1.

The place where you grow up shapes your

A) render
view of what the world is like. It is difficult to
B) appreciate
__(1)__ the advantages that are __(2)__ your
C) issue
own doorstep. If you are brought up in a
D) drain
small, provincial town, you are likely to find
E) yield
the idea of living in a major city __(3)__. You
2.
think of all the amenities that __(4)__ be
A) for
around you, the leisure activities you could
B) to
take part in and the opportunities you would
C) at
have. You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of
D) on
life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate,
E) in
the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one
3.
side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__
A) relentless
higher cost of living. If you live in a small
B) repentant
village in the countryside, you are surrounded
C) disloyal
by beautiful scenery but there is little for
D) vivid
young people to do. There is a serious
E) Attractive
problem with __(10)__ of transport,
4.
particularly in the evenings, __(11)__ makes it
A) would
difficult to have a good social life. In small
B) will
communities, you know everyone and
C) may
everyone knows you. People gossip about
D) have to
everything you do.
E) must
 5.
The place where you grow up shapes your
A) would have chosen
view of what the world is like. It is difficult to
B) might choose
__(1)__ the advantages that are __(2)__ your
C) could have chosen
own doorstep. If you are brought up in a
D) had better choose
small, provincial town, you are likely to find
E) will choose
the idea of living in a major city __(3)__. You
6.
think of all the amenities that __(4)__ be
A) unlike
around you, the leisure activities you could
B) as
take part in and the opportunities you would
C) such as
have. You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of
D) even
life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate,
E) rather than
the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one
7.
side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__
A) travelling
higher cost of living. If you live in a small
B) travel
village in the countryside, you are surrounded
C) to travel
by beautiful scenery but there is little for
D) travelled
young people to do. There is a serious
E) to be travelled
problem with __(10)__ of transport,
8.
particularly in the evenings, __(11)__ makes it
A) from
difficult to have a good social life. In small
B) on
communities, you know everyone and
C) to
everyone knows you. People gossip about
D) into
everything you do.
E) onto
The place where you grow up shapes your
view of what the world is like. It is difficult to 9.
__(1)__ the advantages that are __(2)__ your A) fairly
own doorstep. If you are brought up in a B) more
small, provincial town, you are likely to find C) quite
the idea of living in a major city __(3)__. You D) pretty
think of all the amenities that __(4)__ be E) much
around you, the leisure activities you could 10.
take part in and the opportunities you would A) abundance
have. You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of B) plenty
life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate, C) lack
the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one D) respect
side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__ E) aspect
higher cost of living. If you live in a small 11.
village in the countryside, you are surrounded A) that
by beautiful scenery but there is little for B) which
young people to do. There is a serious C) when
problem with __(10)__ of transport, D) where
particularly in the evenings, __(11)__ makes it E) who
difficult to have a good social life. In small
communities, you know everyone and
everyone knows you. People gossip about
everything you do.

……You __(5)__ to ignore
the drawbacks of life in a city
__(6)__ the frightening crime
rate, the need __(7)__ long
distances __(8)__ one side
of the city to the other, and
the __(9)__ higher cost of
living. ……
Not: (soru 6): “Such as” yapısı değişik
kullanımlara sahiptir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri
inceleyiniz.
•Cartoon characters such as/like Mickey Mouse
and Snoopy are still popular.
•Some passages are contradictory such as/like the
two versions of the flood in Genesis.
•The program does not teach computation, but it
does cover such concepts as shape and size.
•Johnson won a number of awards in Life, Time,
and Newsweek. Later on, he specialized in war
photography for such magazines.
(Bu cümlelerde such as örneklendirme
yapmaktadır. Paragraflarda bu şekilde
kullanılmaktadır.)
•I have never encountered such impressive
sentences as the ones having been written by
James Joyce about his blind daughter Ulysses.
(Bu cümlede such as kıyaslama görevindedir. Such
as ifadesinin arasına sıfat tamlaması girdiğinde bu
anlamı vermektedir.)
 Not (soru 7 – need to travel): İngilizcede 3 şekilde isim
tamlaması yapabiliriz.
1) x of y tarzı; the chair of the class, the book of the library…
Bu kalıbı kullanabileceğimiz yerler;
the effect of accidents on different people / the impact of
earthquakes on the environment / the visit of many tourists to
Konya / the immigration of many people to South Carolina …
……You __(5)__ to etc.
ignore the drawbacks of 2) “to” ifadesini kullanarak; gerund/infinitive gramer
life in a city __(6)__ the konusundaki belli başlı kelimelerle yapılan tamlamalar: “the
frightening crime rate, need to travel, the capacity to understand, the attempt to
the need __(7)__ long rediscover new ideas, the desire to move to a city, the decision
distances __(8)__ one to raise petrol prices, the willingness to buy a new car …etc.”
side of the city to the Bunlardan sonra have V3 kullanamayız. “the attempt to have
controlled”
other, and the __(9)__ 3) “that” ya da “the fact that” ifadelerini cümle başına getirerek
higher cost of living. … ya da isimden sonra (‘s) getirerek.
… “Road maintenance disturbed all the students in the exam.” Bu
bir cümledir. Bunu cümle formatından çıkarmak için fiiline
müdahele etmemiz gerekir. “The fact that/that road
maintenance disturbed all the students in the exam.” Şeklinde
yazdığımızda isim tamlaması olabilir. “yol bakımının sınavdaki
öğrencilerin hepsini rahatsız etmesi” olarak çevirebiliriz. “Road
maintenance’s disturbing all the students in the exam” şeklinde
de bu cümleyi isim tamlaması yapabiliriz.

You __(5)__ to ignore the
drawbacks of life in a city
__(6)__ the frightening
crime rate, the need
__(7)__ long distances
__(8)__ one side of the
city to the other, and the
__(9)__ higher cost of
living. If you live in a
small village in the
countryside, you are
surrounded by beautiful
scenery but there is little
for young people to do.
Not (soru 9 – the much higher): Comparative yapılarda
sıfatların önünde kullanılması gereken yapılar:
far / a lot / much heavier -- far / a lot / much longer -- far /
a lot / much more beautiful
“more”, “quite”, “fairly” “pretty” gibi ifadeler, bu comparative
halindeki sıfatların önünde kullanılmaz
Diğer kullanılabilen ifadeler: “rather”, “any”, “no”, “even”,
“hardly”, “scarcely”, “almost”, “nearly”
If Martin feels any better, he will come to the meeting. (If
Martin feels a bit/ a little better, ....)
Yesterday, maths lesson was rather drowsier and for that
reason I couldn’t help sleeping.
The next 36 hours will be even colder with snow showers
becoming rather more widespread.
Those trousers don't look any more different than the
others. (Those trousers look no more different than the
others.)
Susan is hardly cleverer than any other students contrary
to what everyone thinks.
Diğer sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılan
comparative yapılar:
one more chance / four more days / a few more problems /
a little more money
much more knowledge / many more people / a bit more
cake
 1.
Getting a job is not an easy business. First there is
A) --
the difficulty __(1)__ deciding what you want to do
B) for
and getting the right __(2)__ and training. Then you
C) in
have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and
D) at
apply for a particular post. Some people look at
E) on
advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__
2.
use an employment agency. There is usually an
A) traits
application form __(5)__ with all the details about
B) characteristics
your previous experience. The company selects the
C) notifications
applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them
D) qualifications
to attend an interview. This is often a stressful
E) İnvitations
experience, not least __(7)__ most people have to
3.
find something __(8)__ to wear, and then get very
A) where
anxious about what sort of questions they should
B) the fact that
ask and what kind of image they should present.
C) which
You are more likely to make a good impression
D) in which
__(9)__ the interview if you have found out
E) Whose
something about the organization you want to work
4.
__(10)__. Most applicants for jobs want to know
A) the others
about the working conditions, the prospects of
B) another
promotion and the salary. Unsuccessful applicants
C) each other
are usually notified by post and then their search
D) one other
for a job starts all over again.
E) others
 5.
Getting a job is not an easy business. First there is
A) completing
the difficulty __(1)__ deciding what you want to do
B) to have completed
and getting the right __(2)__ and training. Then you
C) to complete
have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and
D) completes
apply for a particular post. Some people look at
E) having been completed
advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__
6.
use an employment agency. There is usually an
A) at
application form __(5)__ with all the details about
B) for
your previous experience. The company selects the
C) in
applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them
D) from
to attend an interview. This is often a stressful
E) upon
experience, not least __(7)__ most people have to
7.
find something __(8)__ to wear, and then get very
A) therefore
anxious about what sort of questions they should
B) thus
ask and what kind of image they should present.
C) thanks to
You are more likely to make a good impression
D) because
__(9)__ the interview if you have found out
E) due to
something about the organization you want to work
8.
__(10)__. Most applicants for jobs want to know
A) suitable
about the working conditions, the prospects of
B) suit
promotion and the salary. Unsuccessful applicants
C) suitability
are usually notified by post and then their search
D) suiting
for a job starts all over again.
E) suited
Getting a job is not an easy business. First there is
the difficulty __(1)__ deciding what you want to do
and getting the right __(2)__ and training. Then you
have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and
apply for a particular post. Some people look at
9.
advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__
A) on
use an employment agency. There is usually an
B) at
application form __(5)__ with all the details about
C) for
your previous experience. The company selects the
D) with
applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them
E) In
to attend an interview. This is often a stressful
10.
experience, not least __(7)__ most people have to
A) from
find something __(8)__ to wear, and then get very
B) about
anxious about what sort of questions they should
C) above
ask and what kind of image they should present.
D) for
You are more likely to make a good impression
E) beneath
__(9)__ the interview if you have found out
something about the organization you want to work
__(10)__. Most applicants for jobs want to know
about the working conditions, the prospects of
promotion and the salary. Unsuccessful applicants
are usually notified by post and then their search
for a job starts all over again.

Getting a job is not an easy business.
First there is the difficulty __(1)__
deciding what you want to do and
getting the right __(2)__ and training.
Then you have to find out __(3)__
there is a vacancy, and apply for a
particular post.
Not (soru 1 – have/has difficulty
(in) deciding) : difficulty ve trouble
ifadeleri arkasından “Ving”
almaktadır ve “in” preposition’ı
kullanılması gerekmeyebilir.
Genellikle have/has ile beraber
kullanılır.
“Many a student has difficulty/trouble
(in) concentrating on the questions in
the first ten minutes of an exam.” Bu
cümlede “in” kullanılmasa da
cümlede bir sorun olmaz. Bu kalıpla
ilgili bir diğer önemli uyarı da “Ving”
ifadesini kesinlikle “having V3” olarak
kullanamayacağımızdır.
“In the aftermath of the devaluation in
Turkey, many company-owners had
difficulty/trouble (in) having managed
managing their financial affairs.”
 Not (soru 4 – others) : Özellikle cloze test ve
paragraf tamamlama bölümünde çok kullanacağımız
Then you have to find out
bu yapının özellikleri şu şekillerde karşımıza çıkar.
__(3)__ there is a vacancy,
“Many” ya da “some” ile başlayan bir parçada daha
and apply for a particular
sonraki cümlede genelde “others” ifadesine
post. Some people look at
rastlayabiliriz.
advertisements in a
“Many scientists claim that human beings learned how
newspaper whereas
to smile and laugh from mouse. Others (other
__(4)__ use an
scientists) find this argument very funny.”
employment agency. There
Other (the other) / others / the others / another / one
is usually an application
another = each other
form __(5)__ with all the
Bir cümlede, eğer iki şeyden bahsediliyorsa “other”ın
details about your previous
önüne “the” getirilebilir.
experience. The company
“I have found one of the earrings, but I cannot find the
selects the applicants it is
other (one).”
interested __(6)__ and
“Hold the racquet in one hand and the ball in the other
invites them to attend an
(hand).” Örneklerde görüldüğü gibi “other”dan sonra
interview.
birşey yazmamıza gerek olmayabilir.
Bir cümlede eğer iki şey unsuru yoksa “other”ın
önünde “the” kullanılmaz.
“The plan has been opposed by schools, businesses
and other local organizations.”

Then you have to find out
__(3)__ there is a vacancy,
and apply for a particular
post. Some people look at
advertisements in a
newspaper whereas
__(4)__ use an
employment agency. There
is usually an application
form __(5)__ with all the
details about your previous
experience. The company
selects the applicants it is
interested __(6)__ and
invites them to attend an
interview.
“These two books will be especially useful for
editors, journalists and other professional users of
the language.” Bu cümlelerde “other”dan sonra
gelen kelimeler öncesinde bahsedilen ifadelerin ne
olduğunu bize söylemektedir.
“Other”dan sonra yazacağımız kelime eğer çoğulsa
bunu “the others” şeklinde kısaltabiliriz.
“She gave me one book last week and promised to
bring the others (the other books) on Wednesday.”
“Another”dan sonra gelen kelimeler tekil olmak
zorundadır. Üç yer hariç.
“I need another three dollars.” Para ifadelerinde…
“We have prolonged our holiday for another three
days.” (zaman ifadelerinde)
“We have to go another thirty miles to reach our
destination.” (mesafelerde)
“One another” ve “each other” birbirleriyle anlamını
vermektedir ve arkasından herhangi bir isim almaz.
“During rock formation, many lands were separated
from one another (each other).”
Then you have to find out
__(3)__ there is a vacancy,
and apply for a particular
post. Some people look at
advertisements in a “There is little for young people to do in a small
newspaper whereas __(4)__
use an employment agency.
There is usually an
application form __(5)__ with
all the details about your
previous experience. The
company selects the
applicants it is interested
__(6)__ and invites them to
attend an interview.
Not (soru 5 – to complete) : İngilizcede “to do”
ifadesi “yapacak olan” anlamını verebilir ve
modalların kısaltması şeklinde kullanılır.
town = There is little that young people can do in a
small town.”
“I have a lot of homework to finish by tomorrow
morning = I have a lot of work that I have to finish
by tomorrow morning.”
“For any work of Shakespeare to be understood
correctly = for any work of Shakespeare which can
be understood correctly, a dictionary including old
English words should be used.”
Yukarıda verdiğimiz örnek cümlelerde “to do”
ifadesi relative clause ile beraber açılımı yazılabilir.
Swimming: 1.
The dream of swimming must be interpreted A) extent
by using all the aspects of your dream to B) number
judge the ___(1)___ of the good or bad C) quantity
signified by swimming. If you dream you are D) amount
swimming in the ocean coming toward E) deal
shore, you will have good fortune in 2.
business and financial ___(2)___ through A) tasks
your hard work. To be swimming in a pool B) affections
shows that you will be unlucky in love and if C) affairs
you see females swimming in the pool you D) effects
will have luck with love, to see males you E) affinities
will have luck in business, and if you see 3.
___(3)___ you will experience both types of A) every
luck. If you are teaching someone B) a lot
____(4)___ you will soon have an increase C) any
___(5)___ good fortune. D) much
E) both
Swimming:
The dream of swimming must be interpreted
by using all the aspects of your dream to
judge the ___(1)___ of the good or bad 4.
signified by swimming. If you dream you are A) swimming
swimming in the ocean coming toward B) to be swum
shore, you will have good fortune in C) being swimming
business and financial ___(2)___ through D) to swim
your hard work. To be swimming in a pool E) having swum
shows that you will be unlucky in love and if 5.
you see females swimming in the pool you A) due to
will have luck with love, to see males you B) in order to
will have luck in business, and if you see C) in addition to
___(3)___ you will experience both types of D) so as to
luck. If you are teaching someone E) therefore
____(4)___ you will soon have an increase
___(5)___ good fortune.

The dream of swimming must be
interpreted by using all the
aspects of your dream to judge
the ___(1)___ of the good or
bad signified by swimming. If
you dream you are swimming in
the ocean coming toward shore,
you will have good fortune in
business and financial
___(2)___ through your hard
work.
Not (soru 1 – extent) : Bu kelime İngilizce
gramerinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.
Aşağıdaki örneklere bir bakalım.
Some people hold their beliefs very strongly,
even to the extent of being prepared to go to
prison for them. (Bazı insanlar inanışlarına çok
bağlıdır, hatta onlar için hapse girecek kadar
hazır olabilecek derecede.)
Sales have fallen badly this year to the extent
that we will have to close some of our shops.
(Satışlar, dükkânlarımızdan bazılarını
kapatmak zorunda kalacağımız derecede bu
sene çok düşmüştür.)
The rich will not benefit from the proposed
changes to the tax system to the same extent
as the lower paid. (Zenginler, vergi sistemine
önerilen değişikliklerden az maaşlılar kadar
faydalanmayacaklar.)
 To some extent, she was responsible for
The dream of swimming must be
the accident. (Bir dereceye kadar o
interpreted by using all the
kazadan sorumlu idi. O kısmen kazadan
aspects of your dream to judge
sorumlu idi.)
the ___(1)___ of the good or
The car was damaged to such an extent
bad signified by swimming. If
that it couldn't be repaired. (Araba tamir
you dream you are swimming in
edilemiyecek derecede hasar görmüştü.)
the ocean coming toward shore,
To what extent will we have to modify the
you will have good fortune in
budget? (Ne derecede bütçeyi
business and financial
şekillendirmek zorunda kalacağız?)
___(2)___ through your hard
Yukarıdaki örnek cümlelerde İngilizce
work.
gramerinde “extent=degree=grade”
kelimelerinin görevini görmekteyiz.
 Not (soru 5 – in addition to) : Bu ifade “-nın
yanı sıra anlamını vermektedir ve arkasından
isim ya da Ving alması gerekir. Bunun yerine
“besides, as well as” de kullanılabilir. “In
…….If you are teaching
addition, besides, what’s more, moreover,
someone ____(4)___ you
furthermore) ifadeleri “bunun yanı sıra anlamını
will soon have an increase
taşır ve iki cümle arasında kullanılır.
___(5)___ good fortune…..
“New energy resources will be used to heat our
homes in addition to the usage of fossil fuels.”
“Every day, one should drink freshwater to stay
healthy before breakfast. In addition, he
shouldn’t eat a lot during breakfast.”
Sulawesi is in/of great scientific
interest as it forms/is formed part of The underlined word “marks” in the
a zoogeographical zone known as passage is closest in meaning to ____.
Wallacea. The region marks the A) explains B) denotes
boundary between Oriental fauna C) signifies D) identifies
and distinctive Australasian animals E) judges
such as marsupials. The new find is
thought to belong to a group of The underlined word “spotted” in the
small, mainly insectivorous birds passage is closest in meaning to ___.
called white eyes, which are related A) reworded B) vanished
to warblers. As well as/in addition C) strived D) appointed
the characteristic white ring around E) noticed
the eye, they usually have green
plumage with white, yellow or The underlined word “striking” in the
greyish under-parts. The mystery passage is closest in meaning to ___.
bird was first spotted in scrubland A) instinctive B) impressive
along to/with lemon-bellied white C) spacious D) cautious
eyes. Marples says the species it E) meticulous
most closely resembles is the pale-
bellied white eye, though/despite
there are some striking differences.

Sulawesi is in/of great scientific
interest as it forms/is formed part of
a zoogeographical zone known as
Wallacea. The region marks the
boundary between Oriental fauna
and distinctive Australasian animals
such as marsupials. The new find is
thought to belong to a group of
small, mainly insectivorous birds
called white eyes, which are related
to warblers. As well as/in addition
the characteristic white ring around
the eye, they usually have green
plumage with white, yellow or
greyish under-parts. The mystery
bird was first spotted in scrubland
along to/with lemon-bellied white
eyes. Marples says the species it
most closely resembles is the pale-
bellied white eye, though/despite
there are some striking differences.
Not (of great scientific interest):
Aşağıda verilen yapılar Türkçeye
çevirildiğinde önemlidir olarak değil
de önem taşımaktadır diye
çevirilmelidr.
be of importance (önem taşımaktadır)
Something we have known for many
years is of deep importance in
comprehending the world of the dying
person.
The strategies to be held against
enemies are of great importance to/for
every leader of any country.
be of significance (önem taşımaktadır)
Clarification of issues such as financial
deficits should be of great significance
to/for both business strategy and
government policy.
Of greater significance are differences
that occur in the difficulties and
constraints in the utilisation of the basic
resources
 be of interest (ilgi taşımaktadır)
Sulawesi is in/of great scientific
Antique jewellery at the Paris
interest as it forms/is formed part of a
Biennale is of interest for its design
zoogeographical zone known as
rather than for its intrinsic value.
Wallacea. The region marks the
Novels can be of interest to
boundary between Oriental fauna and
sociology.
distinctive Australasian animals such
be of value (değer taşımaktadır)
as marsupials. The new find is
Bacteriological tests are of little
thought to belong to a group of small,
value as the results may not be
mainly insectivorous birds called
available for some days.
white eyes, which are related to
I think in that situation the home
warblers. As well as/in addition the
crowd's support was of great value
characteristic white ring around the
to/for the team.
eye, they usually have green plumage
be of use (kullanışlı olmaktadır)
with white, yellow or greyish under-
It is of no use to put forward a
parts. The mystery bird was first
partial plan for the revitalization of our
spotted in scrubland along to/with
education.
lemon-bellied white eyes. Marples
She knew that it was no use offering
says the species it most closely
to make it: it would only make Bella
resembles is the pale-bellied white
angry.
eye, though/despite there are some
Take this – it is of no use to/for me
striking differences.
any more.
Sulawesi is in/of great scientific
interest as it forms/is formed part of a
zoogeographical zone known as be of concern (endişe taşımaktadır)
Wallacea. The region marks the Are there no instances where the elite
boundary between Oriental fauna and truly losses on a policy decision are of
distinctive Australasian animals such concern to/for its members?
as marsupials. The new find is That issue is of concern to/for all
thought to belong to a group of small, members, not just Council.
mainly insectivorous birds called
white eyes, which are related to
warblers. As well as/in addition the
characteristic white ring around the
eye, they usually have green plumage
with white, yellow or greyish under-
parts. The mystery bird was first
spotted in scrubland along to/with
lemon-bellied white eyes. Marples
says the species it most closely
resembles is the pale-bellied white
eye, though/despite there are some
striking differences.
 1.
Non-fiction novel is the story of __(1)__ people
A) factual
and actual events told with the dramatic
B) imaginary
techniques of a novel. The American writer
C) imaginative
Truman Capote claimed __(2)__ this genre with
D) inventive
his book In ColdBlood. A true story of the brutal
E) Mandatory
murder of a Kansas farm family, the book __(3)__
2.
on six years of exacting research and interviews
A) inventing
with neighbours and friends of the victims and the
B) to invent
two captured murderers. The story is told from
C) invented
the points of view of different “characters,” and
D) invents
the author attempts __(4)__ his own comments or
E) to have invented
distort fact. Critics pointed out earlier precedents
3.
for this type of journalistic novel, such as John
A) based
Hersey's Hiroshima, an __(5)__ of the World War
B) basing
II atomic bombing of the Japanese city told
C) was based
through the histories of six survivors.
D) has based
E) had based
Non-fiction novel is the story of __(1)__ people 4.
and actual events told with the dramatic A) to intrude
techniques of a novel. The American writer B) not to intrude
Truman Capote claimed __(2)__ this genre C) to have intruded
with his book In ColdBlood. A true story of the D) not to have intruded
brutal murder of a Kansas farm family, the E) İntruding
book __(3)__ on six years of exacting research 5.
and interviews with neighbours and friends of A) comprehension
the victims and the two captured murderers. B) account
The story is told from the points of view of C) heralding
different “characters,” and the author attempts D) dedication
__(4)__ his own comments or distort fact. E) Disturbance
Critics pointed out earlier precedents for this 6.
type of journalistic novel, such as John The underlined word in the
Hersey's Hiroshima, an __(5)__ of the World passage is closest in meaning
War II atomic bombing of the Japanese city to ____.
told through the histories of six survivors. A) spoiling B) obtaining
C) drawing D) rising
E) arising
Non-fiction novel is the story of __(1)__ people
and actual events told with the dramatic Not (soru 2 – to have
techniques of a novel. The American writer invented) : “claim” ifadesi
Truman Capote claimed __(2)__ this genre with gerund/infinitive konusunda
his book In ColdBlood. A true story of the brutal “to” almaktadır. Eğer
murder of a Kansas farm family, the book __(3)__ cümlede “claim” yani iddia
on six years of exacting research and interviews eylemi ile “claim”den sonra
with neighbours and friends of the victims and the gelen eylem arasında bir
two captured murderers. The story is told from zaman farkı varsa bu eylem
the points of view of different “characters,” and “to have V3 “ olarak yazılır.
the author attempts __(4)__ his own comments or “He claims to have met the
distort fact. Critics pointed out earlier precedents President, but I don't
for this type of journalistic novel, such as John believe him = He claimed
Hersey's Hiroshima, an __(5)__ of the World War that he had met the
II atomic bombing of the Japanese city told president, but I don’t
through the histories of six survivors. believe him.”

Non-fiction novel is the story of
__(1)__ people and actual events told
with the dramatic techniques of a
novel. The American writer Truman
Capote claimed __(2)__ this genre
with his book In ColdBlood. A true
story of the brutal murder of a Kansas
farm family, the book __(3)__ on six
years of exacting research and
interviews with neighbours and friends
of the victims and the two captured
murderers. The story is told from the
points of view of different “characters,”
and the author attempts __(4)__ his
own comments or distort fact. Critics
pointed out earlier precedents for this
type of journalistic novel, such as John
Hersey's Hiroshima, an __(5)__ of the
World War II atomic bombing of the
Japanese city told through the histories
of six survivors.
Not (soru 3 – was based) : Bu kalıp
birçok cümlede öğrencilere sorun
yaşatmaktadır özellikle “cloze test”
sorularında. Çok iyi bir gramer bilgisine
sahip olsanız bile sorun
yaşayabileceğiniz bir kalıptır “base”
ifadesi. Aşağıdaki örnek cümleleri
inceleyiniz.
“Any film (that is) based on a true story
strongly affects the audiences.” (Base
sth on/upon sth: Bir şeyi bir şeye
dayandırmak anlamına gelir. Edilgen
yapıldığında “be based on/upon”
şeklinde olur ve anlamı “bir şeye
dayanmak” olur.
“The theory recently presented by a
scientist called Wegener was not based
on a logical notion.”
“Luc Jucquet based his documentary
film “the march of the emperor” on the
way the penguins lead their lives in
Antarctica.”
Marilyn Monroe was born in Los Angeles in 1.
1926. Her real name was Norma Jean A) which
Parker. After an unhappy childhood, __(1)__ B) that
was spent largely in foster homes, she C) where
became a model and started to get small D) when
parts in films. __(2)__ her potential, the film E) for which
studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big 2.
publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she A) Realised
got better parts. __(5)__ her best films are B) Having been realised
“Bus Stop” and “Some like it hot”. Although C) Realising
she wished __(6)__ seriously as an actress D) To have realised
and studied at Lee Strasberg’s Actors’ Studio E) To be realised
in New York, she __(7)__ famous as a “dumb 3.
blonde”. __(8)__ at the height of her fame, A) where
she married the playwright, Arthur Miller in B) when
1956, but this, __(9)__ her two previous C) for which
marriages, ended in divorce. She died in D) in that
mysterious circumstances in 1961. E) ----
 4.
Marilyn Monroe was born in Los Angeles in A) for which
1926. Her real name was Norma Jean B) at which
Parker. After an unhappy childhood, __(1)__ C) where
was spent largely in foster homes, she D) of which
became a model and started to get small E) When
parts in films. __(2)__ her potential, the film 5.
studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big A) At
publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she B) Among
got better parts. __(5)__ her best films are C) With
“Bus Stop” and “Some like it hot”. Although D) About
she wished __(6)__ seriously as an actress E) For
and studied at Lee Strasberg’s Actors’ Studio 6.
in New York, she __(7)__ famous as a “dumb A) she were taking
blonde”. __(8)__ at the height of her fame, B) taking
she married the playwright, Arthur Miller in C) to be taken
1956, but this, __(9)__ her two previous D) taken
marriages, ended in divorce. She died in E) to have taken
mysterious circumstances in 1961.
Marilyn Monroe was born in Los Angeles in
7.
1926. Her real name was Norma Jean
A) claimed
Parker. After an unhappy childhood, __(1)__
B) drained
was spent largely in foster homes, she
C) remained
became a model and started to get small
D) Maintained
parts in films. __(2)__ her potential, the film
E) sustained
studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big
8.
publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she
A) During
got better parts. __(5)__ her best films are
B) For
“Bus Stop” and “Some like it hot”. Although
C) If
she wished __(6)__ seriously as an actress
D) While
and studied at Lee Strasberg’s Actors’ Studio
E) Whereas
in New York, she __(7)__ famous as a “dumb
9.
blonde”. __(8)__ at the height of her fame,
A) such
she married the playwright, Arthur Miller in
B) as
1956, but this, __(9)__ her two previous
C) even
marriages, ended in divorce. She died in
D) like
mysterious circumstances in 1961.
E) as if

Her real name was Norma
Jean Parker. After an
unhappy childhood, __(1)__
was spent largely in foster
homes, she became a
model and started to get
small parts in films. __(2)__
her potential, the film studio
__(3)__ she worked for
launched a big publicity
campaign, as a result
__(4)__ she got better
parts.
Not (soru 2 – realising) : Özneler ortak olduğunda
bağlaçlı cümleleri kısaltabiliriz. Ortak öznenin
durumuna gore cümleye V3 ya da Ving ile
başlayabiliriz. Bazı cümlelerde ise cümlenin sonunda
yer alan (, Ving) ifadesi (ve yaptı) gibi anlamlar
verebilmektedir. Aşağıdaki örnek cümlelere ve
çevirilerine dikkat ediniz.
Robert Louis Stevenson became a qualified lawyer
but did not pursue the profession, choosing instead
to become a full-time writer.
Robert Louis Stevenson became a qualified lawyer
but did not pursue the profession and chose instead
to become a full-time writer
Vasıflı bir avukat oldu fakat mesleğine devam etmedi
ve bunun yerine sadece yazar olmayı seçti.
Choosing to become a full-time writer, Robert Louis
Stevenson was in fact a qualified lawyer but did not
pursue the profession.
Robert Louis Stevenson, choosing to become a full-
time writer, was in fact a qualified lawyer but did not
pursue the profession.
Sadece yazar olmayı seçen Robert Louis Stevenson
aslında vasıflı bir avukattı fakat bu mesleği devam
ettirmedi.
Her real name was Norma
Not (soru 3) : Bu soruda cevabımız “----“
Jean Parker. After an
olmaktadır. Relative Clause yani sıfat
unhappy childhood, __(1)__
cümleciklerinde “which” ifadesinin önüne
was spent largely in foster
getirdiğimiz “preposition” cümle içerisinde kalırsa
homes, she became a
“that, which ya da boşluk” kullanabiliriz.
model and started to get
“The environment upon which that the radiation
small parts in films. __(2)__
leak has had a disastrous effect needs urgent
her potential, the film studio
measures.”
__(3)__ she worked for
“The environment which / that / ---- the radiation
launched a big publicity
leak has had a disastrous effect upon needs
campaign, as a result
urgent measures.”
__(4)__ she got better
parts. …..

…. __(2)__ her potential, the
film studio __(3)__ she
worked for launched a big
publicity campaign, as a
result __(4)__ she got better
parts. __(5)__ her best films
are “Bus Stop” and “Some
like it hot”. Although she
wished __(6)__ seriously as
an actress and studied at
Lee Strasberg’s Actors’
Studio in New York, she
__(7)__ famous as a “dumb
blonde”…..
Not (soru 5- among): İngilizcede bazı
prepositionların kullanımları soru olarak karşımıza
çok çıkmaktadır.
“With” sahiplik bildirebilir.
A car that has got diesel engine: A car with diesel
engine, A diesel-engined car
With a bit of luck, we should be back in time for
dinner.
With less than 20 percentage covered by
freshwater, the earth is at risk now.
With many books having been sold worldwide,
Michael Bolton is a most popular author.
“Across” bir noktadan diğerine anlamını
vermektedir.
The boy is running across the street towards the
policeman.
She was looking across the sea towards the
lighthouse.
The man was swimming across the lake towards
his daughter.
The first flight across the Atlantic
Across the street from where we're standing, you
can see the old churchyard.

…. __(2)__ her potential, the
film studio __(3)__ she
worked for launched a big
publicity campaign, as a
result __(4)__ she got better
parts. __(5)__ her best films
are “Bus Stop” and “Some
like it hot”. Although she
wished __(6)__ seriously as
an actress and studied at
Lee Strasberg’s Actors’
Studio in New York, she
__(7)__ famous as a “dumb
blonde”…..
The woman sits across from me (=opposite me)
on the train
“About” ile “on” aynı görevde kullanılabilir.
A book on / about child development
A title on / about TV violence
A comment on / about how to find a solution for
homeless people
An interview on / about when a new government
will be founded
“through” vasıtasıyla anlamını verebilir. Through:
by means of
I got my car through my brother who works in a
garage.
Anything can be sold through advertisements on
the newspapers’ yellow pages.
Through mass media, everybody can obtain all
kinds of information.
The Babylonian civilization, which/where endured from the
18th until the 6th century BC, was, like the Sumerian that
preceded it, urban in/for character, although based on 1.
agriculture other than/rather than industry. The country Find the word that is
consisted of a dozen or so cities, surrounded by villages and
closest in meaning to “or
hamlets. At/On the head of the political structure was the king,
a more or less absolute monarch who exercised legislative so” from the passage
and judicial as well as executive powers. Under him was a above _____
group of appointed governors and administrators. Mayors and
councils of city elders were in charge of/with local 2.
administration. The Babylonians modified and transformed The underlined word in
their Sumerian heritage in accordance for/with their own the passage is closest in
culture and ethos. The resulting way of life proved to be so/as meaning to ________.
effective that it underwent candidly/relatively little change for
some 1200 years. It exerted influence on/at all the
A) hectic
neighbouring countries, especially the kingdom of Assyria, B) tedious
which adopted Babylonian culture almost in its C) refutable
entirety/entirely. Fortunately, many written documents from D) utter
this period have been excavated and made available to E) momentary
scholars. One of the most important is the remarkable
collection of laws often designated as the Code of Hammurabi,
which, together with other documents and letters belonging
for/to different periods, provides a comprehensive picture of
Babylonian social structure and economic organization.
The Babylonian civilization, which/where endured from
the 18th until the 6th century BC, was, like the Sumerian 3) One can understand from
that preceded it, urban in/for character, although based on the passage that the
agriculture other than/rather than industry. The country Sumerian civilization ____.
consisted of a dozen or so cities, surrounded by villages
and hamlets. At/On the head of the political structure was A) was different from the
the king, a more or less absolute monarch who exercised Babylonian civilization in that it
legislative and judicial as well as executive powers. Under featured urban characteristics
him was a group of appointed governors and
administrators. Mayors and councils of city elders were in B) came after the Babylonian
charge of/with local administration. The Babylonians civilization into sovereignty
modified and transformed their Sumerian heritage in
C) succeeded the Babylonian
accordance for/with their own culture and ethos. The
resulting way of life proved to be so/as effective that it civilization when it lost all its
underwent candidly/relatively little change for some 1200 possession as the owner of all
years. It exerted influence on/at all the neighbouring agriculture
countries, especially the kingdom of Assyria, which
D) consists of approximately
adopted Babylonian culture almost in its entirety/entirely.
Fortunately, many written documents from this period have twelve cities
been excavated and made available to scholars. One of E) shows similar features in
the most important is the remarkable collection of laws terms of city with the
often designated as the Code of Hammurabi, which,
Babylonian civilization and it
together with other documents and letters belonging for/to
different periods, provides a comprehensive picture of was prior.
Babylonian social structure and economic organization.
Not (at the head of..) İngilizcenin ilk başlarında öğretilen there is/there
are kalıpları devrik şekle çevrilebilir. Normalde there is/there are ile
başlayan cümle içerisinde bir preposition yapısı varsa there’in yerine
bu preposition yapısı getirilir ve cümle fiil ile devam ettirilir. Aşağıdaki
örnekleri inceleyiniz.
Between the two adults was a small child. Veya There was a small
child between the two adults.
At the very peak of his career and possession was an athlete known to
everybody in those days. Veya There was an athlete known to
everybody in those days at the very peak of his career and possession.
On the tops of many of the buildings was a flag symbolising the
independence of the country. Veya There was a flag symbolising the
independence of the country on the tops of many of the buildings.
On the top of government administration is the prime minister. Veya
There is the prime minister on the top of government administration.
 1.
A) invention B) discovery
C) process D) maintenance
After the __(1)__ of America,
E) solitude
traders began to look for westward
2.
routes from Europe to Asia. Some
A) should be B) will be
people thought that it __(2)__
C) had been D) will have been
possible to sail around the top of
E) is
North America. They believed that
3.
there was a sea route, __(3)__ they
A) that B) what
called the Northwest Passage. A
C) where D) which
brave attempt __(4)__ the
E) when
Northwest Passage was made in
4.
1610 by an English navigator,
A) to have found B) to be found
Henry Hudson but this trial __(5)__
C) finding D) to finding
in failure.
E) to find
5.
R) insulted B) attained
C) deserved D) occurred
E) resulted
 Not (soru 2 – should be) : Noun
After the __(1)__ of America,
clause da yani isim cümleciklerinde
traders began to look for westward
temel cümle past olduğunda isim
routes from Europe to Asia. Some
cümleciği içerisindeki geçmişte
people thought that it __(2)__
gelecek ifadesini vermek için “shall” in
possible to sail around the top of
past hali olarak “should”, “will” in past
North America. They believed that
hali olarak “would” kullanılmaktadır.
there was a sea route, __(3)__ they
Bu cümlelerdeki “should” ifadesini
called the Northwest Passage. A
tavsiye anlamıyla karıştırmamalıyız.
brave attempt __(4)__ the
Northwest Passage was made in
“Nobody in my family thought that I
1610 by an English navigator,
would/should decide to be an English
Henry Hudson but this trial __(5)__
teacher when I grew up.”
in failure.

After the __(1)__ of America,
traders began to look for westward
routes from Europe to Asia. Some
people thought that it __(2)__
possible to sail around the top of
North America. They believed that
there was a sea route, __(3)__ they
called the Northwest Passage. A
brave attempt __(4)__ the
Northwest Passage was made in
1610 by an English navigator,
Henry Hudson but this trial __(5)__
in failure.
Not (soru 3 – which) : Relative Clause ya da
sıfat cümleciklerinde nitelediğimiz isimden
sonra “,” kullandığımızda “that” ifadesi
kullanılmaz; bunun yerine “which” kullanırız.
“1715-1789, which / that denotes the period
between the death of French emperor Louis IV
and the industrial revolution, is referred to as
the 18th century by some historians.”
Bu cümlede nitelediğimiz ifade zaman
olmasına rağmen biz bu cümlede “which”
ifadesinin yerine “when” kullanamayız. Çünkü
buradaki zaman ifadeleri “which” den sonraki
cümlede özne konumundadır.
“1715-1789, when / in which the death of
French emperor Louis IV and Industrial
revolution happened, is referred to as the 18th
century by some historians.”
Bu cümlede 1715-1789 “when / in which” den
sonra zaman zarfı konumunda yer almaktadır.
After the __(1)__ of America,
traders began to look for westward
routes from Europe to Asia. Some
people thought that it __(2)__
possible to sail around the top of
North America. They believed that
there was a sea route, __(3)__ they
called the Northwest Passage. A
brave attempt __(4)__ the
Northwest Passage was made in
1610 by an English navigator,
Henry Hudson but this trial __(5)__
in failure.
Not (soru 5 – resulted in) Bu fiil iki
şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Result from:
-den kaynaklanmak /// result in: -ile
sonuçlanmak anlamlarını
vermektedir.
“The earthquake resulted in the death
of many casualties.”
“The death of many casualties
resulted from the earthquake.”
 1.
A) on B) from
C) along D) across
The suffix __(1)__ “please” is an
E) throughout
“e”. Does that surprise you? It did
2.
me. But if you look at the word
A) takes B) sets
“pleas-ure”, it __(2)__ sense, since
C) makes D) does
removing its suffix leaves the same
E) lives
root __(3)__ in “pleas-e”. Actually,
3.
John Hough, in Scientific
A) like B) such
Terminology, points out roots
C) once D) so
rarely exist alone. They __(4)__
E) as
precede suffixes. The same is true
4.
of Greek and Latin, even if, when
A) scarcely B) seldom
borrowing, we sometimes drop the
C) hardly D) always
suffix. Thus, the word “cell” in
E) usually
English is really the Latin “cella”,
5.
from which we __(5)__ the “a”
A) have dropped B) had dropped
suffix.
C) were dropped D) has dropped
E) have been dropped

The suffix __(1)__ “please” is an
“e”. Does that surprise you? It did
me. But if you look at the word
“pleas-ure”, it __(2)__ sense, since
removing its suffix leaves the same
root __(3)__ in “pleas-e”. Actually,
John Hough, in Scientific
Terminology, points out roots
rarely exist alone. They __(4)__
precede suffixes. The same is true
of Greek and Latin, even if, when
borrowing, we sometimes drop the
suffix. Thus, the word “cell” in
English is really the Latin “cella”,
from which we __(5)__ the “a”
suffix.
Not (soru 3 – as) : as ifadesi “dıkça, dikçe”,
“gibi”, “için”, “-iken” anlamlarını verebilir.
“As it was getting late, I decided to book into a
hotel.”
“You can go first as you're the oldest.” (Bu
cümlelerde “as” “için” anlamına gelmektedir.)
“I saw him as I was coming into the building.”
“He gets more attractive as he gets older.” (Bu
cümlelerde “as” “-iken” anlamını vermektedir.)
“As( it is) with his earlier movies, the special
effects in his latest film are brilliant.”
“As (it) is often the case with children, Amy
was completely better by the time the doctor
arrived.” (Bu cümlelerde “as” “gibi” anlamını
vermektedir ve kısaltma yapılabilir.)
“As sea level increases, more lands will be
under water.” (Bu cümlelerde “as” “dıkça,
dikçe” anlamında kullanılmaktadır.)
 Not (soru 5 – have dropped) : “Present
The suffix __(1)__ “please” is an
perfect tense” sonuç bildirmek için
“e”. Does that surprise you? It did
kullanılan bir zamandır. Yardımcı fiil olarak
me. But if you look at the word
kullanılan “have, has” den sonra “V3“
“pleas-ure”, it __(2)__ sense, since
kullanılasının nedeni ise eylemin son
removing its suffix leaves the same
halinin önemli olduğunu bize
root __(3)__ in “pleas-e”. Actually,
göstermektedir. “have got, has got” kalıbıda
John Hough, in Scientific
yine bu tense’in özelliğini taşımaktadır.
Terminology, points out roots
rarely exist alone. They __(4)__
“I have got a computer.” = “I have bought a
precede suffixes. The same is true
computer” “Bir bilgisayara sahip olmam için
of Greek and Latin, even if, when
onu almam gerekmektedir.
borrowing, we sometimes drop the
“Look at your bleeding finger! You have cut
suffix. Thus, the word “cell” in
it with a knife.” Bu ifade de “cut” eylemi
English is really the Latin “cella”,
gerçekleşirken görülmemiştir.
from which we __(5)__ the “a”
suffix.
 1.
Fire-alarm systems came into
A) account B) reality
___(1)____ with the invention of the
C) appearance D) existence
telegraph. Today many communities
E) form
are served either with the telegraph-
2.
alarm system ___(2)____ with
A) nor B) also
telephone call boxes. Most fires,
C) so D) or
however, are reported from private
E) too
telephones. Many large cities have
3.
removed all or many of their street
A) besides B) now that
alarm boxes ___(3)____ problems
C) in that D) in order to
associated with maintenance and with
E) because of
false alarm transmissions. Some boxes
4.
have been replaced with telephones.
A) for B) at C) in D) on E) from
All alarms are then transmitted to the
5.
fire stations. In large cities, alarms are
A) vaguely B) obscurely
received ___(4)____ a central dispatch
C) frequently D) miserably
office and then transmitted to fire
E) considerately
stations, ___(5)____ with the use of
computers.
Fire-alarm systems came into
___(1)____ with the invention of the
telegraph. Today many communities Not (soru 1 existence) : Come into
are served either with the telegraph- ifadesi arkasından “existence” veya
alarm system ___(2)____ with “being” ile beraber kullanılabilir ve “var
telephone call boxes. Most fires, olmak” anlamını vermektedir. Aynı
however, are reported from private zamanda “be brought into
telephones. Many large cities have existence/being” şeklinde
removed all or many of their street kullanılabilir. Diğer alternatif
alarm boxes ___(3)____ problems kullanımlar arasında “come into view
associated with maintenance and with (görüntülenmek – ortaya çıkmak),
false alarm transmissions. Some boxes “come into leaf/blossom/flower (ürün
have been replaced with telephones. vermek – yield)”, “come into play
All alarms are then transmitted to the (have an effect – etkisi olmak)” yer
fire stations. In large cities, alarms are almaktadır.
received ___(4)____ a central dispatch
office and then transmitted to fire
stations, ___(5)____ with the use of
computers.

Fire-alarm systems came into
___(1)____ with the invention of the
telegraph. Today many communities
are served either with the telegraph-
alarm system ___(2)____ with
telephone call boxes. Most fires,
however, are reported from private
telephones. Many large cities have
removed all or many of their street
alarm boxes ___(3)____ problems
associated with maintenance and with
false alarm transmissions. Some boxes
have been replaced with telephones.
All alarms are then transmitted to the
fire stations. In large cities, alarms are
received ___(4)____ a central dispatch
office and then transmitted to fire
stations, ___(5)____ with the use of
computers.
Not (soru 2 – or) : Either ….. or(ya o
yada o / neither …… nor / both …. and …. /
not only ….. but also ifadeleri ingilizce
cümelerde kullanılan sık kalıplardır. Both ….
and… kalıbı öznede kullanıldığında her
zaman çoğul fiil almaktadır ancak either ….
or…., neither…..nor…., not only…..but
also…. kalıplarında özneye yakın olan
kelimenin tekilliğine göre fiilin durumu
belirlenir. Cümle içerisinde diğer öğeleri
bağlayabilir. Örnekleri inceleyeniz.
“Either you leave now or I call the police!”
“Well, I think she's either Russian or
Polish.”
“I'm going to buy either a camera or a CD
player with the money.”
“She seemed neither surprised nor
worried.”
“Neither my mother nor my father went to
university.”
“Not only did he turn up late, he also
forgot his books.”
“If this project fails it will affect not only our
department, but also the whole
organization.”
Fire-alarm systems came into
___(1)____ with the invention of the
telegraph. Today many communities
are served either with the telegraph-
alarm system ___(2)____ with
telephone call boxes. Most fires,
however, are reported from private
telephones. Many large cities have
removed all or many of their street
alarm boxes ___(3)____ problems
associated with maintenance and with
false alarm transmissions. Some boxes
have been replaced with telephones.
All alarms are then transmitted to the
fire stations. In large cities, alarms are
received ___(4)____ a central dispatch
office and then transmitted to fire
stations, ___(5)____ with the use of
computers.
Not (soru 3 – because of) : Bağlaçlar
konusunda önemli olan noktalardan bir
tanesi de bu bağlaçlardan sonra
kullanılan “cümle” ve “isim” kullanılması
kurallarıdır. Cloze test soru tarzında
mutlaka bize sorulan soruların başında
bu yapılar gelmektedir. Gramer öğrenen
her öğrenci bütün prepositions (ilgeçler)
den sonra isim kullanılması gerektiğini
bilir. Bu yüzden bu soruda cevabımız
“because of” ifadesidir. Diğer kullanılan
kalıplar bu bağlamda “due to, owing to,
on the basis of, thanks to” ifadeleridir.
The 19th century ___(1)___ to as the 1.
"age of isms", characterizing the many A) has referred B) referred
different isms that ___(2)___ in this C) has been referred D) referring
period. No other century could boast E) was referring
the massive social changes that took 2.
place in the 1800's. While the 20th A) processed B) comforted
century was the century of politics and C) reacted D) nourished
science, the 19th was the century of E) developed
society. For the first time, the rights of 3.
the workers and ___(3)___ man were A) common B) literal
being questioned. Rarely in previous C) Absolute D) entire
times did such a massive movement E) tremendous
across Europe, into the Americas, and 4.
even parts of Asia occur. 1848 alone A) effects B) affects
felt the ___(4)___ of the new ideas as C) elections D) denials
European cities from Paris to Vienna E) affinities
were in uprising. The 19th century was 5.
a ___(5)___ from old to new, the old A) example B) instance
monarchies and feudal systems to the C) contrast D) struggle
new capitalist world. E) issue
 Not (soru 1 – has been referred) : “refer” sınav sorularında
çok sık kullanılan bir fiildir ve değişik kullanımlara sahiptir.
Aşağıdaki kullanımları inceleyiniz.
Refer to somebody/something: (Gönderme yapmak /
The 19th century bahsetmek) Mention or speak about somebody or something,
___(1)___ to as the allude to, touch on
"age of isms", “Although she didn't mention any names, everyone knew who
characterizing the she was referring to.”
many different isms Refer to somebody/something as something : (Bir şeyi bir şey
that ___(2)___ in this olarak adlandırmak)
period. No other “Scientists generally refer to cells as the organiser of the
century could boast the human body.”
“He likes to be referred to as 'Doctor Khee'.”
massive social changes
Refer to somebody/something by (-ile seslenmek, çağırmak)
that took place in the
“The hospital now refers to patients by name, not case
1800's. While the 20th number.”
century was the century Refer to something: (Bir şeye bakmak / yönlenmek) look at
of politics and science, something
the 19th was the “He gave the speech without referring to his notes.”
century of society. Refer somebody/something to somebody: (birilerini ve birşeyi
bir kişiye yada organizasyona yardım amacıyla göndermek)
send someone or something to a person or organization to be
helped or dealt with
“My doctor is referring me to a dermatologist.”
“My complaint was referred to the manufacturers.”
The 19th century
___(1)___ to as the "age
of isms", characterizing
the many different isms ⇒Not (soru 2 – developed) : Her ne kadar kelime
that ___(2)___ in this sorusu gibi görülse de bu soruda etken edilgen
period. No other century grameri ölçülmektedir. İngilizcede bazı fiilerin hem
could boast the massive etken hem de edilgen anlamları vardır ve işte bu
social changes that took yüzden aktif halde kullanılsa bile edilgen anlamı
place in the 1800's. While vermektedir. “Develop: Geliştirmek, gelişmek.”
the 20th century was the Buna benzer diğer fiiler ise, “change: değiştirmek,
century of politics and değişmek / increase: artmak, artırmak / decrease:
science, the 19th was the azaltmak, azalmak”
century of society.
 1.
Managers often have desks that are
A) sparsely B) surprisingly
___(1)___ empty! These empty desks can
C) rarely D) scarcely
show that the manager often travels and is
E) literally
out of the office most of the time. An empty
2.
desk can also ___(2)___ how powerful the
A) compete B) worship
manager is by its representative status.
C) perpetrate D) demonstrate
Sometimes, in the USA, you can see
E) speculate
footmarks on the desk because some
3.
managers like to put their feet up on the desk
A) control B) extent
when they are talking on the telephone! In the
C) key D) implication
States, managers put their feet up on the
E) circulation
desk to show that they are in ___(3)___ in
4.
their office. Managers usually have a laptop
A) scarcely B) barely
computer on their desk. In fact, this laptop
C) almost D) none
computer is their true desk. These days, most
E) widely
managers do ___(4)___ all their work on their
5.
laptops. Another thing you might find is a cell
A) congratulate B) demand
phone - another sign of the mobility most
C) differ D) range
managers ___(5)___.
E) interact
…. Managers usually have a
laptop computer on their desk. In
fact, this laptop computer is their
true desk. These days, most
managers do ___(4)___ all their
work on their laptops. Another
thing you might find is a cell
phone - another sign of the
mobility most managers
___(5)___.
Not (soru 4– almost) : Hemen hemen
anlamını veren kelimeler gurubu ingilizce
genelde kesinlik ifadeleri, yüzde ifadeleri,
olumsuzluk ifadeleri ve rakamsal ifadelerin
önünde kullanılır. Bu bağlamda kullanılan
diğer kelimeler ise, “nearly, practically,
virtually” dir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz.
“almost always, almost no, almost every
country, almost 20 percent, almost 1000
people”
1 was In the summer of 1858, Victorian Gentleman and fossil hobbyist Parker Foulke were
2 vacationing in Haddonfield, New Jersey when he heard that twenty years previous
3 workers found gigantic bones in a pit. Foulke spent the late summer by directing a
4 crew of hired diggers. Eventually he found the bones of an animal larger an
5 elephant with structural features of each a lizard and a bird. Foulke had discovered
6 the first near complete skeleton of a dinosaur – an event that will rock the scientific
7 world and forever change our view of natural history. Today, locating where a tidy
8 suburban street dead end against deep woods, the historic site is marked a modest
9 commemorative stone. Beyond the stone, the bones of Hadrosaurus foulkii was
10 originally excavating on the eve of the Civil War.

Not (previous vs. ago) : Previous kelimesi sıfat olarak kullanılır ve isimlerin önünde
kullanılır diğer taraftan ago bir zarfır ve isimlerin arkasından gelir. Anlam olarak
aralarında bir fark yoktur. Örnekleri inceleyiniz. (thirty years ago/before, previous
days, years, months)

Not (would – should) : Geçmişte gelecek anlamında kullanılan would do ve

should do birbirlerinin yerine kullanılabilir.
Örnekleri inceleyiniz.
“They all promised that they would come together in order to discuss the matter.”
“We knew that the members of the delegate should confirm the new regulations.”