Content:

Introduction About substation Sight selection of substation 33/11kv substation Substation Lightening arrester Transformer Types of transformer Transformer cooling Transformer substation Losses in transformer Insulating oil in transformer Bus bar Insulator Circuit breakers

Difference between isolator & circuit breaker

Relays Type of relays

Advantages of DC transmission on AC transmission Conclusion

Introduction
India has been divided into five regions for power system planning and operation. These regions are Northern region, Southern region, Eastern region, Western region and North-Eastern region. The system co-ordination and control project of power grid will establish computer based control and communication system, which are considered necessary to improve Indias power system operation. For the purpose of industrial revolution and agriculture growth it was felt that adequate power is necessary in gradient for growth of the organization.

At time of independence only big urban cities used to enjoy fruits of equipments run by electricity. Practically entire India,

which is comprised of mainly villages, was without electricity. The scenario was real dark and challenging after independence. The growth of electricity remained with irrigation department, whose primary job was to ensure proper implementation of irrigation project. In the process power generated was absolutely inadequate. The problem was understood and in the large interest of the country. Electricity board was self constituted in year 1959, after which massive work in the field of organization, transmission and distribution of electricity was taken and subsequently implemented.

The control of generation of electricity is into hands of two corporations, UP Thermal Power Corporation and UP Jal Power Corporation. However establishment is still under the control of Managing Director of UPPCL.

About Substation
The electric power energy produced by electric power station must be transmitted over much different distance, depending upon the location of stations relative to their consumers. As these

transmission distances increases, and power is sent over the lines rise, it becomes more and more economically advantageous to transmit the power at high voltage.

By increasing the voltages we reduce the current needed to transmitted the given amount of power and at the same time are able to use conductors of appreciably lesser cross sectional area. The increasing voltage, on the other hand, increases the cost of over head lines, support and circuit insulations. Therefore transmission in each separate case is carried out at a standard voltage at which the economic advantages are optimum for the given situation.

Since the generators in the station and power receiver of the consumers are rated for definite standard voltage, different in value, the transmission and distribution circuits must be generally installed with means for voltage transmission. Quite often several stages are required. The simplest and most economical way of transforming the supply voltages from one value to other is to use AC and power transformer because of very high reliability of power transformer.

For preventive maintenance of 33/11kv sub-station, daily, monthly, quarterly, half yearly and yearly maintenance as prescribed by manufacturer, for the equipment should be followed.

Site Selection of sub-station

Following points must be kept in view while selecting a land for substation.

It should be free from all obstruction from the point of view of convenience of terminating high voltage transmission lines.
1.

2. It should be at the center of the load.

3. It should be accessible to the public road to facilitate transport of plant and equipments.

4. It should be free from water logging and free from municipal dumping ground.

5. It should be at least 3km away from aerodrome and should be away from police and military area.

Losses in transformer
Copper losses: cu- losses occur in primary and

1.

secondary windings. The cu-losses increase with load and are directly proportional to the square of the current.

2.

Iron and core losses: iron losses in the core are

due to hysteresis losses and eddy current. They are practically constant for no load to full load.

3.

Hysteresis current loss: the flux in a

transformer core is alternating; power is required for the continuous reversal of the elementary magnet of which the iron is composed. Hysteresis loss in a transformer varies as frequency.

4.

Eddy current loss: if the transformer core is

made of solid block of iron, then alternating flux causes

alternating current to flow in core in the same way as through short circuited secondary winding. Power, which is required to maintain these eddy currents, is called eddy current loss. To minimize the eddy current loss a high resistance is placed in their path. This is done by laminating the core. The eddy current loss varies as the square of the flux density and also the square of the frequency.

Insulating oil in transformer

Insulating oil is pure hydrocarbon oil. The main function of insulating oil in a transformer is to provide insulation from live parts and absorbed heat from core and winding and to conduct it to cooling surface for dissipation. It has to fulfill certain specification for use in transformer. Therefore it should have following characteristics.

1. Breakdown voltage

Voltage service for oil in

for fresh oil

a) 11KV to 35 KV 25 KV

More than 35 KV

b) 35KV to 220KV 35KV

More than 40KV

c)

220KV to 500KV

More than 50KV

45KV

After treatment the value should be more than 50KV.

2.

Specific Resistance

It should be about 10 * 10 ohm-cm at 27 degree C and oil should be reconditioned if the value is between 1 * 10 to 10 * 10 ohm-cm.

3. Water Content
Dielectric strength of oil reduces when the water content in the oil increases. Also oil has great affinity for moisture and as soon as it comes into contact, absorption takes place. For voltage less than 170KV the water content should be less than 30PPM and above 170KV, it should be less than 20 PPM. The oil should be reconditioned if the value reaches above the desired value.

4. Dielectric Dissipation Factor at 90 degree C

It should be 0.01 or less and the oil should be reconditioned if the value is between 0.01 and 0.1.

5. Neutralization Value
Due to oxidation of oil and carbon dioxide, volatile water soluble organic acids are formed which result in correction of iron and other metals, therefore, acidity value should be watched closely and controlled. The prescribed values of acidity are given below: A). 0.5 KOH/gm of oil or less- oil is satisfactory. B).Between 0.5 and 1.0 KOH/gm of oil oil is to be kept under observation and reconditioned as soon as possible. C). Above 1.0 KOH/gm of oil- oil should be replaced.

Transformer cooling
When a transformer is in operation heat is generated due to cu losses in the windings and core losses. Following methods are used to cool the transformer.

Air natural cooling: In a dry type self cooled transformer, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for cooling. The windings are protected from mechanical injury by a sheet metal enclosure. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low-voltage small transformer up to a few KVA.
1.

Air blast cooling : The dry- type force air- cooled transformer is similar to that type of dry-type self cooled transformer with the addition that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling.
2.

Oil natural cooling: the majority of transformer of medium and large ratings having their core and winding immersed in oil which act as both insulating and cooling medium. Oil immersed transformers are enclosed in sheetsteel tank. The heat produced in the core and winding is passed through the oil. Heated oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and its place is taken by the cool oil from the tank by natural circulation of oil. The heat is transferred to the surrounding atmosphere through natural radiation and convection. The oil gets cooler and moves to the bottom. Thus, a natural circulation of oil takes place.
3.

Oil blast cooling: in this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling air of transformer immersed in oil.
4.

Forced Oil and Forced Air Cooling: oil is circulated from top of transformer tank to a cooling plant. Cooled oil is the returned to bottom of the tank.
5.

Forced oil water cooling: in this type of cooling the forced oil flow with water cooling of the oil in the external water heat exchanger takes place.
6.

Conclusion
Now from this report we can conclude that the electricity plays an important role in our life we are made aware of how transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts of substation system.

The UTTAR PRADESH POWER COOPERATION LIMITED has got radio communication in micro wave range in order to transmit and receive data with various substation in Uttar Pradesh to get reliable transmission and distribution of electricity.

Specification of C.T used in 33/11kv Substation, Indiranagar, Lucknow

STANDARD: IS 2785 HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE: 145KV FREQUENCY: 50HZ

S.T CURRENT: 25KA/1SEC RATED PRIMARY CURRENT: 800 AMP

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Summer training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry. It was a great experience for me to work on training at UTTAR PRADESH POWER COOPERATION LIMITED through I could learn how to work in professional environment.

Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source of inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer training.

I am sincerely grateful to MR.S.SAIYAD (sub-division officer) at 33/11kv substation, Indiranagar who rendered me his valuable

assistance, constant encouragement and able guidance which made this training actually possible.

I wish my deep sense of gratitude to MR.ANOOP CHANDRA whose affectionate guidance has enabled me to complete this training successfully.

Summer Training Report

UTTAR PRADESH POWER COOPERATION 33/11kv SUBSTATION

SUBMITTED BY: PRIYANKA ADITI B.TECH (EN) FOURTH YEAR 0812221074