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What is Automotive?
Automotive is that branch of engineering which deals with anything which is automatically in motion. Automotive engineering is the combination of mechanical engineering, vehicle dynamics, drive train engineering and engine design to form a subject that deals with all respects of vehicle.

What is an Automobile?
The word automobile means a vehicle that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or another vehicle. An automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most automobiles in use today are propelled by gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel internal combustion engines.

Engine
An engine is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. In common usage, an engine burns or otherwise consumes fuel, and is differentiated from an electric machine (i.e., electric motor) that derives power without changing the composition of matter. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine. Specifically: Engine is the heart of the automobile. It generates motive power for locomotion by transforming the air and petrol into rotary motion so it can drive the wheels of the automobile. It converts chemical energy of the fuel to mechanical energy. It develops power and torque.

Internal Combustion Engines

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler. All internal combustion engines depend on the exothermic chemical process of combustion: the reaction of a fuel, typically with oxygen from the air (though it is possible to inject nitrous oxide in order to do more of the same thing and gain a power boost). The principle behind any reciprocating internal combustion engine: If you put a tiny amount of high-energy fuel (like gasoline) in a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in the form of expanding gas.

Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either by spark ignition (SI) or compression ignition (CI). Almost all cars currently use what is called a four-stroke combustion cycle to convert gasoline into motion. As their name implies, operation of four stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with every two revolutions of the engine. The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle, in honour of Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867. The four strokes are illustrated as fol lows:1. Intake stroke: The piston starts at the top, the intake valve opens, and the piston moves down to let the engine take in a cylinder-full of air and gasoline. This is the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of gasoline needs to be mixed into the air for this to work. (Part 1 of the figure) Compression stroke: Then the piston moves back up to compress this fuel/air mixture. Compression makes the explosion more powerful. (Part 2 of the figure) Combustion stroke: When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, the spark plug emits a spark to ignite the gasoline. The gasoline charge in the cylinder explodes, driving the piston down. (Part 3 of the figure) Exhaust stroke: Once the piston hits the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust leaves the cylinder to go out the tailpipe. (Part 4 of the figure)

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Now the engine is ready for the next cycle, so it intakes another charge of air and gas. Notice that the motion that comes out of an internal combustion engine is rotational, while the motion produced by potato cannon is linear (straight line). In an engine the linear motion of the pistons is converted into rotational motion by the crankshaft.

Two stroke configuration

Engines based on the two-stroke cycle use two strokes (one up, one down) for every power stroke. Since there are no dedicated intake or exhaust strokes, alternative methods must be used to scavenge the cylinders. The most common method in spark-ignition two-strokes is to use the downward motion of the piston to pressurize fresh charge in the crankcase, which is then blown through the cylinder through ports in the cylinder walls. Spark-ignition two-strokes are small and light for their power output and mechanically very simple; however, they are also generally less efficient and more polluting than their four -stroke counterparts. In terms of power per cm, a single-cylinder small motor application like a two-stroke engine produces much more power than an equivalent four-stroke engine due to the enormous advantage of having one power stroke for every 360 of crankshaft rotation (compared to 720 in a 4 stroke motor). Small displacement, crankcase-scavenged twostroke engines have been less fuel-efficient than other types of engines when the fuel is mixed with the air prior to scavenging allowing some of it to escape out of the exhaust port.

Engine Layouts
Below are some illustrations of the most common type of cylinder layout youll find in engines today. Common cylinder configurations include the straight or inline configuration, the more compact V configuration, and the wider but smoother flat or boxer configuration. Aircraft engines can also adopt a radial configuration which allows more effective cooling. More unusual configurations such as the H, U, X, and W have also been used. Singles are used in motorbikes, snow blowers, chainsaws etc. V-twins are also found in motorbikes. The triple is almost unique to Triumph motorbikes where they call it Speed Triple, or the 675. Inline fours are the mainstay of car engines, as well as being found in some motorbikes too such as BMW K1 200S. Inline fives used to be used a lot in Audis but have found a new home in current Volvos. The V5 is something youll find in some VWs. The V6 has the benefits of being smoother than an inline-four. Boxer engines are found in BMW motorbikes (twins) and Porsches (fours and sixes)

Basic Engine Parts

The core of the engine is the cylinder, with the piston moving up and down inside the cylinder. The engine described above has one cylinder. Most cars have more than one cylinder (four, six and eight cylinders are

common). In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways: inline, V or flat (also known as horizontally opposed or boxer). Different configurations have different advantages and disadvantages in terms of smoothness, manufacturing cost and shape characteristics. These advantages and disadvantages make them more suitable for certain vehicles. On the upper side of the piston is what is called the combustion chamber where the petrol and air mix before ignited. On the other side is the crankcase, which is full of oil. Pistons have rings which serve to keep the oil out of the combustion chamber and the fuel and air out of the oil.

Spark plug
The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly.

Valve train:
The valve train consists of valves, rocker arms, pushrods, lifters, and the camshaft. The valve train's only job is that of a traffic cop. It lets air and petrol in and out of the engine at the proper time. The timing is controlled by the camshaft, which is synchronized to the crankshaft by a chain or belt.

Piston
A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder.

Piston rings (Shown above)

Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes: y y They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leaking into the sump during compression and combustion. They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost.

Connecting rod (Shown above)

The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

Crankshaft
The crankshaft is connected to the pistons via a connecting rod. As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder it rotates the crankshaft and converts the straight line motion into rotary motion.

Crankshaft

Camshaft

Camshaft
Camshaft is a type of rotating device or apparatus used for propelling or operating poppet valves. Camshaft comprises of series of cams that regulates the opening and closing of valves in the piston engines. The camshaft works with the help of a belt, chain and gears.

Sump
The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of the su mp (the oil pan).

Oil Sump

Carburettor

Carburettor
This device is used in petrol or similar liquid fuel engines by means of which the fuel mixed with air is supplied into the induction manifold of the engine. The carburettor controls the required quantity of fuel and breaks it up into minute globules for being mixed with the correct quantity of air. The main purpose of carburettor is to supply the required quantity of petrol and air mixture, of the correct strength as per requirement of load conditions of the engine. The ratio should not be more than 20:1 and not less than 8:1.The ideal ratio is 15:1.

Diesel Engines
Diesel engines and HCCI (Homogeneous charge compression ignition) engines, rely solely on heat and pressure created by the engine in its compression process for ignition. The compression level that occurs is usually twice or more than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines will take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, a small quantity of diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite. HCCI type engines will take in both air and fuel but continue to rely on an unaided auto -combustion process, due to higher pressures and heat. This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are more susceptible to cold -starting issues, although they will run just as well in cold weather once started. Light duty diesel engines with indirect injection in automobiles and light trucks employ glow plugs that pre-heat the combustion chamber just before starting to reduce no-start conditions in cold weather. Most diesels also have a battery and charging system; nevertheless, this system is secondary and is added by manufacturers as a luxury for the ease of starting, turning fuel on and off (which can also be done via a switch or mechanical apparatus), and for running auxiliary electrical components and accessories.

Petrol Engine versus Diesel Engine

Inlet stroke > In petrol engines the mixture of air and petrol is drawn in by the falling piston > In diesel engines only air is drawn in by the falling piston Compression stroke > In petrol engine, the mixture is compressed upto about 1/8th to 1/12th of its original size . > In diesel engine, only air is compressed upto about 1/14th to 1/25th of its original size. Expansion stroke > In petrol engine, the air and fuel mixture is ignited using a spark plug and burns expanding and forcing the piston down. > In diesel engine, fuel is injected at a high pressure into the hot, compressed air in the cylinder, causing it to burn and force the piston down. No spark is required. Exhaust stroke

> In both petrol and diesel engines, the burned mixture of air and fuel is pushed out of the cylinder by the rising piston. A diesel engine is also known as a "compression ignition" engine. Since the air is compressed to very high pressure raising its temperature and then diesel is injected in a very fine spray which causes the diesel to ignite and explode. On the other hand a petrol engine is known as a "spark ignition" engine. Since a spark plug is required to ignite the mixture of petrol and air in the combustion chamber. y A diesel engine is more easily turbocharged than a petrol engine. A petrol engine cannot be easily turbocharged due to the fact that if the compression ratio and the pressure in the cylinder is to high during the inlet stroke, the mixture starts to burn to soon, while the piston is on its way up. The diesel engine has no fuel in the cylinder, thus letting the turbocharger suck as much air as it can without creating any problems. (A turbo charger is a simple air compressor which compresses air in the combustion chamber for burning). Some diesel engines also have an intercooler which helps in blowing cold and oxygen rich air in the combustion chamber. Petrol destroys lubrication and burns the engine whereas diesel doesnt. So a diesel engine would last longer than a petrol engine. Petrol engines are lighter than diesel engines. Diesel engines have higher torque than petrol engines. What does this mean? Well, this means that a diesel engine would pull heavy loads easily than a petrol engine. Though the pickup of a petrol engine would be much more than that of a diesel engine, the diesel engine would be steady and carry heavier loads to longer distances. Diesel engines have better fuel efficiency as compared to petrol due to the fact that they have higher compression ratio. Diesel engines dont need an ignition system, which reduces their complexity. But they are noisier and may require frequent maintenance as compared to petrol engines. Also they are more durable. Diesel engines may also need glow plugs in extreme cold conditions which heat up the cylinder so that a cold engine can start easily. And now the most important part, fuel economy. Diesel wins in both ways. Diesel engines give better mileage than petrol engines and In India diesel is much cheaper than petrol. So running on diesel would make you go farther at a lower cost than running on petrol.

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