Chloroplasts (English pronunciation: /

kl r plsts/) are organelles found in plant cellsand

other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capturelight energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPHthrough a complex set of processes called photosynthesis.[1] Chloroplasts are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll. The wordchloroplast ( means green, and plastis ( ) is derived from the Greek words chloros ( ), which ), which means "the one who forms". Chloroplasts are

members of a class of organelles known as plastids

Golgi Body Function

One of the most important organelles in the cell is the Golgi body. Find a brief description of the Golgi body function mentioned in the following article.

When you study the structure of a cell in cell biology, you find that the Golgi bodies are a very important part among the various cell organelles. They were discovered by an Italian scientist named Camillo Golgi in 1897, after whom the apparatus is named. The Golgi apparatus was also one of the first cell organelles to be discovered, because of its large size and stacked structure. Before naming it after its discoverer, the Golgi body was known as the "internal reticular apparatus", later named with its present name. There are many minute details to this cell organelle which also proves to play an important role in the life and functioning of any living cell. It is found in both the plant and animal cell and consists of membrane bound cisternae stacked up one above the other. In this article we will concentrate on the Golgi body function, which is the same for bothanimal cells and plant cells. So read on and find out which are these functions that are used by the cell for survival.

Cell wall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The cell wall is the tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell. They are found in plants, bacteria, fungi, algae, and some archaea. Animals and protozoa do not have cell walls. The material in the cell wall varies between species, and can also differ depending on cell type and developmental stage. In plants, the strongest component of the complex cell wall is a carbohydrate called cellulose, which is a polymer of glucose. In bacteria, peptidoglycanforms the cell wall. Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, orpolysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of silicic acid. Often, other accessory molecules are found anchored to the cell wall.

Mitochondrion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the metal band, see Mitochondrion (band).

Two mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue displaying their matrix and membranes as shown by electron microscopy.

Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. Organelles: (1) nucleolus (2) nuclear membrane (3) Ribosomes (4) Vesicle (5) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (6) Golgi body (7) Cytoskeleton (8) Smooth ER (9) Mitochondria (13) Centrioles within centrosome In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed organellefound in most eukaryotic cells.[1] These organelles range from 0.5 to 10 micrometers ( m) in diameter. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source ofchemical energy.[2] In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth.[3] Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders
[4]

and cardiac dysfunction,[5] and may play a role in the aging process. The word ormitos, thread + or chondrion, granule.

mitochondrion comes from the Greek

Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organism and tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand mitochondria.[6][7] The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristaeand matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of proteins have been identified from cardiac mitochondria,[8] whereas inMurinae (rats), 940 proteins encoded by distinct genes have been reported.[9] The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated.[10] Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.[11]

Cell membrane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Illustration of a Eukaryotic cell membrane

The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates theinterior of all cells from the outside environment.[1] The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.[2] It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such ascell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for the extracellular glycocalyx and cell walland intracellular cytoskeleton

Vacuole

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plant cell structure

Animal cell structure

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungalcells and some protist, animal[1] and bacterial cells.[2] Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these.[3] The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the needs of the cell. The function and importance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include:
 

Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell Containing waste products

     

Containing water in plant cells Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell Maintaining an acidic internal pH Containing small molecules Exporting unwanted substances from the cell Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.[4]

Vacuoles also play a major role in autophagy, maintaining a balance betweenbiogenesis (production) and degradation (or turnover), of many substances and cell structures in certain organisms. They also aid in the lysis and recycling of misfolded proteins that have begun to build up within the cell. Thomas Boller [4] and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading bacteria and Robert B Mellor proposed organspecific forms have a role in 'housing' symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles have the additional function of storing food which has been absorbed by the organism and assisting in the digestive and was The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells. Rough endoplasmic reticula synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids (but not lipids), and regulate calcium concentration, drug metabolism, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. Sarcoplasmic reticulasolely regulate calcium levels. the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membraneenclosed organelle found in eukaryoticcells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes.

The cytoplasm is a thick liquid residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures (called organelles), except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms (which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryote organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm. A ribosome is an an organelle (an internal component of a biological cell) the function of which is to assemble the twenty specific amino acidmolecules to form the particular protein molecule determined by thenucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule.