A.P.A.C. Ltd.

Archaeological Perspectives Analysis Consultancy

ARCHAEOLOGICAL Resistivity Survey

CAE HIR, LLANCAIACH FAWR. CF46 6ER

Prepared for: Llancaiach Fawr G2/LCF/09 By: Dr. N Phillips (A.P.A.C. Ltd) 12 May 2009

A.P.A.C. Ltd

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

Contents

Contents..............................................................................................................................................................1 List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................................2 1 Non Technical Summary ............................................................................................................................3 This report is supplemental to G1/LCF/2009, and should be read in conjunction with the earlier report for continuity. .............................................................................................................................................3 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................3 Location and scope of work ..............................................................................................................3 2.1 2.2 Geology and topography ...................................................................................................................3 3 Aims and Objectives ..................................................................................................................................4 3.1 Resistivity Survey .............................................................................................................................4 3.2 Resistivity Methodology ...................................................................................................................4 3.3 Topographic Survey Methodology ...................................................................................................5 Soils and ground conditions ..............................................................................................................5 3.4 4 Results ........................................................................................................................................................5 4.1 Composite, black and white shade plot figs 03 & 04........................................................................5 4.2 Colour processed shade plots ............................................................................................................7 5 Topography ................................................................................................................................................8 Contours, fig 07 & 08 .......................................................................................................................8 5.1 6 Interpretation and Discussion .....................................................................................................................9 Reliability of field investigation .......................................................................................................9 6.1 6.2 Overall Interpretation ........................................................................................................................9 Feature Interpretation ........................................................................................................................9 6.3 6.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................10 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................11 7 8 Bibliography and references .....................................................................................................................11

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

List of Figures

Figure 01 Figure 02 Figure 03 Figure 04 Figure 05 Figure 06 Figure 07 Figure 08

Area proposal Topographic survey Black & White shade plots A3 Black & White shade plots & contour plot Colour shade plot A3 Colour shade plots & contour plot Topographic plot Slope plot

Copyright Notice: A.P.A.C. Ltd. retains copyright of this report under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. The Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100046577) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey.

A.P.A.C. Ltd

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

Non Technical Summary

This report supplement, results from a second phase of work undertaken by Archaeological Perspectives & Analysis Consultancy (A.P.A.C. Ltd) on behalf of Llancaiach Fawr. The second phase of work involved completion of the geophysical survey, of the remaining area of the field, Cae Hir, not covered in the first report, G1/LCF/09 and a topographical survey of the entire field.. Dr N Phillips, A.P.A.C. Ltd, prepared a proposal of work which was submitted on the 1st April 2009 and accepted. The work was undertaken over the dates of 13th 18th April 2009. The geophysical survey was able to add even more anomalies to the area of study. Again it is believed that these anomalies result from the presence of underlying archaeological resources.

This report is supplemental to G1/LCF/2009, and should be read in conjunction with the earlier report for continuity.

2 2.1

Introduction
Location and scope of work

The site for the second phase of geophysical survey was located in two areas of the field known as Cae Hir. The first area covered was a line of 10 partial 20m grids, along the west perimeter of the field, fig 01, whilst the second, larger area, was the 38 survey grids to the south of the field. In continuation of Phase 1; the scope of the work in Phase 2 was to conduct a geophysical survey of the remaining area of the field, Cae Hir, using resistivity techniques to identify any anomalies that would be present had the ground had been disturbed by human activities in the past. The extent of the Phase 2 survey was outlined in proposal G2/LCF/09; originally set out as 47 grids but later revised to 48, fig 01. The additional survey grids to phase 1 are annotated in red. The new grids represent just under 1ha of additional survey data for the field Cae Hir. It was mentioned in GI/LCF/09, 2.1, that the topography of the land itself suggested the potential for buried ground works. As a result of the findings from Phase 1, it was decided to undertake a topographic survey of the field in order to locate and associate any anomalies to any observable ground features fig 02.

2.2

Geology and topography

The south eastern area of field involved in this supplementary survey is located on an outcrop of sandstone from the Upper Pennant Series, (BGS 1997), G1/LCF/09 2.2.

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

The south western section of the field has been altered through recent landscaping measures designed to accommodate the area for overspill parking. The western range of ten grids, are associated with an old boundary hedge to the field. 3 3.1

Aims and Objectives

Resistivity Survey

The aims of survey will be to: Inform the owners of the field of the presence of any potential archaeological resources so that they may be better preserved. Identify areas for future excavation in order to increase an understanding of the site.

The objectives of survey will be to: Conduct a systematic subsurface survey of the site within the guidelines suggested by the IFA: (field evaluation 2008). To provide a report of the findings, this will include both raw data and an interpretative study. To produce an archive of the work containing raw data and processing details so to enable future study and reinterpretation. The archive will be retained by A.P.A.C. Ltd with a copy to Llancaiach Fawr. Resistivity Methodology

3.2

The resistivity survey was carried out using a TR Systems TRCIA 1.31 Resistance meter fitted with 0.5m array. A 1m pitch was used allowing 400 readings per 20m square. The selected range was 2000 ohms. The data from the fieldwork was collected over a period of six days, 13th 18th April 2009, and transferred from the on board data logger to a laptop containing TRSystems Ltd, Resistivity software V1.32. Initial processing of data to compile a composite plot and to remove field error was undertaken in this native format before being transferred to Archaeosurveyor 1.3.2.8 and Adobe Photoshop CS for further interpretative processing. Due to the time delay between Phase 1 and Phase 2 and the change in season and therefore ground conditions, it was not possible to match offset measurements in the field. Offset measurement was therefore conducted during processing. This involved increasing the lower areas of readings, through increments of 10 ohms, until visual parity could be achieved. Final graphics for this report were produced in Adobe Illustrator CS to allow for better presentation. The survey itself was undertaken over 48, full and partial 20m x 20m grid squares; arranged across the field in such a way as to offset from the expected archaeology whilst maximising the efficiency and coverage of the available area.

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

The grid arrangement was first plotted on a field boundary survey; undertaken as part of A.P.A.C. Ltds, test survey, August 2008. This plot work was undertaken in AutoCad 2007, the results from which were exported to CivilCad 6.4 and uploaded into a Topcon GPT 3007 Total Station. Stakeout of the entire grid at 20m intervals was undertaken with the Total Station; the grids being marked with low wooden pegs rather than possibly toxic survey paint, as the field contains grazing sheep. The field work was then undertaken using a set of tapes which were moved in a rolling process. The survey pattern followed a parallel format and the sequence used can be seen in fig 01. 3.3 Topographic Survey Methodology

The topographic survey was undertaken using a Topcon GPT 3007 Total station. The entire field surface was measured for the purpose of producing a contour survey calibrated to 0.10m. All noticeable break lines were recorded as separate strings. Two coordinate readings were taken on survey stations, using a Magellan 3000XL GPS. All of the survey data was downloaded into CivilCad 6.4 for processing and the survey was adjusted to the National grid using the survey coordinates from the GPS. The finished data was imported into into Autocad for interpretative alignment to the geophysics plot and finally exported into Adobe Illustrator for presentation 3.4 Soils and ground conditions

The Resistivity survey field work commenced on the 13th of April and continued through to the 18th. The weather remained fairly constant and dry with the exception of heavy rain on the Thursday night and Friday morning, 16th and 17th. As different ground conditions effecting resistivity were expected because of the time lapse between Phase 1 and Phase 2 it was decided that all adjustments would be undertaken during the processing. The resultant difference in ground resistance from the rain Thursday and Friday were also compensated for during the processing. 4 4.1 Results Composite, black and white shade plot figs 03 & 04

The data was collected as 48 separate 20m x 20m grid surveys, some of which were partial grids; due to obstructions around the field. Using task specific software, the 48 grids were integrated into one overall plot, including the data collected for Phase 1. Noticeable variances due to weather, time delay or fieldwork error were compensated for to produce the resultant plot, fig 03. Apart from grid to grid adjustment for fieldwork error, no processing enhancements have been undertaken on the plot. The lower duplicate image has been used to introduce the interpretations of the anomalies. A set of black and white shade plots are shown in fig 4 showing the full plot, phase 1, Phase 1 + Phase 2 and an overlay of the contour plot.

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

Low resistance features: A~ Linear feature A~ runs from grid 240,160 to 360,100 and can be clearly identified as modern drainage. There are two 12 inch inspection covers along the line of this feature. It should be noted that A~ clearly cuts through the high resistance feature of Q~, thereby clearly establishing Q~s terminus ante quem. B~ A rectangular feature of low resistance measuring some 60m by 20m running from 260,100 to 300, 80. The rather angular nature of its high resistance surroundings would tend to suggest a non natural cause; possibly an enclosed area. Care should however, be used in this interpretation as the area is presumed to be an outcrop of sandstone and the anomaly may be due to differential erosion across an upturned bedding plane. C~ As with B~ this low resistance, rectangular feature shows up well against the surrounding high resistance. Unlike B~ however, the full enclosure of C~ within the surrounding high resistance tends to preclude its cause as natural erosion. This feature would appear to be a cut of some sort. D~ A rectangular feature bordered on the north by a very regular high resistance feature R~. D~ measures some 40m x 5m and has a south running extension to its east edge; although, this may be disturbance by the more modern drainage channel A~. Again, the regularity of this feature would tend to preclude natural geology as its cause. D~ also has a parallel in E~ some 5m north. E~ Is an almost identical anomaly to D~ in width, direction and shape but differing in length by some distance. To the east, there is a separated rectangular space 320,120 whilst a larger continuation to the west may have been disturbed by walling activities to the field boundary here. As with D~ this anomaly is unlikely to have a geological cause. F~ A small angular anomaly in the shape of an angular C 280,40. A possible cut into the surrounding high resistance feature O~; an unlikely geological feature. G~ This curvilinear line was first noticed as a wider cut F in phase 1, 180,20 180,40 fig 04. A much narrower band of low resistance can be discerned sporadically, curving from 160,0 to 300, 60. The curvilinear line includes the well defined F from phase 1 and is bounded by T~ a general rectangular edge to the high resistance (see below). G~ is less well defined in places but various enhancements do reveal its course. This anomaly has a visible perimeter of some 200m enclosing over 600m and does not appear to respect the present field boundaries. It is worth noting that the unusual feature L also from phase 1 is enclosed within the perimeter of G~. High resistance features: H~ This feature was one of two new anomalies found in the partial grid along the western boundary of the field. The feature obviously continues into the hedge row but of course, it may be that it merely exists as part of the hedgerow construction. It is also worth noting its proximity to the potential structure noted in Phase 1 as W*. This feature is not likely to be geological due to its size and shape.

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

I~ This is the second feature revealed in the western boundary grids. It is very similar to H~ but in this case is close to an area of building and general refuse which has drifted into the field. It is possible therefore that this anomaly is recent. J~ Is a very faint circular area of high resistance just in front of the field gate. It is noticeable because it encloses a low resistance centre. K~ locates a series of curvilinear features, shown in fig 03 as disjointed but with processing, can be seen to form connected circular units. Their location on a potential outcrop of sandstone may be interpreted as quarrying with the low resistance explained as differential drainage. The presence is noted in the field as circles of darker grass. L~ This feature is a very definite high resistance square structure with a low resistance centre. The structure measures some 9m square and is defiantly not geological. M~ Small curvilinear feature of high resistance. Possibly similar to K~. N~ Small right angled, linear feature. O~ Large area of high resistance, mostly irregular but with angular edge to north east. P~ This feature is highlighted as a small concentration of high resistance but may be part of a larger structure including Q~ and enclosed by T~. P~ measures some 12m x 10m in its own right. Q~ Has been highlighted as a block covering the high resistance area to the east. It has been suggested above that the area corresponds to known geology but it was also noted that the regularity of the edges may suggest structure. Indeed the structure may for an enclosure around B~ as stated above. T~ Has been drawn as a line to illustrate the possible extent of the structures contained in B~, C~, P~ and Q~ S~ Is the surrounding high resistance anomaly to the eastern extension of E~. 4.2 Colour processed shade plots

Colour processing of a black and white shade plot is useful as a means of enhancing different bands of resistance in order to accentuate features. Processing for this purpose was undertaken by exporting the composite black and white shade plot into Archaeosurveyor and adjusting of the overall filter levels of the composite. Two new composites were produced with resistance calibrations changed from black and white to red and blue fig 05. As with the black and white shade plots above, a full sequence of original, phase 1, phase 1 & phase 2 and a contour plot were produced fig 06.

Red-white-blue shade plot Not a lot of difference was found between the black and white shade plots and the colour enhanced versions as far as extra features are concerned. However, it was felt that certain of the features were more enhanced to give greater clarity using this colour scheme. The three colour delineations serve to better differentiate the extreme low resistance areas into a background against which the activity of white and red can be more clearly seen.

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

5 5.1

Topography
Contours, fig 07 & 08

The contour plot of the site was undertaken as a means of locating the various resistivity anomalies to the actual surface layout of the field as an aid to interpretation. The outcome had some success although it is difficult to show this in hard copy. The final images of sheet figs 04 & 06, can also be consulted for this section as they show the contour plots overlaid on the survey plots with the resistivity anomalies included. Figure 07 shows the colour shade plot with overlay and fig 08 shows the relative slopes directions in relation to sea level. In general, it can be seen from the plot fig 07 that the land slopes north south, loosing 11m in height over 419 m. This produces a gradient of -2.632% or -1:38. The level survey produces some interesting information on the site that is not evident to the naked eye. Resistivity & topography In the phase 1 interpretation; feature AA was disregarded as drainage as it did not appear to have any discernable fall in height. The survey shows this to be untrue; revealing a drop in height of 1.9 over its 160m distance, -1.14% gradient, -1:89. However, if AA is a liquids service installation, it flows towards the manor house rather than away from it. The known, modern service installation A~ follows the same alignment, at just over 200m to the south east but with an increased fall of -2.29% or -1:44. Features CC & CC* can be similarly interpreted as drainage with falls of 1.28 m at a gradient averaging -1.44% or -2:28. Other noticeable points of interest are the relative steepness and angle of the slope to the south of the area containing the anomalies F*, G*, W* & H~ and the spur on which R~, T~ & Q~ stand. There are no depressions relating to C~, & D~ but B~& E~ do seem to cause a change in the contours. Slope The slope plot, fig 08 shows the relative slopes across the site and break lines marking some of the smaller, visible lumps and bumps have been included. Starting at the top left of the page the breakline records a raised lip along the stream bank for which there was no resistivity anomaly. Moving down the plot another mound can be seen, which may relate to the potential drainage C*, B* in phase 1. Again moving down the page, the rectangular area marks the east edge of excavation trench 1 EX/LCF/09 (Anthony forthcoming). There is no visible sign of high resistance feature G, (Phase 1) although; there are some linear troughs to the west along the hedge row. Towards the right are a set of linear troughs which have a vague low resistance presence in the resistivity survey. Again towards the right is a single linear trough having no resistivity presence. It was assumed that this visible feature represented a field drain but the contour direction reveals this to be unlikely. 8

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

The final feature of note is to the top right. A deep, dry gully connected to the present stream at its northern end and then looping back north to reconnect at its southern end. This possible stream channel appears to flow back on itself and slightly up hill. The loop does however enclose a small piece of land with a relative high resistance. It should be noted however, that the resistivity survey of this item was very difficult due to vegetation and may be subject to error. 6 6.1

Interpretation and Discussion

Reliability of field investigation

Weather and ground conditions introduced a variance into the findings that had to be adjusted in software processing. The resultant reliability of the findings are therefore good although, overall improvement in this instance may have benefited from dryer conditions. It should be remembered that Geophysics is an interpretive process based on variable results. It is not an exact science and should not be taken as such. Geophysics is best suited for preliminary work from which informed judgments can be made for future research. 6.2 Overall Interpretation

The overall interpretation of the findings cannot definitively discount that the anomalies associated with the eastern part of Phase 2 area are geological. Even so; as was stated in G1/LCF/09, such a plateau may have utilised for its position of high, dryer ground as an area for a large amount of activity. This survey would tend to support this interpretation as the areas of anomalies recorded to the east, do tend to have angular edges more easily associated with human activities. It is also reasonable to suggest that the entire east plateau area may be topped by one composite structure containing structure and internal voids. It is also reasonable to suggest that the composition of the phase 2 east area differs from the form of the possible structures found in Phase 1; being more concentrated and robust. Alternatively, this could of course be due to the geology. The western part of the phase 2 survey was completely different and it should be remembered that this part of the field has seen some landscaping of late. The anomalies in this part of the survey are less robust being dominated by curvilinear lines or enclosures. It is easy to interpret this as a result of modern landscaping but there is a possibility that the ephemeral structures may relate to a much earlier period of our history or even prehistory.

6.3

Feature Interpretation

Generally fig 06. Linear features A~ is a modern service feature. Rectangular feature B~ would appear to be a very angular enclosed area. B~ is probably not geological. C~ is similarly enclosed but unlike B~ the enclosure is more definite and four sided. This feature is potentially an internal room.

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

D~ is another low resistance, angular, enclosed area with the same potential as C~ E~ is another low resistance, angular, enclosed area with the same potential as C~ & D~. F~ A small angular anomaly possibly three adjoined cuts or trenches. G~ Has the potential of being an enclosure ditch. H~ Potential building related to the W* complex found in Phase1. I~ Probable spread of rubble associated with recent work at Llancaiach Manor. J~ Localised circle of high resistance with an inner low resistance core. Unknown cause K~ Curvilinear enclosures with potential for early historic or prehistoric cause. Also potentially, depressions left from quarrying. L~ Small square building M~ Small curvilinear feature of high resistance. Possibly similar to K~. N~ Small right angled, linear feature. O~ Large area of high resistance, possibly geological, possibly structural. P~ Possible building associated with Q~ & R~ and included within the delineation shown by T~ Q~ Possible building footprint with associated rubble spread. The building foundation could have been raised on natural rock with foundations cut. T~ A marker line to show the extent of the potential building spread. B~, C~, P~ and Q~. S~ Either an enclosing structure or the edge of a hole, possibly quarrying. 6.4 Discussion

The results of this additional phase of resistivity have revealed that the potential for buried archaeology is fairly constant over the entire area. There is however, a noticeable difference in the type of anomalies concentrated in the south eastern part to those anomalies recorded over the rest of the field. Although there is a good amount of evidence to show that the geology is different in this area there nothing to suggest that the difference is not related to it rather than caused by it, i.e. an exposed outcrop of rock providing high ground may have been chosen for settlement. The only way of gleaning more information would be to excavate. And this area does tend to have a lot of questions that such excavation may be able to answer.

10

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Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr.

G2/LCF/09

Acknowledgements

Thanks D. A. Walker of Llancaiach Fawr and Mr Anthony for their help and interest and also the canteen staff at Llancaiach Fawr for their refreshments. Thanks to Mr A. O. Phillips, and. MS J. A. Farley for carrying out the fieldwork whilst I was engaged in supervising the excavation.

Bibliography and references

BGS Institute of Field Archaeologists,

British Geological Survey of Great Britain. Solid and Drift. Newport 249. 1: 50 000. 1997 reprint. Standard and Guidance for Field Evaluation. October 2008 . By-Laws Code of Conduct revised October 2008. Code of Approved Practice for the regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology. revised October 2008. Draft Standard and Guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives. October 2008.

Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991).

RCAHMW CARN

http://carn.rcahmw.org.uk/index.php/search_results

.Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

Archive: A.P.A.C. Ltd & Llancaiach Fawr

A.P.A.C. Ltd, Registered Address: 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. NP7 7RG . 07734962919. Email: apac.philips@btinernet.com. Company Registration No 5041541. VAT Reg No 826 3628 19. www.apac.ltd.uk Director: Dr N. Phillips. D.Phil. BA (Hons). Cert Ed/FE. AIFA. AAI&S

11

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

Phase 2: Area proposal

1 2

81 82 83 90 87 84 85 86
72 67 62 57 52 49

51 48

77
56

78
61

79
66

80
76 71

91

73 68 63

88 89
59 54

74 69 64

92
75 70 65 60

8 9 10

58 53 50

45

40

34

28

23

16

13

19

11

46

55

41

35

24

29

17

14 15

20

12

47

42

21 22

30

36

25

Area 2

18

48

43

37

26 27

31 32 33

44
Location:

38 39

Notes: Approximate survey areas 2 1. Grid ref: E 311400 N 196400

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr

Type:

Revised Proposal Plan

N
North set at magnetic Stage:

Resistivity Survey G2/LCF/09

April 2009 Llancaiach Fawr

Period: Produced for:

Key:

Scale at A4:

Reception Site Boundary

Bar Dr. N. Phillips Dr. N. Phillips 09/05/2009

Survey: Processing:

##

Proposed survey area 20m Grid squares 50m approximate scale

A.P.A.C. Ltd

36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire NP7 7RG apac.philips@btinternet.co.uk

Fig 01

A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

E 31141 N 19659

E 31143 N 19659

Notes: Field Boundary 4.87 ha Location:

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr

Type:

Contour survey
Resistivity Survey G1/LCF/09
April 2009 Llancaiach Fawr

Stage:

Period: North set at magnetic Key: Produced for: Scale at A4: Survey:

Bar Dr. N. Phillips Dr. N. Phillips 08/05/2009

Contours: 1m 0.1m Breaklines Top Bottom 50m approximate scale

Processing:

A.P.A.C. Ltd

36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire NP7 7RG apac.philips@btinternet.co.uk

Fig 02: Topographic survey

A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

200

180

160

140

120

metres

100

80

60

40

20

1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 metres 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

200

180

A~
160 140

T~ C~ B~ G~ P~ E~ K~ L~ O~ N~ F~ M~
280 300 320 1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm 340 360 380 400

120

Q~

S~ R~ D~

J~

metres

100

80

60

40

20

H~
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

I~
200 metres 220 240 260

Fig 03 Shade plot

A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

200

200

180

180

L* D B* C* C AB D*
N*

Phase 1

Feature resistance

160

160

140

140

B1
280 m

M*

T* M* R* P* O* S*

low

120

120

metres

metres

100

100

E* F* H* G* V*

I
1001.0 ohm 1001.0 ohm 914.74 914.74 828.09 828.09 741.44 741.44 654.79 654.79 568.14 568.14 481.49 481.49 394.84 394.84 308.19 308.19 221.53 221.53 134.88 ohm 134.88 ohm 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

mid

80

80

Q*

high

60

40

20

1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 metres 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

40

W*
20

J* A F
160 180 140 200 metres

80

100

120

U* H I* 220

240

E 260

Black and White resistivity plot.

Phase 1 extent of interpretation

N
North set at magnetic

200

200

180

L* B* C* C AB D*
N*

180

160

A~

L* B* C* C AB D*
N*

Phase 2
A~

Feature resistance

160

D
140

D
T~ C~ Q~ S~ R~ D~
1001.0 ohm 914.74 1001.0 ohm 828.09 914.74 741.44 828.09 654.79 741.44 568.14 654.79 481.49 568.14 394.84 481.49 308.19 394.84 221.53 308.19 134.88 ohm 221.53 134.88 ohm
340 360 380 400

B1
280 m

M*

140

T* M* R* P* K~ O* S*
L~

B1 C

M*

T* M* R* P* K~ O* S*
L~

T~ C~ B~ I Q~ S~ R~ D~
1001.0 ohm 914.74 1001.0 ohm 828.09 914.74 741.44 828.09 654.79 741.44 568.14 654.79 481.49 568.14 394.84 481.49 308.19 394.84 221.53 308.19 134.88 ohm 221.53 134.88 ohm
340 360 380 400

low

120

120

100

80

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

F*
W*

H* G~Q* G* V*

E*

B~ I

metres

metres

J~

J~

high
1m contours 0.1 m contours

100

P~ E~ O~

80

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

F*
W*

H* G~Q* G* V*

E*

P~ E~ O~

Notes: Field Boundary Survey area 4.87 ha 4.76 ha

40

J* A
H~ F
160 180 140

20

N~ F~ M~

40

J* A
H~ F
160 180 140

N~ F~ M~

80

100

120

U* I~ I* H 220 200
metres

20

240

E 260

280

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320

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U* I~ I* H 220 200
metres

135: 20m x 20m Grids

240

E 260

280

300

320

Grid ref:

E 311400 N 196400

Phase 1 & 2 complete interpretation

Full interpretation and contour plot

A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09

Figure 04 Black and white shade plots

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

200

180

160

140

120

metres

100

80 1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

60

40

20

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200 metres

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

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400

200

180

160

A~ T~ C~ B~ G~ P~ E~ K~ L~ O~ N~ F~ M~
280 300 320

140

120

Q~

S~ R~ D~
1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

metres

J~

100

80

60

40

20

H~
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

I~

200 metres

220

240

260

340

360

380

400

Fig 05 Colour shade plot

A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

200

200

180

180

L* D B* C* C AB D*
N*

Phase 1

Feature resistance

160

160

140

140

B1
280 m

M*

T* M* R* P* O* S*

low

120 metres

120

metres

100

100

E* F* H* G* V*

I
1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

mid

80 1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

80

Q*

high

60

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

40

40

W*
20

J* A F
160 180 140 200 metres

20

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200 metres

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

80

100

120

U* H I* 220

240

E 260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

Blue and Red resistivity plot

Phase 1 extent of interpretation

N
North set at magnetic

200

200

180

L* B* C* C AB D*
N*

180

160

A~

L* B* C* C AB D*
N*

Phase 2
A~

Feature resistance

160

D
140

D
T~ C~ Q~ S~ R~ D~
1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm 140

B1
280 m

M*

T* M* R* P* K~ O* S*
L~

B1
280 m

M*

T* M* R* P* K~ O*

T~ C~ B~ I Q~ S~ R~ D~
1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

low

120

120

100

80

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

F*
W*

H* G~Q* G* V*

E*

B~ I P~ E~ O~

metres

metres

J~

J~

high
1m contours 0.1 m contours
Notes: Field Boundary Survey area 4.87 ha 4.76 ha

100

80

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

F*
W*

H* G~ Q* G* V*

E*

S*
L~ N~ F~ M~

P~ E~ O~

40

J* A
H~ F
160 180 140

20

N~ F~ M~

40

J* A H~ F
140 160 180

80

100

120

U* I~ I* H 220 200
metres

20

240

E 260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

80

100

120

U* I~H I* 200 220

metres

135: 20m x 20m Grids

380 400

240

E 260

280

300

320

340

360

Grid ref:

E 311400 N 196400

Phase 1 & 2 complete interpretation

Full interpretation and contour plot

Figure 06 Red - white- blue shade plots

A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

200

180

160

140

120

metres

100

80 1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

60

40

20

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200 metres

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

Fig 07 Contour plot overlay

North set at magnetic

Key:

1m contour 0.1m contour breakline

Slope direction

Fig 08 Slopes

A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

200

200

180

180

L* D B* C* C AB D*
N*

Phase 1

Feature resistance

160

160

140

140

B1
280 m

M*

T* M* R* P* O* S*

low

120

120

metres

metres

100

100

E* F* H* G* V*

I
1001.0 ohm 1001.0 ohm 914.74 914.74 828.09 828.09 741.44 741.44 654.79 654.79 568.14 568.14 481.49 481.49 394.84 394.84 308.19 308.19 221.53 221.53 134.88 ohm 134.88 ohm 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

mid

80

80

Q*

high

60

40

20

1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 metres 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

40

W*
20

J* A F
160 180 140 200 metres

80

100

120

U* H I* 220

240

E 260

Black and White resistivity plot.

Phase 1 extent of interpretation

N
North set at magnetic

200

82

83
81
78 79 75 58

180

L* B* C* C AB D*
N*

160

A~

80 77

Grid sequence: Phase 1 black Phase 2 Red

72 76
59 47

Phase 2
45 40

46 41
35

47

48 43

Feature resistance

D
140

42 36 30

44 38
32

B1
280 m

M*

T* M* R*

T~ C~ A~ B~ I Q~ S~ R~ D~
1001.0 ohm 914.74 1001.0 ohm 828.09 914.74 741.44 828.09 654.79 741.44 568.14 654.79 481.49 568.14 394.84 481.49 308.19 394.84 221.53 308.19 134.88 ohm 221.53 134.88 ohm
340 360 380 400

73

74
57

84

85

86
62 50

87

68

69
65 53

70

71
67

34

37

39

low

120

56

60

61
49

63

64

66

28

29

31

33

high

metres

100

43
30

44
31

45
32

46
33
20

48
35
22

51
38

52
39

80

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

40

S* H* G~ Q* G* V* P* K~ L~ F* O* W*

E*

54
41 28 12

55
42

23 19 16

24

25 21
18

26

27

P~ E~ O~

34

36 23
7

37

40 27 11

20 17

22

17
1

18
2

19

21
5

24 8

25
9

26

29 13
16

Notes: Field Boundary Survey area 4.87 ha 4.76 ha

20

A H~ F
80 100 120 140 160

J~
180

J*
240

N~ F~ M~
280

10

13 11

14

15

U* I~H I* 200 220

metres

10

14

15

12

135: 20m x 20m Grids

E 260

300

320

Grid ref:

E 311400 N 196400

Phase 1 & 2 complete interpretation

Grid sequence
A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09

Figure 10 Black and white shade plots

Cae Hir, Llancaiach Fawr. CF46 6ER

200

200

180

180

L* D B* C* C AB D*
N*

Phase 1

Feature resistance

160

160

140

140

B1
280 m

M*

T* M* R* P* O* S*

low

120 metres

120

metres

100

100

E* F* H* G* V*

I
1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

mid

80 1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

80

Q*

high

60

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

40

40

W*
20

J* A F
160 180 140 200 metres

20

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200 metres

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

80

100

120

U* H I* 220

240

E 260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

Blue and Red resistivity plot

Phase 1 extent of interpretation G1/LCF/09 fig 10

N
North set at magnetic

200

82

83
81
78 79 75 58

180

L* B* C* C AB D*
N*

A~

80 77

Grid sequence: Phase 1 black Phase 2 Red

72 76
59 47

Phase 2
45 40

46 41
35

47

48 43

Feature resistance

160

D
140

42 36 30

44 38
32

B1
280 m

M*

T* M* R*

T~ C~ B~ I Q~ S~ R~ D~
1001.0 ohm 914.74 828.09 741.44 654.79 568.14 481.49 394.84 308.19 221.53 134.88 ohm

73

74
57

84

85

86
62 50

87

68

69
65 53

70

71
67

34

37

39

low

120

56

60

61
49

63

64

66

28

29

31

33

high

metres

100

43
30

44
31

45
32

46
33
20

48
35
22

51
38

52
39

80

60

A*
GB G
0 20 40 60

40

S* H* G~ Q* G* V* P* K~ L~ F* O* W*

E*

54
41 28 12

55
42

23 19 16

24

25 21
18

26

27

P~ E~ O~

34

36 23
7

37

40 27 11

20 17

22

17
1

18
2

19

21
5

24 8

25
9

26

29 13
16

Notes: Field Boundary Survey area 4.87 ha 4.76 ha

20

A H~ F
80 100 120 140 160

J~
180 metres

J*
240

N~ F~ M~
280

10

13 11

14

15

U* I~H I* 200 220

1
380 400

10

14

15

12

135: 20m x 20m Grids

E 260

300

320

340

360

Grid ref:

E 311400 N 196400

Phase 1 & 2 complete interpretation

Grid sequence

Figure 10 Red - white- blue shade plots

A.P.A.C. Ltd G2/LCF/09