CHAPTER 3

3.1. An empty metal paint can is placed on a marble table, the lid is removed, and both parts are
discharged (honorably) by touching them to ground. An insulating nylon thread is glued to
the center of the lid, and a penny, a nickel, and a dime are glued to the thread so that they
are not touching each other. The penny is given a charge of +5 nC, and the nickel and dime
are discharged. The assembly is lowered into the can so that the coins hang clear of all walls,
and the lid is secured. The outside of the can is again touched momentarily to ground. The
device is carefully disassembled with insulating gloves and tools.
a) What charges are found on each of the ve metallic pieces? All coins were insulated
during the entire procedure, so they will retain their original charges: Penny: +5 nC;
nickel: 0; dime: 0. The pennys charge will have induced an equal and opposite negative
charge (-5 nC) on the inside wall of the can and lid. This left a charge layer of +5 nC on
the outside surface which was neutralized by the ground connection. Therefore, the can
retained a net charge of 5 nC after disassembly.
b) If the penny had been given a charge of +5 nC, the dime a charge of 2 nC, and the nickel
a charge of 1 nC, what would the nal charge arrangement have been? Again, since the
coins are insulated, they retain their original charges. The charge induced on the inside
wall of the can and lid is equal to negative the sum of the coin charges, or 2 nC. This
is the charge that the can/lid contraption retains after grounding and disassembly.
3.2. A point charge of 20 nC is located at (4,-1,3), and a uniform line charge of -25 nC/m is lies
along the intersection of the planes x = 4 and z = 6.
a) Calculate D at (3,-1,0):
The total ux density at the desired point is
D(3, 1, 0) =
20 10
9
4(1 + 9)
_
a
x
3 a
z

1 + 9
_
. .
point charge

25 10
9
2

49 + 36
_
7 a
x
6 a
z

49 + 36
_
. .
line charge
= 0.38 a
x
+ 0.13 a
z
nC/m
2
b) How much electric ux leaves the surface of a sphere of radius 5, centered at the origin?
This will be equivalent to how much charge lies within the sphere. First the point charge is
at distance from the origin given by R
p
=

16 + 1 + 9 = 5.1, and so it is outside. Second,

the nearest point on the line charge to the origin is at distance R

16 + 36 = 7.2, and
so the entire line charge is also outside the sphere. Answer: zero.
c) Repeat part b if the radius of the sphere is 10.
First, from part b, the point charge will now lie inside. Second, the length of line
charge that lies inside the sphere will be given by 2y
0
, where y
0
satises the equation,
_
16 + y
2
0
+ 36 = 10. Solve to nd y
0
= 6.93, or 2y
0
= 13.86. The total charge within the
sphere (and the net outward ux) is now
= Q
encl
= [20 (25 13.86)] = 326 nC
.
27
3.3. The cylindrical surface = 8 cm contains the surface charge density,
s
= 5e
20|z|
nC/m
2
.
a) What is the total amount of charge present? We integrate over the surface to nd:
Q = 2
_

0
_
2
0
5e
20z
(.08)ddz nC = 20(.08)
_
1
20
_
e
20z

0
= 0.25 nC
b) How much ux leaves the surface = 8 cm, 1 cm < z < 5cm, 30

< < 90

? We just
integrate the charge density on that surface to nd the ux that leaves it.
= Q

=
_
.05
.01
_
90

30

5e
20z
(.08) ddz nC =
_
90 30
360
_
2(5)(.08)
_
1
20
_
e
20z

.05
.01
= 9.45 10
3
nC = 9.45 pC
3.4. In cylindrical coordinates, let D = (a

+ za
z
)/
_
4(
2
+ z
2
)
1.5

. Determine the total ux

leaving:
a) the innitely-long cylindrical surface = 7: We use

a
=
_
D dS =
_

_
2
0

0
a

+ z a
z
4(
2
0
+ z
2
)
3/2
a

0
ddz =
2
0
_

0
dz
(
2
0
+ z
2
)
3/2
=
z
_

2
0
+ z
2

0
= 1
where
0
= 7 (immaterial in this case).
b) the nite cylinder, = 7, |z| 10:
The total ux through the cylindrical surface and the two end caps are, in this order:

b
=
_
z
0
z
0
_
2
0

0
a

4(
2
0
+ z
2
)
3/2

0
ddz
+
_
2
0
_

0
0
z
0
a
z
a
z
4(
2
+ z
2
0
)
3/2
d d +
_
2
0
_

0
0
z
0
a
z
a
z
4(
2
+ z
2
0
)
3/2
d d
where
0
= 7 and z
0
= 10. Simplifying, this becomes

b
=
2
0
_
z
0
0
dz
(
2
0
+ z
2
)
3/2
+ z
0
_

0
0
d
(
2
+ z
2
0
)
3/2
=
z
_

2
0
+ z
2

z
0
0

z
0
_

2
+ z
2
0

0
0
=
z
0
_

2
0
+ z
2
0
+ 1
z
0
_

2
0
+ z
2
0
= 1
where again, the actual values of
0
and z
0
(7 and 10) did not matter.
3.5. Let D = 4xya
x
+ 2(x
2
+ z
2
)a
y
+ 4yza
z
C/m
2
and evaluate surface integrals to nd the total
charge enclosed in the rectangular parallelepiped 0 < x < 2, 0 < y < 3, 0 < z < 5 m: Of the 6
surfaces to consider, only 2 will contribute to the net outward ux. Why? First consider the
planes at y = 0 and 3. The y component of D will penetrate those surfaces, but will be inward
at y = 0 and outward at y = 3, while having the same magnitude in both cases. These uxes
28
will thus cancel. At the x = 0 plane, D
x
= 0 and at the z = 0 plane, D
z
= 0, so there will be
no ux contributions from these surfaces. This leaves the 2 remaining surfaces at x = 2 and
z = 5. The net outward ux becomes:
=
_
5
0
_
3
0
D

x=2
a
x
dy dz +
_
3
0
_
2
0
D

z=5
a
z
dxdy
= 5
_
3
0
4(2)y dy + 2
_
3
0
4(5)y dy = 360 C
3.6. In free space, volume charge of constant density
v
=
0
exists within the region < x < ,
< y < , and d/2 < z < d/2. Find D and E everywhere.
From the symmetry of the conguration, we surmise that the eld will be everywhere
z-directed, and will be uniform with x and y at xed z. For nding the eld inside the
charge, an appropriate Gaussian surface will be that which encloses a rectangular region
dened by 1 < x < 1, 1 < y < 1, and |z| < d/2. The outward ux from this surface
will be limited to that through the two parallel surfaces at z:

in
=
_
D dS = 2
_
1
1
_
1
1
D
z
dxdy = Q
encl
=
_
z
z
_
1
1
_
1
1

0
dxdydz

where the factor of 2 in the second integral account for the equal uxes through the
two surfaces. The above readily simplies, as both D
z
and
0
are constants, leading to
D
in
=
0
z a
z
C/m
2
(|z| < d/2), and therefore E
in
= (
0
z/
0
) a
z
V/m (|z| < d/2).
Outside the charge, the Gaussian surface is the same, except that the parallel boundaries
at z occur at |z| > d/2. As a result, the calculation is nearly the same as before, with
the only change being the limits on the total charge integral:

out
=
_
D dS = 2
_
1
1
_
1
1
D
z
dxdy = Q
encl
=
_
d/2
d/2
_
1
1
_
1
1

0
dxdydz

Solve for D
z
to nd the constant values:
D
out
=
_
(
0
d/2) a
z
(z > d/2)
(
0
d/2) a
z
(z < d/2)
C/m
2
and E
out
=
_
(
0
d/2
0
) a
z
(z > d/2)
(
0
d/2
0
) a
z
(z < d/2)
V/m
3.7. Volume charge density is located in free space as
v
= 2e
1000r
nC/m
3
for 0 < r < 1 mm, and

v
= 0 elsewhere.
a) Find the total charge enclosed by the spherical surface r = 1 mm: To nd the charge we
integrate:
Q =
_
2
0
_

0
_
.001
0
2e
1000r
r
2
sin dr d d
Integration over the angles gives a factor of 4. The radial integration we evaluate using
tables; we obtain
Q = 8
_
r
2
e
1000r
1000

.001
0
+
2
1000
e
1000r
(1000)
2
(1000r 1)

.001
0
_
= 4.0 10
9
nC
29
b) By using Gausss law, calculate the value of D
r
on the surface r = 1 mm: The gaussian
surface is a spherical shell of radius 1 mm. The enclosed charge is the result of part a.
We thus write 4r
2
D
r
= Q, or
D
r
=
Q
4r
2
=
4.0 10
9
4(.001)
2
= 3.2 10
4
nC/m
2
3.8. Use Gausss law in integral form to show that an inverse distance eld in spherical coordinates,
D = Aa
r
/r, where A is a constant, requires every spherical shell of 1 m thickness to contain
4A coulombs of charge. Does this indicate a continuous charge distribution? If so, nd the
charge density variation with r.
The net outward ux of this eld through a spherical surface of radius r is
=
_
D dS =
_
2
0
_

0
A
r
a
r
a
r
r
2
sin d d = 4Ar = Q
encl
We see from this that with every increase in r by one m, the enclosed charge increases
by 4A (done). It is evident that the charge density is continuous, and we can nd the
density indirectly by constructing the integral for the enclosed charge, in which we already
found the latter from Gausss law:
Q
encl
= 4Ar =
_
2
0
_

0
_
r
0
(r

) (r

)
2
sin dr

d d = 4
_
r
0
(r

) (r

)
2
dr

To obtain the correct enclosed charge, the integrand must be (r) = A/r
2
.
3.9. A uniform volume charge density of 80 C/m
3
is present throughout the region 8 mm < r <
10 mm. Let
v
= 0 for 0 < r < 8 mm.
a) Find the total charge inside the spherical surface r = 10 mm: This will be
Q =
_
2
0
_

0
_
.010
.008
(80 10
6
)r
2
sin dr d d = 4 (80 10
6
)
r
3
3

.010
.008
= 1.64 10
10
C = 164 pC
b) Find D
r
at r = 10 mm: Using a spherical gaussian surface at r = 10, Gauss law is
written as 4r
2
D
r
= Q = 164 10
12
, or
D
r
(10 mm) =
164 10
12
4(.01)
2
= 1.30 10
7
C/m
2
= 130 nC/m
2
c) If there is no charge for r > 10 mm, nd D
r
at r = 20 mm: This will be the same
computation as in part b, except the gaussian surface now lies at 20 mm. Thus
D
r
(20 mm) =
164 10
12
4(.02)
2
= 3.25 10
8
C/m
2
= 32.5 nC/m
2
3.10. Volume charge density varies in spherical coordinates as
v
= (
0
sin r)/r
2
, where
0
is a
constant. Find the surfaces on which D = 0.
30
3.11. In cylindrical coordinates, let
v
= 0 for < 1 mm,
v
= 2 sin(2000) nC/m
3
for 1 mm <
< 1.5 mm, and
v
= 0 for > 1.5 mm. Find D everywhere: Since the charge varies only
with radius, and is in the form of a cylinder, symmetry tells us that the ux density will be
radially-directed and will be constant over a cylindrical surface of a xed radius. Gauss law
applied to such a surface of unit length in z gives:
a) for < 1 mm, D

= 0, since no charge is enclosed by a cylindrical surface whose radius

lies within this range.
b) for 1 mm < < 1.5 mm, we have
2D

= 2
_

.001
2 10
9
sin(2000

= 4 10
9
_
1
(2000)
2
sin(2000)

2000
cos(2000)
_

.001
or nally,
D

=
10
15
2
2

_
sin(2000) + 2
_
1 10
3
cos(2000)

_
C/m
2
(1 mm < < 1.5 mm)
31
3.11. (continued)
c) for > 1.5 mm, the gaussian cylinder now lies at radius outside the charge distribution,
so the integral that evaluates the enclosed charge now includes the entire charge distri-
bution. To accomplish this, we change the upper limit of the integral of part b from to
1.5 mm, nally obtaining:
D

=
2.5 10
15

C/m
2
( > 1.5 mm)
3.12. The sun radiates a total power of about 2 10
26
watts (W). If we imagine the suns surface
to be marked o in latitude and longitude and assume uniform radiation, (a) what power is
radiated by the region lying between latitude 50

N and 60

N and longitude 12

W and 27

W? (b) What is the power density on a spherical surface 93,000,000 miles from the sun in
W/m
2
?
3.13. Spherical surfaces at r = 2, 4, and 6 m carry uniform surface charge densities of 20 nC/m
2
,
4 nC/m
2
, and
s0
, respectively.
a) Find D at r = 1, 3 and 5 m: Noting that the charges are spherically-symmetric, we
ascertain that D will be radially-directed and will vary only with radius. Thus, we apply
Gauss law to spherical shells in the following regions: r < 2: Here, no charge is enclosed,
and so D
r
= 0.
2 < r < 4 : 4r
2
D
r
= 4(2)
2
(20 10
9
) D
r
=
80 10
9
r
2
C/m
2
So D
r
(r = 3) = 8.9 10
9
C/m
2
.
4 < r < 6 : 4r
2
D
r
= 4(2)
2
(20 10
9
) + 4(4)
2
(4 10
9
) D
r
=
16 10
9
r
2
So D
r
(r = 5) = 6.4 10
10
C/m
2
.
b) Determine
s0
such that D = 0 at r = 7 m. Since elds will decrease as 1/r
2
, the question
could be re-phrased to ask for
s0
such that D = 0 at all points where r > 6 m. In this
region, the total eld will be
D
r
(r > 6) =
16 10
9
r
2
+

s0
(6)
2
r
2
Requiring this to be zero, we nd
s0
= (4/9) 10
9
C/m
2
.
3.14. The sun radiates a total power of about 2 10
26
watts (W). If we imagine the suns surface
to be marked o in latitude and longitude and assume uniform radiation, (a) what power is
radiated by the region lying between latitude 50

N and 60

N and longitude 12

W and 27

W? (b) What is the power density on a spherical surface 93,000,000 miles from the sun in
W/m
2
?
3.15. Volume charge density is located as follows:
v
= 0 for < 1 mm and for > 2 mm,

v
= 4 C/m
3
for 1 < < 2 mm.
32
a) Calculate the total charge in the region 0 < <
1
, 0 < z < L, where 1 <
1
< 2 mm:
We nd
Q =
_
L
0
_
2
0
_

1
.001
4 d ddz =
8L
3
[
3
1
10
9
] C
where
1
is in meters.
b) Use Gauss law to determine D

at =
1
: Gauss law states that 2
1
LD

= Q, where
Q is the result of part a. Thus
D

(
1
) =
4(
3
1
10
9
)
3
1
C/m
2
where
1
is in meters.
c) Evaluate D

at = 0.8 mm, 1.6 mm, and 2.4 mm: At = 0.8 mm, no charge is enclosed
by a cylindrical gaussian surface of that radius, so D

(0.8mm) = 0. At = 1.6 mm, we

evaluate the part b result at
1
= 1.6 to obtain:
D

(1.6mm) =
4[(.0016)
3
(.0010)
3
]
3(.0016)
= 3.6 10
6
C/m
2
At = 2.4, we evaluate the charge integral of part a from .001 to .002, and Gauss law is
written as
2LD

=
8L
3
[(.002)
2
(.001)
2
] C
from which D

(2.4mm) = 3.9 10
6
C/m
2
.
3.16. In spherical coordinates, a volume charge density
v
= 10e
2r
C/m
3
is present. (a) Determine
D. (b) Check your result of part a by evaluating D.
3.17. A cube is dened by 1 < x, y, z < 1.2. If D = 2x
2
ya
x
+ 3x
2
y
2
a
y
C/m
2
:
a) apply Gauss law to nd the total ux leaving the closed surface of the cube. We call the
surfaces at x = 1.2 and x = 1 the front and back surfaces respectively, those at y = 1.2
and y = 1 the right and left surfaces, and those at z = 1.2 and z = 1 the top and bottom
surfaces. To evaluate the total charge, we integrate D n over all six surfaces and sum
the results. We note that there is no z component of D, so there will be no outward ux
contributions from the top and bottom surfaces. The uxes through the remaining four
are
= Q =
_
D nda =
_
1.2
1
_
1.2
1
2(1.2)
2
y dy dz
. .
front
+
_
1.2
1
_
1.2
1
2(1)
2
y dy dz
. .
back
+
_
1.2
1
_
1.2
1
3x
2
(1)
2
dxdz
. .
left
+
_
1.2
1
_
1.2
1
3x
2
(1.2)
2
dxdz
. .
right
= 0.1028 C
b) evaluate D at the center of the cube: This is
D =
_
4xy + 6x
2
y

(1.1,1.1)
= 4(1.1)
2
+ 6(1.1)
3
= 12.83
33
c) Estimate the total charge enclosed within the cube by using Eq. (8): This is
Q
.
= D

center
v = 12.83 (0.2)
3
= 0.1026 Close!
3.18. State whether the divergence of the following vector elds is positive, negative, or zero: (a) the
thermal energy ow in J/(m
2
s) at any point in a freezing ice cube; (b) the current density
in A/m
2
in a bus bar carrying direct current; (c) the mass ow rate in kg/(m
2
s) below the
surface of water in a basin, in which the water is circulating clockwise as viewed from above.
3.19. A spherical surface of radius 3 mm is centered at P(4, 1, 5) in free space. Let D = xa
x
C/m
2
.
Use the results of Sec. 3.4 to estimate the net electric ux leaving the spherical surface: We
use
.
= Dv, where in this case D = (/x)x = 1 C/m
3
. Thus

.
=
4
3
(.003)
3
(1) = 1.13 10
7
C = 113 nC
3.20. Suppose that an electric ux density in cylindrical coordinates is of the form D = D

.
Describe the dependence of the charge density
v
on coordinates , , and z if (a) D

= f(, z);
(b) D

= (1/)f(, z); (c) D

= f().
3.21. Calculate the divergence of D at the point specied if
a) D = (1/z
2
)
_
10xyz a
x
+ 5x
2
z a
y
+ (2z
3
5x
2
y) a
z

at P(2, 3, 5): We nd
D =
_
10y
z
+ 0 + 2 +
10x
2
y
z
3
_
(2,3,5)
= 8.96
b) D = 5z
2
a

+ 10z a
z
at P(3, 45

, 5): In cylindrical coordinates, we have

D =
1

(D

) +
1

+
D
z
z
=
_
5z
2

+ 10
_
(3,45

,5)
= 71.67
c) D = 2r sin sin a
r
+ r cos sin a

+ r cos a

at P(3, 45

, 45

): In spherical coordi-
nates, we have
D =
1
r
2

r
(r
2
D
r
) +
1
r sin

(sin D

) +
1
r sin
D

=
_
6 sin sin +
cos 2 sin
sin

sin
sin
_
(3,45

,45

)
= 2
3.22. (a) A ux density eld is given as F
1
= 5a
z
. Evaluate the outward ux of F
1
through the
hemispherical surface, r = a, 0 < < /2, 0 < < 2. (b) What simple observation would
have saved a lot of work in part a? (c) Now suppose the eld is given by F
2
= 5za
z
. Using the
appropriate surface integrals, evaluate the net outward ux of F
2
through the closed surface
consisting of the hemisphere of part a and its circular base in the xy plane. (d) Repeat part
c by using the divergence theorem and an appropriate volume integral.
34
3.23. a) A point charge Q lies at the origin. Show that div D is zero everywhere except at the
origin. For a point charge at the origin we know that D = Q/(4r
2
) a
r
. Using the formula
for divergence in spherical coordinates (see problem 3.21 solution), we nd in this case that
D =
1
r
2
d
dr
_
r
2
Q
4r
2
_
= 0
The above is true provided r > 0. When r = 0, we have a singularity in D, so its divergence
is not dened.
b) Replace the point charge with a uniform volume charge density
v0
for 0 < r < a. Relate

v0
to Q and a so that the total charge is the same. Find div D everywhere: To achieve
the same net charge, we require that (4/3)a
3

v0
= Q, so
v0
= 3Q/(4a
3
) C/m
3
. Gauss
law tells us that inside the charged sphere
4r
2
D
r
=
4
3
r
3

v0
=
Qr
3
a
3
Thus
D
r
=
Qr
4a
3
C/m
2
and D =
1
r
2
d
dr
_
Qr
3
4a
3
_
=
3Q
4a
3
as expected. Outside the charged sphere, D = Q/(4r
2
) a
r
as before, and the divergence
is zero.
3.24. (a) A uniform line charge density
L
lies along the z axis. Show that D = 0 everywhere
except on the line charge. (b) Replace the line charge with a uniform volume charge density

0
for 0 < < a. Relate
0
to
L
so that the charge per unit length is the same. Then nd
D everywhere.
3.25. Within the spherical shell, 3 < r < 4 m, the electric ux density is given as
D = 5(r 3)
3
a
r
C/m
2
a) What is the volume charge density at r = 4? In this case we have

v
= D =
1
r
2
d
dr
(r
2
D
r
) =
5
r
(r 3)
2
(5r 6) C/m
3
which we evaluate at r = 4 to nd
v
(r = 4) = 17.50 C/m
3
.
b) What is the electric ux density at r = 4? Substitute r = 4 into the given expression to
nd D(4) = 5 a
r
C/m
2
c) How much electric ux leaves the sphere r = 4? Using the result of part b, this will be
= 4(4)
2
(5) = 320 C
d) How much charge is contained within the sphere, r = 4? From Gauss law, this will be
the same as the outward ux, or again, Q = 320 C.
3.26. If we have a perfect gas of mass density
m
kg/m
3
, and assign a velocity U m/s to each
dierential element, then the mass ow rate is
m
U kg/(m
2
s). Physical reasoning then
35
leads to the continuity equation, (
m
U) =
m
/t. (a) Explain in words the physical
interpretation of this equation. (b) Show that
_
s

m
U dS = dM/dt, where M is the total
mass of the gas within the constant closed surface, S, and explain the physical signicance of
the equation.
3.27. Let D = 5.00r
2
a
r
mC/m
2
for r 0.08 m and D = 0.205 a
r
/r
2
C/m
2
for r 0.08 m (note
error in problem statement).
a) Find
v
for r = 0.06 m: This radius lies within the rst region, and so

v
= D =
1
r
2
d
dr
(r
2
D
r
) =
1
r
2
d
dr
(5.00r
4
) = 20r mC/m
3
which when evaluated at r = 0.06 yields
v
(r = .06) = 1.20 mC/m
3
.
b) Find
v
for r = 0.1 m: This is in the region where the second eld expression is valid.
The 1/r
2
dependence of this eld yields a zero divergence (shown in Problem 3.23), and
so the volume charge density is zero at 0.1 m.
c) What surface charge density could be located at r = 0.08 m to cause D = 0 for r > 0.08
m? The total surface charge should be equal and opposite to the total volume charge.
The latter is
Q =
_
2
0
_

0
_
.08
0
20r(mC/m
3
) r
2
sin dr d d = 2.57 10
3
mC = 2.57 C
So now

s
=
_
2.57
4(.08)
2
_
= 32 C/m
2
3.28. Repeat Problem 3.8, but use D =
v
and take an appropriate volume integral.
3.29. In the region of free space that includes the volume 2 < x, y, z < 3,
D =
2
z
2
(yz a
x
+ xz a
y
2xy a
z
) C/m
2
a) Evaluate the volume integral side of the divergence theorem for the volume dened above:
In cartesian, we nd D = 8xy/z
3
. The volume integral side is now
_
vol
Ddv =
_
3
2
_
3
2
_
3
2
8xy
z
3
dxdydz = (9 4)(9 4)
_
1
4

1
9
_
= 3.47 C
b. Evaluate the surface integral side for the corresponding closed surface: We call the surfaces
at x = 3 and x = 2 the front and back surfaces respectively, those at y = 3 and y = 2
the right and left surfaces, and those at z = 3 and z = 2 the top and bottom surfaces.
To evaluate the surface integral side, we integrate D n over all six surfaces and sum the
results. Note that since the x component of D does not vary with x, the outward uxes
from the front and back surfaces will cancel each other. The same is true for the left
36
and right surfaces, since D
y
does not vary with y. This leaves only the top and bottom
surfaces, where the uxes are:
_
D dS =
_
3
2
_
3
2
4xy
3
2
dxdy
. .
top

_
3
2
_
3
2
4xy
2
2
dxdy
. .
bottom
= (9 4)(9 4)
_
1
4

1
9
_
= 3.47 C
3.30. Let D = 20
2
a

C/m
2
. (a) What is the volume charge density at the point P(0.5, 60

, 2)?
(b) Use two dierent methods to nd the amount of charge lying within the closed surface
bounded by = 3, 0 z 2.
3.31. Given the ux density
D =
16
r
cos(2) a

C/m
2
,
use two dierent methods to nd the total charge within the region 1 < r < 2 m, 1 < < 2
rad, 1 < < 2 rad: We use the divergence theorem and rst evaluate the surface integral
side. We are evaluating the net outward ux through a curvilinear cube, whose boundaries
are dened by the specied ranges. The ux contributions will be only through the surfaces
of constant , however, since D has only a component. On a constant-theta surface, the
dierential area is da = r sin drd, where is xed at the surface location. Our ux integral
becomes
_
D dS =
_
2
1
_
2
1
16
r
cos(2) r sin(1) drd
. .
=1
+
_
2
1
_
2
1
16
r
cos(4) r sin(2) drd
. .
=2
= 16 [cos(2) sin(1) cos(4) sin(2)] = 3.91 C
We next evaluate the volume integral side of the divergence theorem, where in this case,
D =
1
r sin
d
d
(sin D

) =
1
r sin
d
d
_
16
r
cos 2 sin
_
=
16
r
2
_
cos 2 cos
sin
2 sin 2
_
We now evaluate:
_
vol
Ddv =
_
2
1
_
2
1
_
2
1
16
r
2
_
cos 2 cos
sin
2 sin 2
_
r
2
sin drdd
The integral simplies to
_
2
1
_
2
1
_
2
1
16[cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin ] drdd = 8
_
2
1
[3 cos 3 cos ] d = 3.91 C
37