Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Market Interventions
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Main Topics
The effect of a tax or subsidy Policies designed to raise prices Import tariffs and quotas
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Taxes
A specific tax is a fixed dollar amount that must be paid on each unit bought or paid An ad valorem tax is a tax that is stated as a percentage of the goods price The incidence of a tax indicates how much of the tax burden is borne by various market participants In studying the effects of taxes its important to distinguish between the amount a consumer pays for a good and the amount a firm receives
Use Pb for the amount a consumer pays, Ps for the amount a firm receives If the tax is T per unit, then Ps = Pb - T
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All three methods yield the same results Makes no difference whether the tax is levied on consumers or producers
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New equilibrium price paid by consumers is price at which the demand curve and new supply curve cross
Amount bought and sold falls Price paid by consumers rises; price received by firms falls
S Po + T Pb Po Ps = Pb - T B
T
D QT Qo
Tax Incidence
Incidence of a tax depends on the shapes of the demand and supply curves In general, the more elastic is demand and less elastic is supply, the more of the tax is borne by firms
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Taxation can be used to move resources from the private sector to the government
But the government receives less than private parties give up Effect of a tax on welfare depends on what is done with the revenue
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If either supply or demand is very inelastic, deadweight loss caused by a tax will be low
Implies the government should aim to tax good for which the deadweight loss from taxation will be low
If two goods have equal and constant marginal cost, the good with less elastic demand should face a larger tax Distributional considerations can also affect the choice of goods to tax
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Consumers pay T dollars less than firms receive Subsidy increases the amount bought and sold
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Other three policies create equal deadweight loss Price floor and production quota have same effects
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Because buyers cant purchase all they want at the ceiling price, they may behave inefficiently
Increases deadweight loss Example: extreme searching for rent-controlled apartments
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A quota directly limits the total quantity of a good that can be imported In some cases governments use a mix of tariffs and quotas
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Tariffs
Analyzing the effects of a tariff, T, assume that the country consumes a small share of the worlds production of the good
Doesnt affect world price, Pw Import supply curve is horizontal at Pw
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The tariff allocates production inefficiently away from foreign producers to domestic producers
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Quotas
A quota limits the supply of imports to some maximum quantity The government can use either a quota or a tariff to achieve a desired outcome of imports and domestic price
Consumers and domestic firms are both as well off with the quota as with the tariff Difference is that government revenue is zero under the quota Instead, revenue is earned by foreign firms lucky enough to import their goods Quota has lower domestic aggregate surplus than tariff
If government allocates import rights to domestic firms, domestic firms producer surplus would increase
Domestic aggregate surplus would be the same for quota and tariff
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