Introduction to Computer and Information Systems (B. Come.

(H) Ist Year Part -A

Unit-1 What is Computer

What is computer Computer is an electronics device. It is made up of several devices which allow you to enter data, process data, store it and output the result. It borrowed from COMPUTE that means to calculate.

Computer have the capacity : To receive data (Input) To communicate result (Output) To store data (Storage) To perform any logical operation (ALU) To understand and execute instructions in the proper order ( Control) Characteristics of Computer Speed Accuracy Processing Capability High Storage Space Reliability Versatility Speed Computers are much faster as compared to human beings. They execute operations like addition or subtraction at a speed of a few micro seconds (10- 6). Some large computer execute such operations at picoseconds (10-12). Speed of a computer is closely related to the amount of data it must process. Computers speed is measured in clock cycle called Hertz (Hz). Accuracy The computer must process data accurately as well quickly. Accuracy is a prime consideration in installing computer. Computer rarely make mistakes and can accurately perform all kind of complex computations. Processing Capabilities Processing means to execute the instruction. Computer has powerful processing capabilities rather then other machine. Computer processing speed is measured in MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second).

What is computer Sources: Various books, the Internet, and encyclopedias.

Bhupinder Singh Bisht bhupbt@gmail.com

Introduction to Computer and Information Systems (B. Come. (H) Ist Year Part -A

High Storage Space Computer has the vast storage area to store the data. The storage area of the computer is called memory. Computer storage is measured in Bytes (B). Reliability Computer are more reliable then human beings They do not suffer from boredom, tiredness or lack of concentration. Even if millions of calculations are performed, a computer will perform the last calculations as fast and accurately as the first one. Versatility Computer can perform different types of jobs and repetitive jobs efficiently. They can be used not only to calculated but also to compare large volumes of data. They can work with different types of data and information .e.g graphics, audio, video etc. Computer robots can work in dangerous place where humans cannot work.

Disadvantages or Limitations of Computer

Lack of Decision-Making Power Heuristics No IQ

Lack of Decision-Making Power Computer cannot decide on their own. They are to be told (using appropriate software ) what to do at each and every step. Heuristics The term heuristics means learning from past experiences. If a computer commits an error once and if a similar situation/event occurs again, it will commit the same error again. It cannot learn form its past experience. Whereas we, humans can learn form past experience. No IQ Computer do not have any IQ All the IQ has to be provided in the form of software by human beings only.

What is computer Sources: Various books, the Internet, and encyclopedias.

Bhupinder Singh Bisht bhupbt@gmail.com

Introduction to Computer and Information Systems (B. Come. (H) Ist Year Part -A

They do not have the potential to choose an alternate solution, depending on the situation.

Applications of computer
Personnel Management Marketing Production Money Matter Education Scientific Research Medicine Transport and Communication Robot Law and Order Banks Animation and Graphics Electronic Publishing

What is computer Sources: Various books, the Internet, and encyclopedias.

Bhupinder Singh Bisht bhupbt@gmail.com

Introduction to Computer and Information Systems (B. Come. (H) Ist Year Part -A

Generation Of Computer
Definition : The term generation is used to generally characterize the major developments in the computer industry. The term generation is use to distinguish between different hardware technologies. Electronic computers can be divided into five different generations based on the technologies used. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. First Generation of Computers ( 1940- 1956) Second Generation of Computers(1956- 1965) Third Generation of Computers1965-1971) Fourth Generation of Computers (4GL, 1971-1985) Fifth/Future Generation of Computers (5GL, 1985-200--- )

1. First Generation Computer :- ( 1940- 1956)

Eckert and Mauchly developed the first electronic computer Called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) in1946 in USA ENIAC took about 200 microseconds to add two digits about 2400 microseconds to multiply UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) was the first commercial electronic computer. IBM 650 was a first-generation computer. Characteristics of First Generation Computers Vacuum-tube circuit Continuous maintenance required. Punched card and paper tape used as secondary storage devices. Bigger in size and Generated considerable heat Poor reliability Limited internal storage capacity. Slow input/output operations Computer programmed with machine language .(Assembly language) Some first Generation Computers ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator ) UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Calculator ) EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) EDUAC ( Electronic Delay Universal Automatic Calculator )

2. Second Generation of Computers( 1956-1965)

Transistor circuit used as core element ( Germanium Transistor ) Magnetic-core primary storage. Secondary storage on tapes Greater reliability and speed.

What is computer Sources: Various books, the Internet, and encyclopedias.

Bhupinder Singh Bisht bhupbt@gmail.com

Introduction to Computer and Information Systems (B. Come. (H) Ist Year Part -A

Reduced generated heat. Smaller and more reliable. Required less power to operate High-level procedural languages FORTran, COBOL, ALGOL and SNOBOL were used Some Second Generation Computers IBM- 70,700,1400,1600 series IBM 1401 ATLAS ICL 1901

3. Third Generation of Computers(1965-1971)

Transistors replaced by integrated circuits (ICs). Increased speed and reliability. Development of minicomputers. On-line, real time processing Multi-programming operating system Improved input and output devices. Faster than previous generation computers. First microprocessor 8080 was used.

Some Third GenerationComputers IBM-360 IBM-370 NCR395

4. Fourth Generation of Computers(4GL)(1971-1985)

These computer emerged with Large Scale Integrated circuits (LSIc) and Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIs) They were packed about 50,000 transistors in a single chip. Semi-conductor primary storage. Development of microcomputer or personal computer. Compact size but faster speeds of processing ADA programming language was developed. Microprocessor used. Very Large

5. Future Generations of Computer (5GL)

Using Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits ( VLSIs) Using Parallel processing, neural networks.

What is computer Sources: Various books, the Internet, and encyclopedias.

Bhupinder Singh Bisht bhupbt@gmail.com

Introduction to Computer and Information Systems (B. Come. (H) Ist Year Part -A

Developing reliable, faster, and smaller but more intelligent machines. They are using AI (Artificial intelligence) Developing computers that can think. Microprocessors will more faster.

What is computer Sources: Various books, the Internet, and encyclopedias.

Bhupinder Singh Bisht bhupbt@gmail.com