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BCS
T
uis oocumenr is inrenoeo as a liie clecklisr oi wiireis. !rs raiger is iepoirs,
oocumenrarion, ano orlei oocumenrs rlar aie piimaiily rexr. Tleie aie aooi-
rional consioeiarions oi oesign-inrensive oocumenrs sucl as newslerreis, wirl
mulriple columns, sioe-lais, ano orlei complexiries. !oi rle wel, rlis oocumenr
applies ro iepoirs ano orlei mareiial rlar is piimaiily ieao iom leginning ro eno.
Tleie aie orlei issues wirl pages rlar aie piimaiily links (i.e. rop-level pages) oi rlar
look moie like aoveirising rlan like a look.
couise rleie aie in-lerween cases. !oi example, a lor o compurei oocumenra-
rion ollows rle piinciples oesciileo leie, lur las examples o usei inreiacrion oi
scieen slors as well as rexr. Tlese somerimes iequiie a oocumenr rlar las a lir moie
sriucruie ro ir rlan jusr a single column o rexr.
Tlis is nor a complere rexrlook on rypogiaply. Rarlei, irs an arrempr ro sum-
maiize some o rle mosr impoiranr poinrs. ! you aie inreiesreo in leaining moie, !
sriongly iecommeno Roleir Biingluisrs look The Elements of Typographical Style. A
lor o rle mareiial leie is laseo on rlar look.
* * *
Tle puipose o rypogiaply is ro ger youi poinr acioss. \lile oocumenrs can le
leauriul oi ugly, mosr o us aienr ciearing giear air weie riying ro convince some-
one oi piesenr inoimarion. Tlus rle srairing poinrs aie ro oo eveiyrling possille
ro make rle oocumenr compielensille, ano ro avoio oisriacrion. !n geneial a well
rypeser oocumenr will lave a aiily even oveiall look. !r will maik secrions in rle leasr
oisiuprive way rlar makes rle sriucruie cleai. !rs possille ro oo hne rypeserring wirl
a single onr in a single size alrlougl you woulo mosr likely use caps, small caps,
ano iralics in rlar size.
\len laying our a oocumenr, srair ly looking ar wlar ir is riying ro communi-
care. Youi goal sloulo le ro claiiy rle oocumenr. !eaoings sloulo slow rle sriuc-
ruie. Tle piogiession iom majoi ro minoi leaos sloulo le cleai. Typogiaplical
oevices sloulo emplasize rle rlings rlar acrually neeo emplasis.
!ook caieully ar rle elemenrs ro wlicl youi eye is oiawn. Tley sloulonr le
rypogiaplical oevices sucl as lullers oi lolo irems, excepr wlen you acrually wanr
people ro see rlese rlings hisr. !oi example, in a oicrionaiy rle woios leing oehneo
aie commonly in lolo, lecause you wanr rlem ro srano our.
Overall Page Design
!n well-ser mareiial, rle wiorl o a line is noimally iom ro claiacreis. Anyrling
moie, ano irs laio ro ieao a line ar a rime. Tlis is wly magazines ano newspapeis
reno ro use mulriple columns: rleii papei is wioe enougl rlar a single column woulo
le roo wioe.
tuaviis uibvitx xiv nvcxsvitx toxvc:ixo sivvitis
vc:oivs, :ui s:a:i cxivivsi:v oi xiv ,ivsiv ,axcavv 1, :oo
:
Tlis means rlar oi rypical !niveisiry iepoirs ano oocumenrs, we srair wirl a
lanoicap: 8. ly 11 papei is ieally roo wioe oi one column o rexr. Bur rwo columns
sriikes mosr people as looking ooo in a memo oi iepoir. Tlus we noimally use one
column anyway. Tlis means rlar you wanr ro use as wioe maigins as you can ger
away wirl, ano aiily laige onrs. Tlis pairiculai oocumenr las aiouno 8 claiacreis
in a line. Tle ler ano iiglr maigins aie 1. incles. Tlars alour rle lesr ! can oo
wirlour using unusually laige onrs oi maigins. !n geneial ! iecommeno maigins o
1. incles ar rle ler ano iiglr, 1 incl ar rle rop, ano 1.: incl ar rle lorrom. ! lave
closen rle numleis so as ro make rle llock o rexr a goloen secrion. Tlar is a iario
o 1.18 in leiglr ro wiorl.
couise maigins lave uses orlei rlan keeping line lengrls in lounos. \lire
space is an impoiranr elemenr o rle oveiall oesign o rle page. ! rleie is roo lirrle
wlire space, rle page looks ciampeo.
Tleie aie similai consioeiarions online. Veiy wioe lines aie srill a ieaoaliliry
piollem, ano wlire space is srill impoiranr. !n many wel pages, a comlinarion o
ralles ano tss aie useo ro geneiare maigins aiouno rle main rexr, ano ro limir rle
wiorl o rle rexr ro an amounr rlar is ieaoalle. !owevei rlis is conrioveisial. Many
useis lelieve rlar i rley ser up rleii winoow ro le wioe, you sloulo use rle wiorl
rley ser.
! you aie willing ro oepeno upon tss, rle simplesr appioacl is ro use a <block-
quote> aiouno rle main rexr. ! you wanr ro limir rle line lengrl ro somerling ieao-
alle, ! iecommeno <blockquote style=margin-left: 5%; width: 55ex>. ! you simply
wanr ro ser up ieasonalle maigins, ! iecommeno <blockquote style=margin-left: 5%;
margin-right: 5%>. You can also use ralles ro ger similai eecrs. Tle ex means
rlar rle line lengrl sloulo le alour claiacreis. \irl a vaiialle wiorl onr (wlicl
is noimal) rlis is nor exacr. !n acr erscape will use a somewlar longei line rlan you
miglr expecr. Bur a value o ex seems ro woik ieasonally. Tle ieason oi using
ex iarlei rlan a wiorl in pixels is ro allow oi useis wlo neeo laige onrs. You wanr
rle wiorl ro scale as rle usei incieases onr size. ! peisonally am o rle sclool rlar
you sloulo use rle useis wiorl. So ! noimally use maigin-ler: , maigin-iiglr:
.
Tleie las leen a lir o ieseaicl on ieaoaliliry. Tliee o rle mosr consisrenr ie-
sulrs aie as ollows:
Tle mosr ieaoalle onrs aie sriaiglr-oiwaio seiieo onrs. (Seiis aie rle lirrle
ciosslais ar rle eno o sriokes.) Tlese incluoe onrs sucl as Times New Roman,
New Century Schoolbook, ano Palatino. Tlis oocumenr is ser in Janson Texr. Sans
seii onrs oonr lave rle seiis. Tle mosr common aie Arial ano Helvetica. !onrs
rlar aie gooo oi piinring may nor necessaiily le gooo online. Mosr oisplays lave
so lirrle iesolurion rlar seiis oonr come our well. Tlus many people lelieve sans
seii onrs woik lerrei online. ! oisagiee. !oi low-iesolurion scieen oisplay, ! pie-
ei seiieo onrs wirl aiily llunr oims, sucl as Georgia.

Piopei spacing is ciirical. Tlis incluoes spacing o all kinos: rle space lerween
lines, lerween woios, ano wirlin woios. ! will lave moie ro say alour rlis lelow.
Texr sloulo le llack on wlire oi o-wlire. Tinreo lackgiounos will kill ieaoalil-
iry i rle rinr is moie rlan alour 1o. !ven rlar is useo piimaiily oi aoveirising
copy. !owevei many oocumenrs look lerrei on papei rlar is sliglrly o-wlire.
(Tlis oepenos somewlar on rle onr ano page oesign.) Mosr pioessionally-pie-
paieo wel pages ser rle lackgiouno ro wlire ano use llack rexr. Again, a veiy liglr
rinr can acrually le lelpul. !owevei i you oo rlis, make suie you use a coloi rlar
will oisplay consisrenrly in all liowseis.
!oi moie inoimarion alour ieaoaliliry, ! suggesr Colin \leiloon, Type and Lay-
out. Tlis piesenrs a numlei o veiy inreiesring sruoies alour ieaoaliliry, incluoing
wlar earuies will cause people ro ieao oi nor ieao a given piece o rexr.
* * *
Make suie you speciy rle aurloi, oare, ano oiganizarion. Tle oare is neeoeo lecause
oocumenrs oren aie ieviseo. Tle ieaoei neeos ro know wlicl veision le las. Any
ohcial oocumenr iom Rurgeis sloulo incluoe rle ioenrihcarion Rurgeis, rle Srare
!niveisiry o ew Jeisey. \leie possille ir sloulo lave rle logo. ren rle oepair-
menr is also lelpul.
!oi rlis oocumenr rle ioenrihcarion is ar rle lorrom o rle hisr page. ! you lave
a rirle page ir woulo go rleie. !rs oren useul ro incluoe rle oocumenr rirle ano oare
ar rle rop oi lorrom o eacl page, in case rle pages oonr sray srapleo.
Line Spacing
As ! menrioneo alove, spacing is ciirical. !r aecrs rle ieaoaliliry o rexr, ano rle
oveiall look o rle oocumenr. !r is impoiranr ro allow enougl space lerween lines.
Some ieaoaliliry ieseaicl slows rlar people aie moie likely ro ieao oocumenrs rlar
lave geneious (lur nor excessive) spacing.
! line spacing is roo small, youi eye may eno up on rle wiong line wlen you go
iom rle eno o one line ro rle leginning o rle nexr.
couise you can caiiy rlis roo ai. ! you pur in roo mucl space, lines lose rleii
connecrion wirl eacl orlei, ano rle oocumenr lecomes unieaoalle. oulle-spac-
ing is an exrieme example o rlis rexr sloulo nevei le ooulle-spaceo i you expecr
anyone ro ieao ir.
Beoie going on wirl rlis oiscussion, ! neeo ro oehne some unirs. Tle mosr com-
mon unir in oealing wirl rype is rle poinr. !isroiically rleie weie rwo sliglrly
oieienr poinr measuies, Biirisl ano conrinenral. Compurei rypogiaply seems ro
lave sranoaioizeo on a poinr rlar is exacrly b/ incl.
Typogiapleis commonly use rle reims en ano em as unirs o lengrl. ne
em is equal ro rle onr size. !.e. oi 1: poinr rype one em is 1: poinrs. Tle reim em

comes iom rle acr rlar geneially rlis is alour rle wiorl o an m. An en is lal an
em, i.e. alour rle wiorl o an n. So oi a 1: poinr onr, one en woulo le poinrs.
Tleies one orlei common unir: rle pica. A pica is 1: poinrs. !.e. oi compurei
rypogiaply ir is b/ incl. Tiaoirionally poinrs aie useo oi smallisl quanriries, sucl as
rype size ano line spacing, wlicl picas aie useo oi laigei earuies, sucl as line lengrl.
!owevei oi compurei useis, rle pica ooesnr seem impoiranr. Sorwaie noimally
uses incles oi cm ro ieei ro irems oi wlicl picas weie riaoirionally useo.
ow, ro conrinue wirl rle oiscussion o line spacing: Tlis oocumenr is ser 1o./
1.: (ieao 1o. on 1.:). Tlar means rlar ir is a 1o. poinr onr, wirl 1.:
poinrs lerween rle laselines o rwo successive lines. Tlus rleie aie . poinrs o
aooirional space lerween lines. Tiaoirionally rle exria space lerween lines is calleo
leao oi leaoing. \len looks weie ser ly lano, spacing was inrioouceo wirl leao
sriips. Baseo on rlis oeiivarion, leaoing ouglr ro ieei ro rle aooirional space, i.e.
. poinrs leie. !owevei ir is also useo oi rle roral line spacing, i.e. 1.: poinrs
leie. To avoio conusion, ! iecommeno rle reim line spacing oi rlar.
Tle minimum amounr o leaoing ! woulo consioei wirl mosr onrs is : poinrs o
aooirional space. Tlis is close ro wlar woio piocessois oo i you rell rlem ro single
space. !owevei rlis is almosr always roo lirrle.
You neeo moie leaoing as lines ger longei. \irl 8. ly 11 papei, youll geneially
hno rlar you neeo :. ro poinrs o aooirional space. To ser rlis in \oio, use rle
Paiagiapl menu, rle !noenrs ano Spacing ral. ! iecommeno serring !ine Spacing ro
!xacrly ano rlen serring rle oesiieo line spacing in poinrs, e.g. 1.:.
Tle exacr amounr o leaoing iequiieo also oepenos upon rle onr. Tleie aie rwo
majoi issues. Tle hisr is rlar rleies nor a piecise oehnirion o low ro measuie poinr
size o a onr. Some onrs aie lig on rleii looy. Tlar is, rley look laigei rlan orlei
onrs ar rle same size. !oi rlar ieason, rley musr le ser in a smallei size rlan usual,
ano neeo moie leaoing. Tle secono issue is oieiences in x leiglr. !eie aie rliee
examples ro slow rle eecrs o x leiglr.
Example !xample Example
Adobe Garamond Janson Text Georgia
Tlese samples aie all ser in : poinr rype. !owevei Caiamono looks rle small-
esr, ano Ceoigia rle laigesr. Tle ieason is rlar rle main poirion o rle lowei case
is laigei in Ceoigia. Tlis is calleo rle x leiglr, since irs rle leiglr o rle lerrei
x. Tle poirions o lerreis rlar go alove oi lelow rlis, sucl as rle piojecrions on
l ano p, aie calleo exrenoeis. So in rypogiaplical reims, one can say eirlei rlar
Swir las a giearei x leiglr rlan Caiamono, oi rlar Caiamono las longei exrenoeis.
!irlei way, oi a given poinr size, Ceoigia looks laigei. Typically you woulo use a
smallei poinr size oi Ceoigia, ano moie leaoing.
Tle renoency las leen oi x leiglrs ro giow ovei rime. An exrieme x leiglr is o-
ren consioeieo ineleganr, alrlougl rleie aie ceirainly hne onrs wirl laige x leiglrs.
Cuiienr Caiamonos aie acrually somewlar mooeinizeo iom rle rype Caiamono

oesigneo in rle 1rl Cenruiy. ne o rle clanges is an inciease in x leiglr. !n Cai-

amonos acrual rype, rle ascenoeis ano pairiculaily rle oescenoeis aie longei rlan in
Aoole Caiamono ano orlei mooein inreipierarions.
Justication and Word Spacing
!r is riaoirional ro jusriy rexr, i.e. ro pioouce an even iiglr maigin. To oo rlis, rle
sorwaie neeos ro aojusr spacing lerween woios ano ro lyplenare. Colin \leiloons
compielension resrs slow rlar ieaoeis hno jusriheo rexr mucl easiei ro ieao. !ow-
evei rleie aie oangeis: ! rle sorwaie rlar ooes rle jusrihcarion isnr veiy gooo, you
can eno up wirl veiy uneven spacing. Tlar can make rle rexr laioei ro ieao. !n rle
woisr case ir pioouces visille iiveis o wlire space going rliougl rle mioole o rle
rexr.
You sloulo look ar rle amounr o space lerween woios. Because o jusrihcarion,
rleie will le a iange. Tlis commonly goes iom o.: em ro o. em. !oi mosr onrs rle
oesiieo aveiage is alour o.: em. couise rle acrual spacing may le giearei oi less
rlan rlis, oepenoing upon wleie woios can le lioken ly lyplens.
Tleie aie oren vaiious paiamereis you can ser in youi woio piocessoi rlar aecr
lyplenarion. Biingluisr iecommenos iequiiing a minimum o : claiacreis leoie
rle lyplen ano arei. o moie rlan lines in a iow sloulo eno in a lyplen. Tle
lasr woio on a page sloulo nor le lyplenareo, ano piolally nor rle lasr woio in a
paiagiapl.
A commenr alour rle lines iule: ! agiee rlar roo many lyplenareo lines in a
iow can le a lir unsiglrly. !owevei rlis iule may rempr you ro ser youi woio pioces-
soi ro limir consecurive lyplens ro . (Tlis is \oios reiminology.) So wlar lap-
pens wlen consecurive lines neeo lyplens? ! you rell youi woio piocessoi nor ro
oo ir, you will noimally ger wlire llorcles in rle rl line. Tlese aie moie oisriacring
rlan an exria lyplenareo line. !n my opinion youie lerrei o nor ro rell youi woio
piocessoi alour rle line limir. !oi oocumenrs wlose appeaiance is impoiranr, you
sloulo look oi moie rlan consecurive lyplens, ano iepaii rlem ly lano. Tlis may
mean ieaojusring lyplenarion paiamereis oi rlar paiagiapl, oi even ooing minoi
iewoioing as neeoeo ro clange rle lyplenarion. Pioessional rypogiapleis oo iegu-
laily clange woioing ro impiove line ano page lieaks. (Tlis sloulo nor le an issue
wirl TeX, !nesign, oi orlei sorwaie rlar jusrihes paiagiapls as a wlole.)
\irl classical onrs, ir is exriemely impoiranr ro ger lyplenarion woiking piop-
eily. !xria wlire space lerween woios will lave a oisasrious eecr on rle appeaiance
ano ieaoaliliry o oocumenrs.
Mosr woio piocessois lave a special kino o space rlar wonr le useo as a line
lieak (a non-lieaking space). !se rlis oi rlings you oonr wanr ro ger sepaiareo,
e.g. aiouno rle equal sign in a sloir equarion: a = l.
Beoie piinring a hnal copy, look ovei youi rexr caieully, looking oi lao line
lieaks ano page lieaks. To hx rlem you may neeo ro aoo non-lieaking spaces, oi

aojusr rle lanoling o wioows ano oiplans oi a specihc paiagiapl. !n some cases
you even neeo ro oo sliglr iewoioing o rle rexr.
Tleies anorlei kino o spacing you neeo ro le awaie o spacing wirlin a woio.
Ceneially you oo nor wanr ro clange rle spacing lerween lerreis wirlin a woio,
excepr oi sequences o capiral lerreis, long sriings o oigirs, ano orlei rlings rlar
aienr noimal rexr. (Sucl aojusrmenr is calleo lerreispacing.) Some woio piocessois
auromarically expano ano conoense woios as pair o rle piocess o jusrihcarion. Tlis
is a reiiille ioea. !r pioouces an unevenness rlar is mucl moie seiious rlan vaiying
woio spaces. You sloulo le alle ro ruin rlis o.
Sloulo you evei lave occasion ro ser rexr iaggeo iiglr (i.e. wirlour jusrihcarion),
look caieully ar wlar youi woio piocessoi ooes. !ve seen a woio piocessoi conrinue
ro lyplenare ano aojusr rle spacing lerween woios. Tle main aigumenr oi using
iaggeo iiglr is rlar ir pioouces moie even woio spacing. So you ceirainly wanr ro
oisalle space aojusrmenrs i you aie ooing iaggeo iiglr. You piolally wanr ro oisalle
lyplenarion as well.
\lile you oonr wanr lerrei spacing ro vaiy iom woio ro woio, in some ciicum-
srances ir is appiopiiare ro make small, unioim clanges ro spacing rliouglour rle
oocumenr. Some onrs come wirl riglrei spacing lerween lerreis rlan orleis. !ui-
rleimoie, rle ioeal spacing oepenos ro some exrenr upon lorl rle rype size ano line
lengrl. !n geneial spacing sloulo le loosei oi veiy small sizes conveisely, oi laige
leaoings oi rype on slioes you may wanr ro riglren spacing sliglrly. Tlis oocumenr
is ser wirl lerrei spacing alour 1 giearei rlan rle oeaulr oi rlis onr.
couise rle aovice againsr lerreispacing applies only ro noimal rexr. !r is cei-
rainly appiopiiare ro lerreispace rexr rlar is in all caps. Because o rle oesign o capi-
ral lerreis, rley aie a lor moie ieaoalle wlen lerreispaceo.
Special Characters
Avoio unoeilining, excepr oi cvis. !noeilining was useo wirl olo-sryle meclanical
rypewiireis, lecause iralics ano lolo weie nor availalle. !isroiically, unoeilining was
rle way you inoicareo rlar you wanreo iralics wlen youi oocumenr was rypeser. Ti-
rles o looks sloulo le oone in iralics. ! you neeo ro emplasize somerling, ! woulo
use iralics oi mosr puiposes. oimally you wanr ro emplasize a woio oi pliase
wlen someone is ieaoing rle senrence irs conraineo in. !ralics will oo rlar. Bolo will
oo moie: \irl many onrs ir causes rle woio ro srano our. !r will reno ro le rle hisr
rling you see wlen you look ar rle page. onr use lolo unless you wanr rlis eecr.
!se rle iiglr kino o quores. Typewiireis lave only veirical quores: ". !n mosr
cases you sloulo use ieal open ano close quores: . Many woio piocessois will oo
rlis auromarically.
!se rle iiglr kino o oasles. Typewiireis lave only one, wlicl is acrually a ly-
plen. !r is inrenoeo ro go in rle mioole o rwo-pair woios, as in rlis senrence. Tleie
aie ar leasr rliee orlei kinos: (en oasl), (em oasl), ano (minus). Tle en oasl
is rle mosr common. !r is useo ro sepaiare pliases as in rlis example. !r is also useo
Quotes
Dashes

oi ianges, as in 1ppp:ooo. A space is useo aiouno rle oasl wlen ir sers o a pliase,
lur nor in a iange. Some rypogiapleis use an em oasl wirlour spaces iarlei rlan rle
en oasllike rlis, lowevei ! accepr Biingluisrs iecommenoarion rlar rle en oasl
looks lerrei. Tle minus sign is useo in numleis, e.g. 1 +1. (ore rlar rle ellipsis
in rle pievious example is a sepaiare claiacrei, nor rliee peiioos.) Tle minus is noi-
mally rle same wiorl as rle plus.
By oeaulr, \oio will ieplace rwo lyplens wirl an en oasl. Tlis is a giear conve-
nience oi ryping, since en oasles aie aiily common. Make suie rlis sulsrirurion
acrually lappens you oonr wanr rwo lyplens ler in youi oocumenr. ! youi woio
piocessoi ooesnr oo rlis sulsrirurion, make suie ro use ieal en oasles wleie rley
aie neeoeo.
Tleie aie also rwo oieienr slasles. Tle noimal one (calleo rle viigule) is useo
wirl woios, e.g. st/osi. A sliglrly oieienr slasl is calleo rle solious oi iacrion
lai. !r is useo in consriucring iacrions: b/.
Tle cenreieo oor oi peiioo (calleo rle miopoinr) is useo ro sepaiare rlings,
e.g. page numleis in a ralle o conrenrs: !nriooucrion : oi irems in an aooiess:
11o !ielingluysen

Piscaraway, J. Bullers aie roo oaik oi rlis use. Tley aie ie-
ally inrenoeo oi use in lullereo lisrs. See page :p oi moie examples.
! coness rlar a couple o rlese special claiacreis aie piolally unnecessaiy oi
mosr puiposes. !rs common ro use an en oasl wirl a rlin space arei ir iarlei rlan
a minus. Tle solious las ro le useo wirl small hguies, sucl as bc/. Some onrs
lave special small hguies inrenoeo oi luiloing iacrions. Commeicial veisions o
Janson oo nor. !owevei rlis oocumenr uses special hguies rlar ! lave piepaieo. !oi
iacrions maoe wirl noimal hguies, rle viigule is useo: 1:/:. Mosr people hno ir
easiei ro use noimal hguies wirl rle viigule. Mosr onrs lave some pieluilr iacrions:
. Youll piolally wanr ro use rlem wleie possille.
! lave one orlei piece o aovice alour special claiacreis: !ook caieully ar oasles,
lullers, ano orlei non-alplaleric claiacreis. !n some onrs rley aie nor piopeily
posirioneo. !n rlis onr, SC/S! is accepralle, lur rle slasl in st/osi is nor well
aligneo. !n rle iesr o rlis oocumenr, !m using a slasl rlar las leen hxeo.
You sloulo also look ar lyplens. You neeo a oieienr alignmenr oi noimal rexr
ano uppei case, e.g. hisr-class, !!RST-C!ASS, !!RST
-
C!ASS. !n rlis onr rle
lyplen is piopeily aligneo oi rle loweicase lerreis. !r las ro le iaiseo sliglrly oi
use wirl uppeicase lerreis.
!n some onrs rle veirical alignmenr o some symlols is oieienr in rle noimal
onr ano rle st/osi onr, lecause o rle way rley aie noimally useo: +: +2 vc:-
oivs vista:avav Rurgeis

Piscaraway. !n rlis case ! lave aojusreo rle posirion

manually.
\lile irs nor exacrly a claiacrei, rleie aie seveial kinos o space as well. Tle
noimal space is calleo a woio space, i.e. rle space lerween woios. Tleies a rlin
space. !rs useo wlen you neeo a sliglr aojusrmenr lur oonr wanr a visille space, e.g.
lerween an en oasl ano a numlei: , oi arei inirials orlei rlan rle lasr, oi example
J. R. R. Tolkien. A woio space is useo arei rle lasr inirial. Tle en space is useul
Slashes
8
wleie you neeo iouglly rle same amounr o sepaiarion as a comma lur wanr ro oo
ir jusr wirl space. Tle irems iom +: ro Piscaraway alove aie sepaiareo ly en spaces.
An em space is wioe enougl rlar irs useo only in special siruarions. Tle one !ve
iun inro is sepaiaring rle page numlei in a ralle o conrenrs oi inoex. See page :p.
Showing Examples, etc.
Tlis papei piimaiily coveis simple oocumenrs: one column o sriaiglroiwaio rexr.
!owevei somerimes you neeo a lir moie complexiry. !n compurei oocumenrarion
rle majoi issue is slowing examples o usei inreiacrion, oi scieen slors.
Tle simplesr appioacl is ro incluoe rlese examples ar rle appiopiiare place in
rle rexr. !n many cases rlar is all you neeo. ren you sloulo use a oieienr onr oi
sucl examples.
!owevei rleie aie rimes wlen picruies oi examples aienr pair o rle noimal rexr
ow. Tlar is, you ieei ro rlem in rle rexr, lur rleyie nor pair o rle rexr. !n rlar
case ir is common ro make rlem inro a hguie. !iguies aie oren oelayeo ro rle rop
o rle nexr page oi even placeo on a sepaiare page. !nless rley aie iiglr in rle rexr
ow (ano oren even rlen), hguies sloulo lave a caprion. !n some cases ir may le
necessaiy ro numlei rlem in oioei ro ieei ro rlem.
!n some cases mareiial like rlis sloulo le pur in a maigin. Tle Rurgeis roolkir,
http://toolkit.rutgers.edu, las some gooo examples o low ro use rle maigin.
Maigins aie also useul oi nores, ano somerimes even leaoings. Maiginal nores
aie oren a gooo alreinarive ro oornores, lecause rley aie iiglr rleie wleie you
neeo rlem.
rlei rlings !ve seen maigins useo oi aie examples o usei inreiacrion wleie
you oonr wanr ro incluoe ir in rle rexr, ano keywoios oi pliases ro make ir easy oi
rle usei ro hno rlings.
As an example o keywoios: !n a !nix inriooucrion you miglr pur rle names o
commanos ano orlei reclnical reims in rle maigin as rley aie oehneo, ro make ir
easy ro hno rlem. Page slows some examples o rlis.
Tlis page slows scieen slors iom a myrlical oiscussion alour conhguiing email
in erscape. ! you weie ieally going ro use rle maigin oi scieen slors, you woulo
piolally use wioei maigins. Bur irs amazing wlar you can oo wirl an incl.
! iecommeno using a conriasring onr oi maiginal nores, caprions, ano examples.
!n rlis oocumenr !m using !inorype Synrax (rle new veision iom :ooo). !r is im-
poiranr oi rle onr you use oi rlese puiposes ro le ieasonally comparille wirl rle
rexr onr in sryle, oi rle maigin ano similai mareiial will oiaw arrenrion away iom
rle rexr. Rarlei rlan a complerely sepaiare onr, you can use rle main rexr onr in
a conriasring oim, e.g. a signihcanrly smallei size oi iralics. \len Synrax is ser in
smallei sizes (e.g. in nores ano maigins), ! use rle meoium weiglr (sliglrly oaikei
rlan iegulai). ! you wanr ro luy Synrax, ! suggesr gerring rle tb wirl rle ull ser
o Synrax sans onrs, oi aiouno $1oo. ! you luy inoivioual weiglrs ir will le mucl
moie expensive. (Tleie is now a marcling seii onr. ! oonr lave ir.)
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Tleie aie rwo majoi cloices oi paiagiapls: inoenr rle hisr line, oi sepaiare paia-
giapls wirl a llank line. Tlis is a marrei o rasre. ! pieei inoenring rle hisr line.
Tlis is rle riaoirional cloice, pairiculaily oi longei oocumenrs.
You sloulo cloose one appioacl oi rle orlei. ! you inoenr rle hisr line, rleie is
no neeo ro aoo exria space lerween paiagiapls. oing so oisruils rle even ow o
rle rexr. ! you wanr ro pur space lerween youi paiagiapls, use a wlole llank line.
Tlen rleie is no neeo ro inoenr.
! you use inoenrarion, rleie is no neeo ro inoenr rle hisr paiagiapl arei a
leaoing. Tle ieaoei alieaoy knows irs a new paiagiapl. Aooing inoenrarion rleie
pievenrs rle leaoing iom lining up piopeily wirl rle rexr arei ir.
onr use excessive inoenrarion. Common cloices aie 1 em oi rle value o rle
line spacing. Tlis oocumenr is ser 1o./1.:. So common serrings oi inoenrarion
woulo le 1o. poinrs oi 1.: poinrs. !owevei oocumenrs you woik on aie likely ro
lave wioe columns, lecause rley will le on 8. ly 11 papei. !n rlis case : ro em is
accepralle. ! noimally use o.: incl, wlicl is alour 18 poinrs. \irl rlis onr, rlars
alour 1. em.
ore rlar rypogiaplical expeirs iecommeno using a single space arei peiioos oi
colons. ! you aoo moie space, you aie emplasizing rle senrence lieak unnecessaiily.
You will hno some aurloiiries rlar srill iecommeno rwo spaces. !owevei consensus
among rypogiapleis is sriong. Some woio piocessois will iepoir moie rlan one
space as a spelling eiioi.
\len paiagiapls aie splir acioss a page, you can eno up wirl lao splirs. Tleie
aie vaiious possille iules. Bur rle one ! suggesr is ro look ar rle rop o eacl page. !
you hno a single line ler ovei iom a paiagiapl on a pievious page, oo somerling ro
hx ir. (Tlis isolareo line is calleo a wioow.) Some aurloiiries also consioei a single
line ar rle lorrom o a page ro le a piollem. (Tlis is calleo an oiplan.) !owevei !
lelieve rle cuiienr consensus is rlar ir is K.
Headings, etc.
Tle majoi remprarion wirl leaoings is ro oveioo rlem. !r is common ro see oocu-
menrs wleie claprei ano secrion leaoings aie in laigei rlan noimal rype, lolo, ano
unoeilineo. Tlis oisiuprs rle clean appeaiance o rle oocumenr, oi no gooo iea-
son. !n geneial you sloulo clange as ew paiamereis as possille. !oi example, i you
move ro all caps, rleies no ieason ro go ro a laigei size oi lolo. (Tleies nevei an
excuse oi unoeilining.)
Tleie aie rwo majoi appioacles ro oesigning leaoings:
!evels o leaoing aie oieienriareo ly oevices sucl as all caps, small caps, iralics,
ano cenreiing. !n many cases ir is unnecessaiy ro use oieienr sizes.
1o
!evels o leaoing aie oieienriareo ly size. Many scienrihc oocumenrs aie oone
using vaiious sizes o lolo, oren in a conriasring onr.
!irlei appioacl is K, as long as you use a cleai ano consisrenr parrein wirlin
a given oocumenr. couise ir is possille ro mix rlem. Tlar is, you miglr ollow a
parrein wleie rle liglesr level rirle is in a laigei size, ano rlen oi rle nexr level o
leaoing you go ro caps oi small caps in rle rexr size. !n geneial i you use a laigei size
you sloulo piolally nor use lolo oi caps. Tle size alone will oieienriare ir. Tlar
is, noimally you sloulonr clange anyrling moie rlan you neeo ro in oioei ro make
rle sriucruie cleai.
Many ieaoeis aie now accusromeo ro rlinking o lolo as noimal oi leaoings.
!isroiically, caps ano small caps weie useo oi rirles, on rirle pages as well as clap-
reis ano secrions. ren rlese weie rle same size as rle rexr, pairiculaily ouiing rle
Renaissance. My peisonal pieeience is oi caps ano iralics iarlei rlan lolo, lecause
rley leao ro a moie even appeaiance.
! you use lolo leaoings, look caieully ar rle onr. Many lolo onrs oonr look
veiy gooo. You aie oren lerrei o using a conriasring onr rlar las a gooo lolo, sucl
as Boooni, Calliaio, Palarino, oi Peiperua, oi even a sans seii. ! woulo nor use all
caps wirl lolo, excepr possilly oi rle liglesr levels in rle lieiaicly. \irl lolo, you
oonr neeo caps ro ser o rirles, ano lolo caps aie oren nor veiy ieaoalle.
! youie going ro use caps oi leaoings, make suie you lave a onr wirl gooo-
looking caps. Many mooein onrs oonr lave rlem. Classical onrs weie oesigneo
wirl rle unoeisranoing rlar rle caps weie ro le useo oi rirling, oi rley came wirl
associareo rirling onrs. rle sranoaio !aseiwiirei onrs, Palarino las rle lesr-
looking caps ano iralics. (!n acr Palarino was oiiginally inrenoeo as a rirling onr.) !
oonr rlink mucl o Times ano ew Cenruiy Scloollook caps. Tlis oocumenr uses
Janson. !rs capirals ollow classic mooels, lur ! oonr rlink rley look as gooo as some
orlei onrs. ! ! wanreo ro use a laigei size oi a rirle page, ! woulo consioei using a
sepaiare rirling ace, sucl as Aoole Tiajan oi Palarino.
* * *
Two rypical parreins o leaoings appeai lelow (page 1:). Tlese aie jusr examples o
rle kinos o rlings you can oo. Tleie is no neeo oi eveiy oocumenr ro ollow eirlei
o rlese parreins. Tle hisr parrein is one ! oren use. !r is inrenoeo ro pioouce a aiily
unioim look. !r uses caps ano iralics ro oieienriare rle levels o leaoing. Tlis ooes
enougl rlar lolo is nor neeoeo.
Tlis oocumenr uses a vaiianr, wirl iralics oi secrion leaoings iarlei rlan small
caps. Borl rle main rirle ano secrion leaoings aie also sliglrly laigei rlan rle rexr (1:
pr vs 1o.). Janson las pairiculaily lanosome iralics, wlicl ! wanr ro slow o.
Tle secono parrein pioouces moie conriasrs. !r uses size ro oieienriare rle rirle
ano a lolo sans seii onr oi orlei levels. Tle size ano onr clange aie enougl ro oi-
eienriare rle rirles, so ir is nor necessaiy ro use all caps. ! lave useo a parrein similai
oi wel pages. couise many parreins aie possille.
11
!ollowing rle secono parrein, ! slow an example o using rle maigin oi
leaoings. ! lavenr given a wlole parrein o leaoings leie, lur jusr one level. Tlis is
veiy common oi coipoiare annual iepoirs ano similai oocumenrs.
!eaoing level : in rle hisr parrein is in small caps. Tlis only woiks i you lave
a small caps onr. Many woio piocessois lave a small caps serring rlar you can use
wirl noimal onrs. Tlis serring simply ieouces rle size o noimal capiral lerreis.
Tleies a piollem wirl aking small caps rlis way: \len you make a onr smallei,
ir appeais ro le liglrei. Tlus small caps pioouceo rlis way aie noriceally liglrei rlan
rle iesr o rle rexr. !oi many onrs rley aie also roo laige. Tlus rlese ake small caps
aie consioeieo veiy lao oim. Real small caps aie a sepaiare onr, like iralics oi lolo.
Tley aie oesigneo ro marcl rle iegulai caps in weiglr, ano rleii size is appiopiiare
oi rle loweicase. !noirunarely small caps oonr come iee wirl any common sor-
waie, so mosr people oonr lave rlem. ! you oonr lave a ieal small caps onr, oo
somerling else. onr ake ir. ! ! oionr lave small caps, !o piolally use iralic caps
oi leaoing level :.
Tlis oocumenr isnr complex enougl ro neeo all rlose levels. !ve useo only a
main rirle ano leaoing level :. A leaoing in all caps is aiily imposing. \len only a
ew levels o leaoing aie neeoeo, ir makes sense ro use all caps only oi rle main rirle
ano clapreis (i any).
!n aooirion ro leaoings, anorlei common oevice oi sriucruiing oocumenrs is
slown arei rlis paiagiapl. Tlis is useo wlen rleie is a clange in ropic, lur you
oonr wanr ro aoo a leaoing. You can rlink o ir as a supei-paiagiapl. Some aurlois
simply use a llank line. !owevei rlis cieares amliguiry wlen rle lieak occuis ar
rle eno o a page. Tlus rle asreiisks aie iecommenoeo. \len rle lieak occuis ar a
page lounoaiy, rle asreiisks sloulo go ar rle lorrom o rle hisr page. A sloir iule
(i.e. loiizonral line) is somerimes useo insreao, alrlougl asreiisks aie moie common.
! rlink rley aie less olriusive.
* * *
! lave aooeo exria spacing lerween rle lerreis oi rle caps ano small caps. Tlis is
calleo lerreispacing. Caps ano small caps aie a lor moie ieaoalle i you lerreispace
rlem. Mosr woio piocessois ler you oo rlis. !n \oio, irs calleo claiacrei spacing
in rle !onr menu. oimally ! lerreispace caps ly ro :o. Tlis oocumenr uses
11.: lerreispacing oi caps ano . oi small caps in leaoings, wirl oi lorl
in rle rexr. Some onrs lave exria space luilr-in oi rle small caps. !n sucl onrs you
may nor neeo lerreispacing, oi you may nor neeo as mucl as orleiwise.
!n rle examples !ve pur a ull llank line alove ano lelow rle leaoings. Typogia-
pleis noimally riy ro mainrain an even parrein o veirical spacing. ! rley lave ro
inreiiupr rle rexr wirl somerling like a leaoing oi a picruie, rley will see ro ir rlar
rle roral amounr o inreiiuprion is an even mulriple o rle inreiline spacing. Tle
easiesr appioacl is one llank line alove ano lelow. !owevei some rypogiapleis
pur less space arei rle leaoing ano moie leoie ir. Tlis makes ir cleai rlar rle rirle
1:
The following pattern gives a rather uniform look to the document
C!M!T R C!APT!R T! T!!
!!A! C !!V!! 1
uiabixo iivii :
Heading level
Run-in heading. A iun-in leaoing is one rlar is pur ar rle leginning o rle
paiagiapl, iarlei rlan on a sepaiare line.
The following pattern gives more contrast
ocumenr oi Claprei Tirle
Heading Level 1
Heading Level 2
Heading Level 3
Run-in Heading. A iun-in leaoing is one rlar is pur ar rle leginning o rle
paiagiapl, iarlei rlan on a sepaiare line.
Example of putting a heading in the margin
rle coie lusiness o rle !niveisiry. Tle relecommunicarions oi-
vision suppoirs !niveisiry-wioe voice ano oara nerwoiking con-
necriviry rliouglour Rurgeis.

Executive
Summary
Tlis iepoir summaiizes rle acriviries ano accomplislmenrs o
Rurgeis !niveisiry Compuring Seivices (vcts) oi !iscal Yeai
p/p8 ano plans ano goals oi !iscal Yeai p8/pp. As rle
Examples of headings for printed documents
is associareo wirl rle secrion ollowing ir. !n rlis oocumenr !ve oone rlar. !ve pur
moie wlire space alove rle leaoings rlan lelow.
Tle secono parrein o leaoings slows one moie rling: As rype gers laigei, ir
appeais ro le oaikei. To counreiacr rlar, rle smallei sans seii leaoings aie ser in
a leaviei weiglr rlan rle laigei one. Because Synrax lolo is aiily liglr, ! am using
lolo oi rle laigei leaoings ano leavy (one weiglr oaikei rlan lolo) oi rle smallei
ones. !n orlei onrs ! woulo use semilolo oi meoium oi rle laigei leaoings ano
lolo oi rle smallei ones.
Tle srair o rlis oocumenr ollows a parrein rlar was aiily common in rle Re-
naissance, alrlougl moie elaloiare appioacles weie common as well: rirle in capirals
in rle same size as rle rexr, laige inirial capiral, ano rle hisr pliase oi line in all caps
oi small caps. (Acrually, a sliglrly laigei size is useo oi rle rirle leie. A 1o. pr rirle
seems roo small ro me.) couise in rle Renaissance rle inirial capiral woulo lave
leen illuminareo. Tlar seems oveily elaloiare oi rlis oocumenr.
!rs srill common ro srair clapreis oi orlei majoi secrions wirl rle hisr pliase in
caps oi small caps. !aige inirial capirals aie also aiily common. Youll see lorl ap-
pioacles even in papeilack novels.
! lave rwo caurions alour leaoings, iom Colin \leiloons ieseaicl in ieaoing
compielension:
!eaoings ano rirles sloulo nor eno in a peiioo. !is resrs slow rlar a suipiising
numlei o people oonr ieao rle airicle wlen rle leaoline enos in a peiioo.
People ieao iom rop ro lorrom ano ler ro iiglr. Somerimes youll see clevei ai-
iangemenrs rlar pur a leaoline ar rle lorrom o a page, cenreieo in rle mioole in
laige rype, erc. All o rlese rlings giearly oeciease ieaoing compielension (oi rle
numlei o people wlo lorlei ro ieao rle oocumenr). !veiyrling in youi oocu-
menr sloulo occui in rle naruial oioei.
On-line Documents
!n geneial, rle same guioelines apply ro wel pages as piinr oocumenrs. ore rlar
!m ralking alour wel veisions o sulsranrial oocumenrs, nor ro wel pages rlar aie
piimaiily links.
!n geneial ! iecommeno using u:xi rags rlar ieecr rle sriucruie o youi oocu-
menr. Tlar is, youi rop-level leaoings sloulo le <h1>, nor <b><i>. You sloulo use
u:xis lullers, inoenr using <blockquote>, erc. Sryle sloulo le aooeo ly using sryle
sleers.
!oi many oocumenrs you can ger rle eecr you wanr ly oehning sryles oi !1,
!:, erc. \leie you neeo moie oieienr sryles rlan rleie aie u:xi rags, use class
names. !oi example i ! weie ooing rlis oocumenr as a wel page, lorl rlis paiagiapl
ano rle hisr one in rlis secrion woulo use rle noimal paiagiapl rag, <p>. !owevei
!o oehne rwo oieienr sryles, one wirl inoenrarion ano one wirlour. Tlus rle hisr
1
paiagiapl in rle secrion woulo use a noimal <p> ano rlis one woulo le <p class=in-
dent>.
Tleie aie rwo ieasons oi sricking wirl sranoaio u:xi rags. !iisr, ir makes ir
easiei oi people wirl oisaliliries. Tley oren use non-sranoaio liowsei sorwaie.
!r may neeo ro ignoie youi oimarring complerely. !owevei ir will arrempr ro oo
somerling sensille wirl sranoaio rags sucl as leaoeis. Secono, ir allows sorwaie
rlar unoeisranos u:xi rags ro analyze rle sriucruie o youi oocumenr. ! you use
<b><i> ro oehne youi leaoings iarlei rlan <h2>, sorwaie las no way ro know rlar
rley aie leaoings.
Tle only exceprion ! make is oi rle leginning ano enoing o rle oocumenr.
loei liowseis oonr unoeisrano sryle sleers. ! someone is using an oloei liowsei,
!m willing oi lim ro see rle main rexr o rle oocumenr using rle oeaulr u:xi oi-
mar. !owevei ! noimally wanr rle lannei ar rle leginning ano rle secrion ar rle eno
ro look iiglr even on olo liowseis.
* * *
By oeaulr, woio piocessing packages will riy ro pioouce wel pages rlar look exacrly
like rle piinreo oocumenr. Tlis is noimally a misrake. !oi example, you oo nor wanr
ro speciy rle onr name oi size oi a wel oocumenr. Tle usei will cloose a onr ano
size rlar woiks well on lis scieen. ! le las a visual lanoicap, le will nor rlank you
oi clanging rle onr ro 1o poinr Palarino i lis noimal onr is o poinr !elverica.
!uirleimoie, rleie aie oieiences in sryles appiopiiare oi piinr ano rle wel. \el
oocumenrs noimally lave moie conriasrs, lur simplei oesign. Tlus caiiying ovei
rle sryle o rle piinreo oocumenr ro rle wel oimar will piolally nor give rle lesr
iesulrs.
!oi leaoings you may neeo ro speciy a onr size. !owevei rlis sloulo le ielarive
ro rle size rle usei las ser. !oi example, i you wanr a leaoing ro le lig, you sloulo
use a specihcarion sucl as onr-size: 1o in youi sryle sleer. Tlar gives you 1o
o rle useis size. You woulonr say onr-size: :o pr.
You sloulo nor oehne rle onr name oi rle main looy o rle rexr. Tlar is, you
sloulo allow rle onr closen ly rle usei ro le useo. !owevei ir is accepralle (ano
oren looks gooo) ro oehne rle onr oi leaoings, lanneis, erc.
\irl wel pages rle oesign consioeiarions aie somewlar oieienr rlan piinr.
\lile rle noimal goal oi a piinreo oocumenr is a unioim appeaiance, wel pages
aie expecreo ro lave conriasrs. Tlus ir makes sense ro use lolo oi some oi all leao-
ings. Coloi is also availalle. !owevei small caps noimally aie nor. !ven ull caps
aienr all rlar useul in piacrice, lecause erscape ooesnr implemenr lerreispacing.
Caps ieally neeo ro le lerreispaceo ro le ieaoalle. Tlis is pairiculaily impoiranr oi
lolo caps.
Tle example lelow slows one ieasonalle parrein o leaoings oi wel pages,
wirl a tss sryle sleer ro implemenr ir. As wirl rle oiscussion on piinr oocumenrs,
rlis is nor inrenoeo ro le rle only possille way ro oo leaoings. !r slows one ap-
pioacl. !r uses laigei sizes iarlei rlan all caps, since rlars moie ieaoalle. !owevei
1
! riy ro avoio using moie rlan rwo sizes noimal rexr size ano somerling laige. !
am oulious alour ieaoeis aliliry ro rell rle oieience lerween a numlei o sliglrly
oieienr sizes.
Tlis parrein uses coloi oi rle iralic. !owevei you wanr ro make suie you nevei
oepeno enriiely on coloi ro oieienriare leaoings. Too many people aie coloi-llino.
Tle inirial ieason ! useo coloi was ro liglren rle iralic leaoings, ano make ir cleai
rlar rley aie ar a lowei level rlan rle orleis. !owevei ! also hno rlar wel pages look
lerrei wirl a lir o coloi. Tle coloi #003366 is a giayeo llue. !n a complex oocumenr
! lave useo vaiianrs o !3 in llack, #003366, ano #660033 (a giayeo maioon).
Some o rle tss arriilures piolally oonr neeo ro le speciheo, as rley aie rle
oeaulrs. ! speciy seveial o rle paiamereis jusr ro make suie ! oveiiioe wlarevei oi-
marring rle liowsei las pieoehneo oi leaoings.
Tle example las a onr-amily specihcarion using rle sranoaio paii o sans onrs,
Aiial ano !elverica. Tlese aie rle only sans onrs you can oepeno upon eveiyone
laving. You neeo ro speciy lorl, since some rypes o sysrem reno ro lave Aiial ano
orleis reno ro lave !elverica.
Print version Web version
C!M!T R H1: Document or
C!APT!R T! T!! Chapter Title
!!A! C !!V!! 1 H2: Heading Level 1
uiabixo iivii : H3: Heading Level 2
Heading Level H4: Heading Level 3
Run-in leao. Srairs a lalelleo irem. B: Run-in head. Starts a labelled item.
H1 {text-align: center; font-size: 150%; font-weight: bold; font-style:
regular; text-transform: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;}
H2 {font-size: 150%; font-weight: bold; font-style: regular;
text-transform: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;}
H3 {font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-style: regular; color: #660033;
text-transform: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;}
H4 {font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: #003366;
text-transform: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;}
B {font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: #003366;
text-transform: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;}
Example pattern of headings for the web, with a css style sheet
1
Tle example tss assumes <b> isnr leing useo oi anyrling else. ! ir is, you will
wanr ro oehne a sepaiare class oi rlis use.
!oi sloirei oocumenrs, you woulo piolally nor use claprei rirles oi iun-in
leaos. You miglr also eliminare one o rle leaoei levels.
!eie is a minimal tss specihcarion oi noimal looy rexr:
P {margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;}
P.indent {text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;}
By oeaulr, u:xi purs llank lines lerween paiagiapls. Tlese sryles ruin rlar
o. Tley allow you ro use <p class=indent> oi a paiagiapl wleie rle hisr line is
inoenreo.
Fonts
!onrs aie ro a laige exrenr a marrei o juogmenr. Tleie is no one onr rlar is peiecr
oi all uses. rle onrs rlar eveiyone las access ro, ! encouiage you ro look ar ew
Cenruiy Scloollook ano Palarino. (Miciosor incluoes a onr calleo Book Anriqua
wirl some o rleii piooucrs. !r is acrually Palarino.) ! youi woio piocessoi supplies
exria onrs, look oi Baskeiville, Calliaio, oi Janson (somerimes calleo Kis).
n page 1 !ve incluoeo a sampling o onrs. Tlese illusriare some o rle moie
impoiranr lisroiical peiioos ano appioacles.
Bur !o like ro caurion you: Many o rlose onrs will nor le veiy useul oi noimal
ohce use. Tleie aie seveial oieiences lerween an ohce lasei piinrei ano a look oi
magazine. !iisr, rexr oi looks ano magazines is ser using veiy ligl iesolurion image
serreis. Secono, rle piocess o piinring wirl ink seems ro clange rle look o a onr.
Tle ink spieaos sliglrly, so rlar onrs look somewlar oaikei in looks rlan wlen
coming iom a lasei piinrei. !onrs rlar lave leen oprimizeo oi piinr oren look
weak oi uneven wlen coming iom a lasei piinrei.
You can impiove rle siruarion i you make suie rlar youi piinrei is ser oi irs lesr
ourpur. Piinreis oren oeaulr ro liglr ourpur in oioei ro save on ronei oi ink. !nk jer
piinreis oren use a oiar mooe ro speeo ourpur.
Some o rle piollem wirl look onrs also appeais ro le oue ro papei. Tle pa-
pei useo in ohces renos ro le veiy ieecrive. !r oren pioouces a glaie, wlicl will
olscuie oerails o rle onr ano make rexr laio ro ieao. !n conriasr, look papei is noi-
mally iouglei, ano oren is somewlar o-wlire. !noirunarely rle piollem is laio
ro assess wlen looking ar a papei sample. Tle eecrs aienr olvious unless you know
jusr wlar ro look oi. Tle cosr o rle papei isnr a ielialle ciireiion. Tle expensive
corron-conrenr papei known aiouno Rurgeis as rlesis papei is wonoeiul. Bur
asioe iom rlis, my avoiire is a papei rlar is aiily inexpensive.
* * *
o one onr is peiecr oi all uses. ! lave closen Janson Texr oi rlis oocumenr. !r is a
1
Renaissance: ca. 14501600. Low contrast, long extenders, axis consistently sloped: O\ p
\

abcefghijop AO abcefghijop
Adobe Garamond (Claude Garamond, 1540; italics from Robert Granjon, late 16th Cent; digital
version Robert Slimbach, 1989). Original had longer ascenders and descenders.
Baroque: ca. 16001740. More contrast, shorter extenders, axis varies, terminals (a, c) larger. Renais-
sance and baroque together are often called old style.
alceglijop 1: A abcefghijop
Janson Text (Mikls Kis, 1685; Linotype version, Hermann Zapf and Linotype staff, 1954; digital
version, Adrian Frutiger with Linotype and Adobe staff, 1985)
Neoclassical: ca: 17401790. More contrast, axis vertical, looks more drawn than written, new style
of italic, more delicate. These fonts are often called transitional.
abcefghijop AO abcefghijop
itc New Baskerville (John Baskerville, 1762; Linotype version, George Jones, 1930, bolds added
by Matthew Carter, 1978; itc version 1982). Original had longer ascenders.
Romantic: ca: 17901815. More contrast, larger ball terminals. This style is often referred to as
modern. Thus the term modern in typography commonly means a specifc style, not a time pe-
riod.
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
itc Bodoni 12 (Giambattista Bodoni, 18031812; digital version Sumner Stone et al, 1994). This is
by far the best version of Bodoni. Most others have exaggerated contrast, and look very harsh.
Modern period: 1850 on. The modern period has had many schools of design. Only a few examples
are shown.
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Century Expanded. Various Century variants were done 18951913, by many people, but prima-
rily Morris Fuller Benton. Ive heard it said that this is Americas most distinctive contribution
to type design. Note the similarity to Bodoni.
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Palatino (Hermann Zapf, 1948). A neohumanist font, i.e. a font based on Renaissance forms.
There are many distinguished fonts of this type.
abcefghijop AO abcefghijop
pmn Caecilia (Peter M. Noordzij, 1991). This is a slab serif: strokes are uniform width, serifs are
plain rectangles. This is a neohumanist slab serif. There can be slab serifs based on any style.
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
itc Offcina Serif (Erik Spiekermann, 1990). Bringhurst calls this a geometric postmodern de-
sign. It is a slab serif. There is also a sans serif version.
A sample of fonts from some major historical periods and schools
18
gooo geneial-puipose onr, wlicl is wioely useo in look ano magazine. !r woulo nor
le our o place in any acaoemic pullicarion. Anorlei gooo cloice is Palarino, a wioely
useo onr wirl a moie mooein appeaiance. ieienr onrs miglr also le appiopiiare
oi oocumenrs iom compuring seivices as opposeo ro rle lisroiy oepairmenr. !oi
compuring seivices, many people cloose a mooein onr sucl as Palarino. !oi lisroiy
! woulo le moie inclineo ro use a classical onr (e.g. Aoole Caiamono, oi my pei-
sonal avoiire, Simoncini Caiamono pieeially using rle Scangiaplic veision iom
www.fonthaus.com, lecause ir comes wirl small caps ano rexr hguies). !oi scienrihc
suljecrs ano rleology Baskeiville is oren useo, alrlougl Roleir Slimlacl cieareo
Keplei specihcally oi rlis puipose. (Tleie aie many veisions o Baskeiville. !oi
reclnical suljecrs ! woulo piolally use i:t ew Baskeiville iom www.adobe.com.)
!onr cloice also oepenos upon rle impiession you aie riying ro cieare. !oi exam-
ple, a majoi !niveisiry oocumenr sucl as an annual iepoir coulo le oone in a moo-
ein onr sucl as Palarino (oi i:t Cenruiy, in rle case o Rurgeis) oi in a oigniheo
classical onr sucl as Aoole Caiamono. !acl woulo cieare a oieienr impiession.
Veiy oieienr oocumenr oesigns woulo piolally le associareo wirl eacl cloice.
Tlis ooesnr mean rlar you neeo a million onrs. Mosr people woulo le lerrei
o wirl one oi rwo well-closen onrs, complere wirl small caps ano expeir sers, rlan
wirl a oisk ull o onrs o oulious qualiry.
* * *
Beoie ! oesciile a ew onrs, !o like ro make some commenrs on luying onrs. !iisr,
gooo rexr onrs aie nor iee. Somerimes applicarions sucl as ohce packages oi opei-
aring sysrems come wirl a laige numlei o onrs. Some o rlose onrs aie usalle.
!owevei noimally rley aie missing small caps ano rexr hguies. (ne ieasonalle way
ro srair is ro luy rle st/osi ser oi a onr rlar you alieaoy lave as pair o youi ohce
package.) \len you go ro luy onrs sepaiarely, many people aie suipiiseo ro hno
rlar rley cosr iom $: ro $o pei weiglr (i.e. iegulai, lolo, oi iralic). You can easily
speno seveial lunoieo oollais ro luy a ull onr amily. ! lave a laigei invesrmenr in
onrs rlan in compurei laiowaie. !oirunarely, rle onrs lasr longei.
Be awaie rlar many people oisriilure srolen onrs on wel pages ano in news-
gioups sucl as alt.fonts. !r is a violarion o Rurgeis policy ano unaii ro rle oesign-
eis ro use onrs rlar aie nor piopeily licenseo. !noirunarely onrs may nor always
le lalelleo. You sloulo assume rlar mosr onrs posreo ro alt.fonts aie in violarion o
copyiiglr oi license, ano rlar mosr people oeiing ro riaoe onrs aie riaoing onrs
rlar aie nor piopeily licenseo. Almosr all ligl-qualiry rexr onrs aie commeicial
piooucrs, wlicl you musr eirlei luy oi wlicl come lunoleo wirl orlei sorwaie.
ecoiarive ano novelry onrs aie oren availalle iee oi as slaiewaie. Bur i you see
a copy o Janson Texr oi Minion availalle iee, you can le ceirain rlar ir is srolen.
ren illegirimare copies lave leen ienameo, so ir is somerimes laio ro know wlar
is legirimare. !onrs sloulo come wirl inoimarion alour rle souice. Be suspicious i
you hno one wirl no copyiiglr norice oi orlei inoimarion, oi i you hno iee onrs
wirl copyiiglr norices iom onr louses sucl as Aoole.
1p
Mosr ligl-qualiry commeicial onrs come in Aoole Type 1 oimar. !nix (acrually
X), \inoows :ooo, os x ano os/: suppoir Type 1 onrs. ! you aie using a Macinrosl
wirl veision 8 oi p oi a veision o \inoows pievious ro :ooo, you will neeo a copy o
Aoole Type Managei (a:x) in oioei ro use Type 1 onrs. A liglr veision o a:x is
now availalle iom Aooles wel sire, www.adobe.com, wirlour claige.
Tle majoi alreinarives ro Type 1 aie penType ano TiueType. penType is acru-
ally a special wiappei aiouno eirlei a Type 1 oi TiueType onr. So mosr o rlem srill
iequiie a copy o a:x (ar leasr veision . oi rle Mac oi .1 oi \inoows). TiueType
suppoir comes as pair o \inoows ano MacS. !r is availalle oi some veisions o
!nix. Because TiueType is luilr in, some people wonoei i ir woulonr le easiei ro ger
onrs in TiueType oimar iarlei rlan Type 1. Tleies no ieason rlar gooo onrs canr
le oone using TiueType. !noirunarely mosr lave nor leen. So in geneial i you
wanr ro luy onrs you sloulo expecr ro eno up wirl Type 1 oi penType. !ven wlen
rle same onr is availalle in lorl oimars, rle Type 1 veision oren looks lerrei.
* * *
Tlis oocumenr uses Janson Texr. Tlis is a aiily aurlenric ieciearion o a 1rl Cen-
ruiy onr ly Mikls (oi iclolas) Kis. Kis was a well-known !ungaiian ieoimei ano
rypogiaplei. !e sruoieo in !ollano, ano spenr mucl o lis lie woiking rleie. Tlus
Kis onrs aie piolally lesr rlouglr o as pair o rle urcl rypogiaplical riaoirion.
Tle name Janson is an eiioi. Ar one rime rle oesign was incoiiecrly arriilureo ro
Anron Janson.
Janson is rypical o Baioque onrs. !r srairs wirl rle lasic lerrei oims iom rle
Renaissance, lur mooihes rlem ro lave giearei conriasrs, slaipei eoges, ano an in-
cieaseo x leiglr. Tlese earuies pioouce a rype rlar looks liiglrei. Tle slaipness
isnr ully visille in Kis own piinring. 1rl Cenruiy piinring reclnology coulo nor
iepioouce hne oerails. Tlus rle oiiginal piinring was oaikei ano oio nor slow rle
slaipness implicir in rle rype. igiral veisions sucl as Janson Texr iepioouce rle ap-
peaiance o Kis rype wlen ir is piinreo wirl mooein piesses ano papei.
Times ew Roman slaies many o rlese earuies. !owevei rley aie exaggeiareo,
lecause Times was inrenoeo oi newspapei woik. (!n newspapeis, oerails reno ro le
losr, oue ro low-qualiry papei ano veiy asr piesses.) ! woulo iecommeno using Jan-
son in place o Times oi mosr !niveisiry oocumenrs. Janson is wioely useo, oi ev-
eiyrling iom papeilack novels ro hne looks, as well as peiiooicals ano newslerreis.
!r is my louse onr.
Tleie aie many oieienr onrs laseo on Kis oiiginal oesigns. Tle lesr known
aie Janson Texr, Monorype Janson, ano Monorype !lilaior. Tleie aie seveial less
known veisions as well. Tlis oigiral onr Janson Texr !T Sro is an penType
veision o a onr cieareo unoei rle supeivision o Aoiian !iurigei. !r is laseo on an
eailiei meral onr oi rle !inorype ly !eimann Zap. Janson Texr !T Sro is availalle
iom www.adobe.com.
! lave a piivare veision o Janson Texr wirl aooirional ligaruies, ano vaiious
:o
orlei minoi aojusrmenrs. !owevei rlis oocumenr uses rle unmooiheo Aoole
penType veision excepr as orleiwise noreo.
! rlink Janson Texr las pairiculaily gooo-looking iralics. ! reno ro use iralics
oi leaoings wirl Janson wlen ! miglr use all caps oi small caps wirl orlei onrs.
Janson Texr las veiy riglr lerrei spacing. !n some case (as in rlis oocumenr) ! pieei
ro aoo a peicenr oi so o aooirional spacing lerween rle lerreis. (\len spacing is
incieaseo rliouglour rle oocumenr in rlis way, ir is oren calleo riacking iarlei
rlan lerrei-spacing.)
Among fonts with a more modern look, Im going to show two, Palatino
and Minion. Both are available from www.adobe.com. As neohumanist fonts,
both are based at least loosely on designs from the Renaissance. However
they have taken somewhat different approaches to representing that style in
a modern type. Palatino is the most widely used neohumanist font of the 20th
Century. It was created in 1948 by Hermann Zapf. An unauthorized clone of
Palatino called Book Antiqua comes with many Microsoft products. Note
that Zapf strongly objects to this and other pirated versions of his work. More
recent Microsoft products include a new version of Palatino, called Palatino
Linotype, done under Zapfs supervision. Unlike the original, it includes the
Cyrillic alphabet, as well as classical and modern Greek.
Minion is another neohumanist font, created in 1989 by Robert Slimbach, Ado-
bes primary designer of text fonts. Like Palatino, it has been modernized somewhat,
with increased x height and somewhat regularized forms. However it has not been
modernized as much as Palatino.
The University tends to use ITC Century and ITC Century Light (available from
www.adobe.com or www.fonthaus.com) for much of its publicity. If you are doing bro-
chures or PR items, you should look at some of the better University PR brochures
intended for recruiting students. Pay attention to the font and color choices, as well
as the general design approach. They try to produce a bright and up-beat appearance.
(Compare with Century Expanded, on page 17. ITC Century is a substantially new
font, created in 1975 by Tony Stan. It is lighter and brighter than the original Century
family.)
Everybody has Times New Roman. Times was originally intended for newspapers.
It has an extreme x height, and the features are exaggerated so they will come through
in low-quality printing on newsprint. It is condensed, to ft as much text as possible in
narrow columns. These properties are not appropriate for offce use with modern com-
puter printers. With 8.5 by 11 paper there is already a problem of lines being too long.
The last thing we want is a condensed font, which gets even more characters on a line.
Furthermore, you probably have the wrong version. The usual fonts called Times
or Times New Roman are digital versions of a Times font intended for larger sizes. It
doesnt look as good for text. There is a version for text, called Times Ten, i.e. a ver-
sion of Times intended for sizes around points. It is not as condensed, and the fea-
tures are less exaggerated. To see this, compare the previous paragraph (done in Times)
itc Century
10.5 pt
Times
New Roman
11.25 pt
Times Ten
10.5 pt
Minion
11.5 pt
Palatino
11 pt
:1
with this one. The heights of the letters are matched. Times New Roman looks smaller
because it is condensed. That is, the letters are narrower.
If you have Corel graphics software, or a recent version of Wordperfect, you may
already have Times Ten under a different name Dutch . Dutch is often called a
clone of Times. Actually its a clone of Times Ten. If you have it, I strongly recommend
using it in place of Times (assuming you want to use Times). This software also includes
versions of Janson and Sabon, called Kis and Classical Garamond, respectively. Un-
fortunately it does not include the small caps and text fgures. These are essential for
Janson, and strongly recommended for Sabon.
Typographical Renements I: Text Figures
! youie seiious alour oocumenr piepaiarion, youll wanr ro ger a st/osi oi expeir
onr coiiesponoing ro rle onr you noimally use. Tlis las ieal small caps, as well as
rexr hguies.
!noirunarely rle reiminology oi rle rwo kinos o hguies vaiies, as slown le-
low. Tle pieeiieo reims aie piolally rexr ano lining, lur rexr hguies aie mosr
commonly calleo olo-sryle hguies, ano allieviareo osi
Text, fxed width: o1:8p
Text, variable width: 0123456789
calleo rexr, loweicase, langing, oi olo-sryle hguies
Lining, fxed width: O123+56789
calleo lining, rirling, oi ianging hguies
iiginally, rexr hguies weie rle noimal ones. !n lisroiical onrs, rley weie noi-
mally vaiialle wiorl, jusr as lerreis aie. Tley weie oesigneo ro go wirl rle loweicase
lerreis. !n rle 1prl Cenruiy, lining hguies came ro le noimal. Tooay mosr onrs lave
lining hguies in rle lasic onr. To ger rexr hguies you lave ro swircl ro a special ex-
peir oi st/osi onr.
! iecommeno rexr hguies oi noimal rexr. !ining hguies aie appiopiiare in all-
caps rirles. !n rlis oocumenr ! use rexr hguies rliouglour in noimal rexr. !owevei !
use lining hguies oi rirles ano also oi u:xi ano orlei cooe. Because mosr people
aie useo ro seeing cooe in onrs sucl as Couiiei, rexr hguies look a lir ooo.
!oi ralles you oren wanr hguies rlar aie hxeo wiorl, in oioei ro ger rle numleis
ro line up piopeily. !n onrs wleie rle rexr hguies aie vaiialle wiorl, rlis may mean
rlar rle lining hguies aie lerrei oi ralles. ! rle onr las hxeo-wiorl rexr hguies, !
woulo use rlem oi ralles.
Janson Texr noimally comes wirl hxeo-wiorl rexr hguies. Vaiialle-wiorl rexr
hguies aie acrually piesenr in rle non-penType veision, lur mosr sorwaie canr
access rlem. Tley aie slown alove. Tlis oocumenr uses rle hxeo-wiorl rexr hguies,
alrlougl ! acrually pieei rle vaiialle-wiorl ones.
An incieasing numlei o people aie oemanoing suppoir oi rexr hguies. Tlus
::
iecenr oesigns aie srairing ro incluoe a special osi onr. Tlis is rle veision you woulo
wanr ro use oi noimal rexr. !rs a noimal rexr onr, lur wirl rexr hguies. Tlis lers you
use rexr hguies wirlour laving ro clange ro rle st/osi oi expeir onr eveiy rime you
wanr ro rype a numlei.
Typographical Renements II: Small Caps and Letterspacing
Small caps aie ieally useul. !ve alieaoy oiscusseo using rlem in leaoings. Tley aie
also appiopiiare oi acionyms ano allieviarions. !n a compurei cenrei, oocumenrs
reno ro le lirreieo wirl acionyms. ! rley aie ser wirl RMA! CAPS, rley srano
our. \len you look ar a page rle hisr rling you see is all rlose acionyms. \len you
ser rlem in sxaii tavs, rley lecome a noimal pair o rle rexr.
Tle iule suggesreo ly Biingluisr is rlar small caps sloulo le useo oi all acio-
nyms ano allieviarions excepr oi peisonal names ano rwo-lerrei geogiaplical acio-
nyms. Tlus we lave cvi lur C!! (my inirials) ano C. !. !eoiick. !ven rle rwo-ler-
rei geogiaplical exceprion is quesrionalle. !e iepoirs rlar many rypogiapleis ser all
posral allieviarions in small caps, even rlose wirl rwo lerreis. !uirleimoie, i you
lave a oocumenr wirl lors o acionyms in small caps, serring a ew geogiaplical al-
lieviarions in ull caps will look ooo. !n rlar case you sloulo opr oi consisrency ano
oo all allieviarions ano acionyms in small caps, excepr oi peisonal names.
Small caps aie a sepaiare oesign, mucl like iralics. oimally rley aie piesenr in a
onr calleo st/osi oi expeir. !n rlis onr rle small caps will le locareo wleie rle
loweicase lerreis woulo le orleiwise. ! sriongly aovise againsr using youi woio pio-
cessois small caps serring. !xcepr wirl ceirain specializeo sorwaie, rlis ooesnr use
ieal small caps. !nsreao, ir rakes noimal caps ano makes rlem smallei. Tle iesulr isnr
rle same. Tuis is si: vi:u viai sxaii tavs. T!!S !S S!T \!T! R!C!!AR CAPS MA!
SMA!!!R. Tle ake small caps aie roo liglr ano roo naiiow. To make rle piollem
less visille, woio piocessois noimally oonr make rlem as small. Tuis is si: vi:u
!xisioxs sxaii tavs si::ixo. Since rley aienr as small, rley also aienr as
liglr. Bur rle piollem is srill visille, ano rle iesulring small caps aie roo laige.
\lerlei use you small caps oi ull caps, acionyms ano all orlei sequences o
capiral lerreis sloulo le lerreispaceo. T!!S !S RMA!. T!!S !S !!TT!R-
SPAC!. Because o rle oesign o uppeicase lerreis, rley aie moie ieaoalle wlen
lerreispaceo. !ong sriing o oigirs (e.g. in ralles) aie also moie ieaoalle i you lerrei-
space rlem. !ve seen suggesrions ro lerreispace cvis. \irlour lerreispacing: http:
//rucs.rutgers.edu. \irl: http://rucs.rutgers.edu. Tle claimeo iule is rlis: You
wanr ro lerreispace sequences wlen rley aie ieao as sequences o lerreis oi oigirs,
iarlei rlan as woios. ! woulonr wanr ro say rleies a consensus on rlis, lur ir sounos
ieasonalle.
:
Typographical Renements III: Ligatures and the Long S
Ceirain onrs sloulo le useo wirl ligaruies. A ligaruie is a single claiacrei in rle
onr rlar comlines rwo oi moie lerreis. !igaruies aie useo wleie rle noimal lerreis
oonr hr rogerlei piopeily, oi oi srylisric ieasons. !eie is an example:
ff fi fl ffi ffl f f f f f V W X Y Z
Separate, Adobe Garamond Ligatures, Adobe Garamond Ligatures, Janson Text
Tle sepaiare example is oone wirl inoivioual lerreis. !acl o rle sequences in
rle ligaruies examples is a single claiacrei (reclnically, a glypl) comlining rwo
oi rliee lerreis. Tle ligaruies slown leie aie neeoeo lecause o rle way rle lerrei
oveilaps rle ollowing lerreis. Tlese aie rle riaoirional !arin ligaruies. !n some
onrs a ligaruie is also availalle oi j. !r is neeoeo oi woios sucl as joio. Tlese
oo nor occui in !arin, so rlis is nor one o rle riaoirional ligaruies. !oi peiioo
rypeserring, you may also wanr oecoiarive ligaruies oi comlinarions sucl as ano
.
Mosr onrs lave rle h ano ligaruies, rlougl oi onrs rlar oonr neeo liga-
ruies rley may nor look any oieienr rlan rle rwo sepaiare lerreis. Tle ull !arin
ligaruies aie piesenr only in a ew onrs, rypically in an expeir oi alreinares onr.
Aooirional oecoiarive ligaruies aie even less common. !owevei an incieasing num-
lei o new onrs laseo on lisroiical mooels incluoe a ull ser o ligaruies as well
as aooirional oecoiarive ligaruies.
The long s has the ame need for ligatures as the f. Mo Americans eem to
think of the long s as being aociated with Colonial documents. In fa, it was
ued throughout Europe into the th Century. (Note that the long s is properly
ued for all ses except at the end of a word.) The original metal verons of fonts
uch as Janon and Garamond had the long s and everal of its ligatures, e.g. ,
, , and . Unfortunately neither the decorative and , nor the long s and its
ligatures ended up in the digital verons of mo fonts. If you are doing the ort
of hiorical typeetting that requires them, youll need to chooe a font uch as
Adobe Caon. It has a few decorative ligatures, and full upport for the long s.
(This paragraph is et in Adobe Calon Pro.)
or all onrs iequiie ligaruies. !r oepenos upon rle exacr oesign o rle lerreis.
Typogiapleis oren rlink o ligaruies as pair o lisroiical rypogiaply, wlicl was
losr ouiing rle 1prl ano :orl Cenruiies. Tlus ir is inreiesring ro nore rlar some o
rle 1rl Cenruiy examples o Caiamonos woik oo nor use ligaruies. Many o lis
onrs weie oesigneo so rlar rley weie nor iequiieo. Tle oor on rle i was placeo ro
rle iiglr, ro pievenr collisions wirl . !uirleimoie, some mooein onrs, sucl as ew
Cenruiy Scloollook, oo iequiie ligaruies. !eie aie examples rlar slow rle iange:
:
ff fi fj fl ff fi fj fl ff fi fj fl
Times New Roman New Century Schoolbook Palatino
As you can see, some onrs aie oesigneo so rlar rley oo nor iequiie ligaruies. Pa-
larino is one example. !owevei i you oonr use ligaruies, ew Cenruiy Scloollook
las a aiily seiious collision in h ano j. Times is in lerween. !r is lerrei wirl
ligaruies, lur ir ooesnr lave rle soir o collision rlar ew Cenruiy Scloollook ooes.
Janson Texr ieally sloulo le useo wirl ligaruies. Tlis oocumenr is ser wirl rle usual
h ano ligaruies, lur nor rle ones involving s. Tlar is lecause commeicial vei-
sions o Janson Texr only lave h ano (alrlougl !ve oiawn rle orleis oi my piivare
veision).
Some expeirs pieei ro avoio ligaruies wleie possille. Tley reno ro oeciease rle
airicularion o rle lerreis. !oi example, in rle Aoole Caiamono sample, rle se-
quence looks almosr moie like a muranr A rlan like . !n conriasr, rle Janson Texr
ligaruies lave lerrei airicularion. Tlus ! lave no ieseivarions alour using ligaruies
wirl Janson Texr.
!noirunarely mosr woio piocessois oonr make ligaruies easy ro use. \lile mosr
onrs lave rle h ano ligaruies, ir is oihculr ro access rlem in \inoows. !oi rlar
ieason, onrs inrenoeo oi pioessional use commonly lave associareo expeir onrs
wirl rle ligaruies ano orlei special irems (e.g. small caps ano rexr hguies).
! you use a onr rlar iequiies ligaruies, eirlei you neeo ro hno a woio piocessoi
rlar will inseir rlem auromarically, oi youll lave ro swircl ro rle expeir onr ano
enrei rlem youisel. ! lave wiirren a plug-in oi !iamemakei rlar inseirs ligaruies
auromarically. !nesign lanoles rlem piopeily.
Typographical Renements IV: Kerning
Tleies a oerail o spacing rlar is woirl looking ar: keining. Ceirain paiis o lerreis
neeo aojusrmenr. A classic example is \e. (Tlis example is nor keineo.) Because o
rle slape o rle lerreis, rlis looks lerrei i rle e is ruckeo unoei rle \. Tle close
quore can also lenehr ly leing liouglr pairly ovei rle peiioo. !eie is rle iesulr:
\e. Tlis kino o aojusrmenr is calleo keining. Mosr woio piocessing sorwaie
can oo rlis auromarically, laseo on rle keining ralles rlar aie luilr inro mosr onrs.
!noeeo many piogiams kein ly oeaulr.
Keining is mosr impoiranr wirl capiral lerreis, ano ar laigei sizes. !isroiically,
noimal rexr was nor keineo. !n rle oays o meral rype, keining iequiieo someone ro
mooiy rle rype wirl a hle. Tlus keining was ieseiveo oi places wleie ir ieally mar-
reieo: rypically rirles ser in all caps, pairiculaily in laige sizes. \irl mooein sorwaie,
ir lecomes piacrical ro kein eveiyrling. !noeeo some sorwaie ooes ir ly oeaulr. Bur
you sloulo cleck ro see wlerlei rle iesulr is an impiovemenr oi nor. !n my opinion
mosr onrs look gooo wirl keining. Bur a ew oo nor. !oi example, ! rlink Swir looks
lerrei wirl keining o in noimal rexr. !rs keining is so riglr rlar ir makes rle rexr
:
look ciowoeo. Youie lerrei o nor keining rlan keining roo mucl oi using ques-
rionalle keining ralles.
You may eno up oecioing nor ro oo anyrling alour keining. Bur you sloulo ar
leasr know low youi comlinarion o sorwaie ano onrs lelave. Tle easiesr way is
ro cleck some o rle moie olvious comlinarions, e.g. AV ano \e. !r sloulo le easy
ro see wlerlei rley aie leing keineo oi nor. Somerimes keining oepenos upon a
comlinarion o acrois. !oi example, Miciosor \oio knows alour keining, lur ir
ooesnr woik wlen iunning unoei ceirain veisions o \inoows. Aoole !iamemakei
las a lug rlar causes ir ro lose keining oi ceirain onrs. Tleie aie also onrs rlar
lave eirlei nor enougl keining oi roo mucl.
! suggesr rlar you lave rwo oecisions ro make alour keining:
! youi sorwaie implemenrs ir, oo you wanr ro ruin ir on? oimally ! woulo say
yes, lur i youi onr las roo mucl keining oi inconsisrenr keining, you miglr nor.
Tiy a sample page lorl ways. See i rle keineo veision looks roo riglr oi inconsis-
renr. !ook pairiculaily ar comlinarions sucl as even, ro see wlerlei rle keining
aiouno rle v is roo riglr. You miglr also consioei ruining keining on oi all caps,
lur o orleiwise.
! youi sorwaie ooesnr implemenr keining, oo you wanr ro aojusr spacing ly
lano? oimally you woulo oo rlis only oi rirle pages oi orlei places wleie capi-
ral lerreis aie pairiculaily laige oi piominenr. Youll piolally only woiiy alour
comlinarions rlar aie pairiculaily noricealle, e.g. AVA oi \AT.
Sans Serif Fonts
So ai !ve oealr only wirl seiieo onrs o aiily classical oesign. ! lelieve rlese aie
lesr oi mosr longei oocumenrs. !owevei oi one-page lanoours, slioes, erc., ! oren
use sans seii onrs. Page : slows rwo examples o rlis rype o oesign. !n geneial !
hno rlar sans seii onrs woik lesr wlen ! am ooing somerling rlar is going ro lave
lors o conriasrs. Tleii simplei oims aie a lerrei marcl oi a geomeriical oesign
wirl loxes ano lines.
!n some cases a slal seii onr may also le useul oi rlis kino o oesign. As an
example, see rle vcts seivices liocluie. !r is ser in a hcina, a amily o onrs rlar
incluoes lorl a slal seii ano sans seii veision. Tle seiieo veision is slown on page
1. Tle hcina amily is availalle iom www.itcfonts.com. (!r is also availalle iom
www.adobe.com, lur Aoole ooesnr lave rle st/osi onr.)
Tleie aie jusr as many kinos o sans seii onrs as seiieo onrs. !owevei rleie
aie rwo majoi appioacles: geomeriical sans seii ano lumanisr sans seii. Tle ol-
lowing examples aie geomeriical (Avanr Caioe) oi neaily so (!elverica):
:
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Avant Garde (Herb Lubalin, 1970)
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Helvetica (Max Miedinger, 1957)
A geomeriical onr is maoe o aiily puie ciicles ano lines. Tle iralic is simply a
slopeo veision o rle lase onr. Avanr Caioe is moie puiely geomeriical rlan !elve-
rica.
Ar rle orlei eno o rle specrium we lave rle lumanisr sans onrs. Tlese onrs
aie mooeleo arei Renaissance lerrei oims, lur wirlour rle seiis. Caiamono is
slown oi compaiison, lecause ir is rle piororypical lumanisr onr.
Cill Sans ano Synrax aie among rle eailiesr riue lumanisr sans onrs. Tley lave
olvious similaiiries ro Caiamono, excepr rlar rle iralic is somewleie lerween a
slopeo ioman ano a riue iralic. (!ralic is nor jusr alour slope. A riue iralic las a moie
cuisive oesign.) Tle veision o Synrax useo leie is a ieoesign, oone in :ooo. Tle new
veision aoos moie weiglrs, small caps, ano rexr hguies. Tle iralic is also somewlar
moie cuisive rlan in rle oiiginal. Synrax is one o rle lesr sans onrs oi rexr. !ow-
evei irs also peiecrly usalle oi oisplay (e.g. signs ano slioes). !oi oisplay ! suggesr
using rle meoium weiglr.
!n rle lasr ew oecaoes rleie lave leen a numlei o new lumanisr sans oesigneo.
!owevei in my opinion, Synrax iemains a classic, pairiculaily oi ieaoaliliry in ex-
renoeo rexr.
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Syntax (Hans Eduard Meier, 1969, redesigned and expanded 2000)
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Adobe Garamond (Robert Slimbach, 1989)
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Syntax, medium weight
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Gill Sans (Eric Gill, 1928)
Tleie is a specrium o oesigns lerween rlese rwo exriemes. !n geneial ! use lu-
manisr sans onrs wlen ! neeo a complemenraiy onr oi a oocumenr wiirren wirl
Caiamono oi neolumanisr rexr onrs. !owevei wlen !m ooing a oocumenr sucl
as rlose on page :, ! noimally wanr somerling moie geomeriical. Tleie aie sev-
eial sans onrs rlar all lerween rle geomeriical ano lumanisr appioacl. Tley aie
geomeriical enougl ro woik wirl a lolo page oesign, lur rley lave enougl lumanisr
:
NBCS: Organization
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User and departmental services & PCs
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Labs: Campus Computing Facilities (8: Hill; 9: campuses)
Director and support staff (4: Hill; 1: LSH)
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Disk, 32x CD-ROM, 1.44 MB floppy, Windows 98,
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being handled on a special request basis. Please contact xxxxxx.
Example 1. Slide from new employee orientation program. Myriad
Example 2. Top half of fyer. Some data has been removed. Arial
Examples of designs using sans serif type
:8
inuence ro le moie ieaoalle rlan a puiely geomeriical onr. !eie aie rwo rlar !
like:
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Myriad (Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly, 1991)
abcefghijop 123 AO abcefghijop
Frutiger (Adrian Frutiger, 1975).
ore rlar Myiiao las a ieal iralic, iarlei rlan a slopeo Roman. Tleie aie rliee
oieienr veisions o Myiiao: Myiiao, Myiiao xx, ano Myiiao Pio. Myiiao xx is
pairiculaily useul, lecause ir uses mulri masrei reclnology. Tlis allows you ro
aojusr rle weiglr ano wiorl o rle claiacreis as oesiieo. Myiiao Pio is rle pen-
Type veision. penType is a new reclnology rlar can pur Cieek, Cyiillic, small caps,
ano orlei special earuies in rle same hle as rle noimal onr. Myiiao is availalle ar
www.adobe.com.
\lile ! like rlese onrs, somerimes ! neeo ro oo a oocumenr rlar will le eoireo ly
sra wlo oonr lave access ro any special onrs. !n rlar case ! noimally use !elverica
oi irs neai look-alike Aiial wlen ! neeo a sans seii onr. !irlei Aiial oi !elverica
is on mosr compureis rooay. ren lorl aie. Tle rwo onrs aie veiy close. !noeeo,
piinring sorwaie (ano Aoole Aciolar) renos ro ieplace one wirl rle orlei, so irs
laio ro le suie wlicl onr youie acrually going ro see. Because rlis papei las leen
piocesseo ly Aciolar all uses o Aiial ano !elverica will piolally le slown in rle
same onr. \licl one is closen oepenos upon rle opeiaring sysrem ano rle veision
o Aciolar.
Avoid Deeply Nested Structures
Compurei piogiammeis aie accusromeo ro oeeply nesreo sriucruies. !n many pio-
giams, inoenrarion oi conoirionals, loops, ano orlei rlings comline ro pusl rle rexr
o rle iiglr sioe o rle page. \lile compileis can make sense o rlis, people cannor.
People lave a laio rime iememleiing wleie rley aie in complex sriucruies, pairicu-
laily i eveiyrling ooesnr hr on one page.
! you wanr people ro make sense our o youi oocumenrs, you sloulo avoio nesr-
ing sriucruies. ! sriongly aovise nor nesring lisrs ano lullereo irems ar all, i you can
avoio ir. !r you canr, all lur rle ourei level sloulo occui wirlin a single page. !noeeo
lisrs reno ro lose rleii useulness i rley aie spieao ovei mulriple pages. Rarlei rlan a
1o page lullereo lisr, youie lerrei o piooucing a sloir lullereo lisr rlar summaiizes
rle irems, ano rlen purring rle oerails in inoivioual secrions arei rle lisr.
:p
Design Tables So People Can Read Them
! you lave ralulai inoimarion, riy ro rlink o a piesenrarion rlar makes rle sriuc-
ruie cleai. Avoio any oesign rlar iequiies people ro pur a iulei ovei rle page so rley
can see wlar goes wirl wlar. A line o oors is almosr as lao: !r ooesnr make people
hno rleii own iulei, lur irs srill a conession o ailuie.
ne common example is rle ralle o conrenrs:
!nriooucrion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
Complerely inreiminalle aigumenr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :oo
\lar in rle woilo is accomplisleo ly purring rle page numleis ovei on rle
iiglr, ano making people ollow all rlose oors? !nless you rlink someone is going
ro rake rle aveiage o all rle page numleis, rleies no neeo ro line rlem up in one
column. Tle olvious appioacl is ro use wlire space in rlis example, an em space:
!nriooucrion :
Complerely inreiminalle aigumenr
Conclusion :oo
! you eel rlar you neeo a lir moie sepaiarion, you can use miopoinrs (cenreieo
peiioos), as in rle example lelow. Bullers woulo le roo oaik.
!nriooucrion :
Complerely inreiminalle aigumenr
Conclusion :oo
! also avoio using lines wleievei possille. Tle ollowing ralle is all roo cleai.
o
Mean Number Percent
Number of Reported of Members per Change in
Year Congregations Membership Congregation Membership

1998 11,260 2,587,674 230 0.83
1997 11,295 2,609,191 231 0.85
1996 11,328 2,631,466 232 1.3
1995 11,361 2,665,276 235 1.2
1994 11,399 2,698,262 237 1.6
1993 11,416 2,742,192 240 1.4
Membership change in the Presbyterian Church (usa), 19931998

! lave useo Synrax oi rle ralle, lecause ! lave leen consisrenrly using ir oi ex-
amples ano orlei inseirions. !'ve useo lining hguies (wirl keining oisalleo) lecause
rle rexr hguies aie vaiialle wiorl, ano rlus oon'r line up as well. !sing a conriasring
onr ooes lelp sepaiare rle ralle iom rle rexr. !owevei in a simplei oocumenr ir
coulo well le appiopiiare ro use rle noimal rexr onr.
!ong sriings o oigirs aie moie ieaoalle i you lerreispace rlem. !n rle ralle
alove, rle numleis aie lerreispaceo ly .
You sloulo noimally piovioe a caprion oi ralles ano similai inseirions.
!ook wlar lappens wlen we use lines aiouno all rle cells ano spieao rle ralle
ovei rle wlole wiorl o rle page, as in \oios oeaulr ralle oimar:
Year
Number of
Congregations
Reported
Membership
Mean Number
of Members per
Congregation
Percent
Change in
Membership
1998 11,260 2,587,674 230 0.83
1997 11,295 2,609,191 231 0.85
1996 11,328 2,631,466 232 1.3
1995 11,361 2,665,276 235 1.2
1994 11,399 2,698,262 237 1.6
1993 11,416 2,742,192 240 1.4
! oo nor lelieve rlis claiihes rle sriucruie o rle ralle. Rarlei, ir renos ro oiaw
youi arrenrion away iom rle conrenrs ro rle lines. !n pairiculai, ! rlink rle lines
make ir laioei ro look ar a wlole column in a glance.
1
How This Document Was Produced
Tlis oocumenr was pioouceo using Aoole !nesign :, iunning unoei Macinrosl
S X 1o.:..
Tle main rexr uses Janson Texr !T Sro, iom Aoole. Tlis is an penType vei-
sion o !inorypes Janson Texr. !r is ser 1o./1.: in a rexr iame rlar is . in wioe
ano 8.8 in ligl, 1 in iom rle rop. Tle rexr is ser wirl ligaruies, rexr hguies ano
small caps wleie appiopiiare.
!inorype Synrax, a sans seii onr, is useo as a companion.
:
A. A BAD EXAMPLE
For your amusement, Im including an example of how not to format a document. This is taken from several
different RUCS document that Ive seen. No one document was quite this bad.
1. Problems with the Headings
a. The first heading
The title at the top of the page has at least four problems:

It uses fake small caps. Notice that the full caps appear to be darker than small caps.
It uses underlining. Theres no need for that. Its already in a larger size, bold, and in caps. In fact
thats already at least one too many special effects.
It doesnt use letterspacing. That should be used for all caps or small caps.
This heading, like all the rest, has an extra 6 points of space below it. Recall that headings should
generally be surrounded by blank space equal to a full line spacing. The result is a crowded appearance.
b. The rest of the headings
The rest of the headings are similar: underlining, and changing more parameters than necessary. In addition,
note that most of the headings are indented. While thats not completely unheard of, its unusual.
Im guessing that they indented the headings to match the indentation of the text that comes after it. Of course
the correct approach is not to indent the first paragraph that comes after a heading.
Yes, some of the headings werent even indented the same amount, as in headings a and b above. In the example
Im looking at, all headings of a certain type are indented more than the standard paragraph indentation and the rest
of the headings.
2. Problems with the text

The font is Times New Roman 10, single spaced. Some lines have over 120 characters. Thats entirely too long
to be readable. If you were going to do such a thing, you would certainly want to add extra spacing between
lines, and not do single spacing. Actually, I consider the use of Times to be a black mark in any case but 10
points???

The margins are 1 inch all around. Thats not enough. Also, making all your margins the same amount, no
matter what it is, tends to lead to a boring look.

The paragraphs all add an extra 6 points of space after them. Recall that in general you should choose between
indenting paragraphs and adding extra space after them. You dont need to (and shouldnt) do both.

Note the bullets above in section 1a. Yes, Ive really seen these things, though not all together.
Its pretty common to see two different sizes of bullets for first-level lists. Ive seen different sizes in two
lists right next to each other. However the example above has different sizes of bullets in the same list. Ive
only seen that once.
Ive definitely seen bulleted lists where the bullets are that far from the start of the text.
You want the bullets to be fairly close, say 1 em or a bit more. These are too far from the text.
You want the text to be indented, so the bullets stick out at the left. Yes, Ive seen them that way.

Note the bullets in this section. Yes, Ive seen the pattern of three nested bullets that occurs just above. Gener-
ally when I notice that coming on, I do something like the following:
Make the items at top level separate paragraphs rather than bulleted items.
Make the items at this level normal bullets
Make the items at the next level indented but without the bullet