0 and 180 to a minimum when = 90 and 270. Using Faradays law for a 1-turn coil, the induced voltage is d (cos ) e = m . dt If the angular speed is kept constant, = t, and
e = m. d (cos( ) t dt
= m . sin( ) . t = 2 .m . sin( ) f t
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If we arrange for this simple machine to have three single turn coils, arranged symmetrically round the armature as shown in Figure 2, the generated voltages become:
ea = E m . sin ( t + )
2 eb = E m . sin t + 3 4 ec = E m . sin t + 3
'c
N
'a
s
'b
Figure 2 These voltages have the same frequency but different phase angles. The armature coils are known as phases and the voltages are phase voltages. Figure 3 shows the phasor diagram and the voltages.
Figure 3a
Figure 3b
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The same result can be obtained by using the flux cutting law, i.e. E = BLu Where B is the flux density (Tesla), L is the length of the conductor in the magnetic field (m) and u is its velocity (m/s). This approach leads to the following observations: a). b). the longer the coil (machine length) the greater the terminal voltage the higher the rotational speed (u = r) the greater the terminal voltage.
Restating the voltage equation for a 1-turn, constant speed, 2-pole machine
e = 2.. f . . sin( 2.. f .t ) volts m
Consider: 1) 2)
frequency , f = N/60 for a 2-pole machine (N rpm) maximum flux: the average flux density, Bav, over the whole air gap is
Bav =
3)
m Tesla .D.L
the product Zph.Iph :- if we define the number of ampere-conductors per unit length of the gap-surface circumference as
g=
Z ph .I ph
.D
then Z ph .I ph =.D.g
S = k .Bav .g .D 2 .L.N VA
Bav - is limited by saturation and losses in teeth g affects the I2R loss and armature reaction which in turn affects heating and cooling.
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