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Physico-chemical changes
independent (!) from the fatal disease take place immediately or shortly after death progress in a fairly orderly fashion strongly influenced by unpredictable endogenous and environmental factors
General pathology
Postmortem changes Mechanical effects
Depends on
Hair, subcutanous fat tissue Temperature of the surroundings Zone (tropical, temperate)
Increased PM temperature
Overtemperature (heat stroke, septicaemia) Spastic muscle contraction (tetanus, strychnine or DiNitroOrtoCrezol poisoning )
Mumification
Soaking maceratio
Skin, organs filled with fluid Foetuses
- complete dehydration of the tissues - dry heat and/or air current - desert, chimney - Function of the putrefactive bacteria is also hampered
aseptic autolysis
Discharge
Nystens rule
first investigation in 1811
Skeletal muscles
2-4 hours the beginning 5-8 hours becomes general 24-48 hours starts to disappear 48-60 passes off
Rigor mortis
Heart muscle
Standstill in diastole looks like systole Develops fast (30 minutes) Lasts for 1 day
Smooth muscles
Quick process (10-15 min.) Lasts for 1 4 hours
intestines, arteries, spleen
Delayed
Asphyxial death (notably by carbon monoxide poisoning) Severe hemorrhage, cold surroundings
Fails to develop
In case of degenerative muscle changes
Development of stiffness
N: ATP inhibits the activation of the linkage between the actin and myosin Muscle tissue becomes anoxic after death
Oxygen dependent processes cease Ca ++-pump stops, Ca++ reaches the sarcoplasm Level of ATP is maintained by anaerobic glycolysis Increased amount of pyruvic and lactic acid Myosin-ATP-ase liberates energy Muscle glycogen becomes depleted Cellular pH drops to 6 - COAGULATION of actomyosin Level of ATP falls below critical level RAPID RIGOR
livores mortis
PM spots dark purple
Changing position
Special pattern
Imbibition
Discoloration Forms: From the blood
hemoglobin aorta ! 24 hours - permeable
Oesophagomalatia
Rate of putrefaction
Rapid
Obese (retaining the body heat) Warm environmental temperature Hyperemic organs Widespread infection Injuries (portals of entry) Oedematous tissues
Slow
Lean Exsanguination (dehydration)
Postmortal tympany
Sulph-hemoglobin SulphReaction of Hb (hemoglobin) plus H2S (hydrogen-sulphid) greyish-green, paling off on air
Pseudomelanosis
H2S + Fe (from Hb)
PM Wax Adipocere
Saponification In wet, clayey soil Fatty acids and Ca++ Form soaps, impregnate soft organs Sweetish odour
Iron-sulphide
Adipocere
Discoloration - imbibition Selfsoftening autolysis (selfdigestion autodigestion) Postmortem decomposition putrefaction Grave wax - adipocere
General aetiology
Stimuli from the environment: physiological External causes + internal conditions Causes of diseases
Absolute relative cause Monocausalis pluricausalis
causa essentialis (dominating) Clostridium perfringens D causa auxillaris (helping) decreased motility causa occasionalis (occasional) overfeeding
Biological
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa
Physical effects
Forms
Traumas
Open wound or covered lesion Superficial (excoriatio) or deep (denudatio)
a. b. c. d. e. f.
Mechanical effects High and low temperature Electricity Radiant energy Climate and weather Inadequate supplements
Causes
force high, sudden pressure dilaceration
pulling, extension, torsion
explosion (detonation)
Fragment cause wounds Pressure changes tear or rupture of the tissues
Ultrasound
Pseudocavitation, heat production
Luxation
Dislocation
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Rupture
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Trituration
General effects
General effect of a local infection
tetanus, gas-phlegmone
Loss of blood
Bleeding out
Functional disturbances
fractures, luxations
Embolism
fat, bone marrow
Traumatic shock
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Loss of function
Macroscopical
Ruptures (ruptura) Fractures (fractura) Luxation (luxatio) Fissure Concussion (commotio)
Locus minoris resistenciae - sick animals - bad condition - nutritive problems
Fracture
open (fr. aperta) or covered (fr. optecta) special appaerance
Infraction - bone fracture marked by a small line that shows up in X-ray examination newborns, metabolic disorders, tumors
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Hematome
Hyperemia
Tumor
Tumor
Vital reaction
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