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D. Rickenmann, WSL
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Sediment transport
Debris flow
Structure of content 1) Introduction 2) Debris flows: hazard and sediment delivery 3) Bedload transport in torrents and mountain rivers 4) Example of floods 2005, Swiss Alps 5) Conclusions
D. Rickenmann, WSL
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rock avalanche
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Erosion by debris flows: events of 18.7./24.8. 1987, Val Varuna, GR/CH (1520 m a.s.l.) flows: Varuna,
(a) before 1987 (b) after first event (c) after second event
Example application: Val Varuna (canton Grisons, CH), 18.7.1987 Catchment area: 6.5 km2 Altitude: 3453 - 1040 m a.s.l. Mean slope angle (torrent): 40% Mean slope angle (fan): 15% Event volume: 200000 m3 Peak discharge: 600 m3/s
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Flooding due to aggradation (Poschiavino/Val Varuna, CH, 18.7.87) Poschiavino/Val Varuna, debris flow
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CS / C* 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1972 1973 1975 1976 Rickenmann (1990) Takahashi (1991) Tognacca (1999)
S = tan
0.8
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Headwater catchments: interaction of runoff processes, catchments: processes, shallow landslides, sediment transport and debris flows landslides,
sideslopes
Trigger:
Process:
sediment transport
debris flows
landslide
Structure of content 1) Introduction 2) Debris flows: hazard and sediment delivery 3) Bedload transport in torrents and mountain rivers 4) Example of floods 2005, Swiss Alps 5) Conclusions
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Sediment transport: equation of Meyer-Peter & Mller (1948) transport: MeyerFor gravel bed rivers, based on laboratory experiments with channel slopes S in the range: 0.0002 S 0.023
b = 8 (m' c )1.5
later corrections
(e.g. Wong & Parker, 2006)
b = dimensionless sediment transport rate = dimensionless bed shear stress c = critical dimensionless bed shear stress
at initiation of transport m' = losses due to form resistance
b =
=
qb ( s 1) g dm3
hS ( s 1) dm
All channel slopes, 0.0002 S 0.20 b = 2.5 0.5 ( - c) Fr1.1 2.5 0.5 ( - c) Fr qb = 1.5 S1.5 (q - qc)
Remark: (3) is exactly equivalent with (2) only for small sediment concentrations and approximative similarity between qc and c.
qb = transport rate (per m); q = discharge (per m); qc = critical q at initiation of transport; S = channel slope; b= dimensionless transport rate; = dimensionless bed shear stress; Fr = Froude number
(2) (3)
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Slope, S 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.067 0.060 0.057 0.055 0.050 0.050 0.010 0.0090 0.0086 0.0080 0.00280 0.00085
EG Qc Qp [km2] [m3/s] [m3/s] 0.7 1.06 5 0.6 0.56 27 7.6 15.8 0.7 3.85 1.38 1.66 6.5 27.2 6.7 (7) 40 554 0.5 0.5 2 0.3 0.28 2 2.4 0.42 0.35 0.3 1.5 2.5 1 60 1 1 0.27 1.8 44 12 8 13 2.6 1.2 12 -1.5 2.2 3
Observation period
Measuring method
3 Rio Cordon 4 Rappengraben 2 5 Sperbelgraben 6 Pitzbach 7 Bas Arolla 8 Bridge Creek 9 Rappengraben 1 10 Torlesse Stream 11 Schwndlibach 12 Rotenbach 13 Ashiraidani 14 Jordan (Kinneret) 15 Sagehen Creek 16 Oak Creek 17 Turkey Brook 18 Virginio Stream 19 Aare (Brienz) 20 Inn (Tirol)
1987-94 Metall grill, ST 1928-57 1903-54 1994/1995 1986-87 1971 1903-27 1973-77, 1980 ST ST SB SB BLS ST VTS SRB SRB CVC Dep BLS(HS) VTS BLP VTS BLS BLS BLS
8.5 1953-58, 1976-92 17.6 1955-58, 1975-93 6.5 1.68 3.4 16.6 7.5 190 1978 210 1969, 1974, 1975 1982-84 1969-71 1978-80 1983-85, 1988 1936-37 1931-32 1936
0.035 1590
0.00126 9316
Rickenmann (2001)
21 Rhein (Brugg)
1.5
1.5
Rickenmann (2001)
Rickenmann
1E+01
1E+00
1E-01
Schoklitsch
1E-02
1E-03
h/d90
1 10
1E-04 0.1
100
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n S red = S r n
0. 2
nr/ntot = kst/kr(d90) 1
Gl. (A)
d qb = 12.6 90 d 30
(q qc )S 2.0 (s 1)1.6
0.096
0.19
/ (S
0.19
d90
0.47
0.8 0.6
Regression for data calculated with eq. (A): nr/ntot = 0.0745 S-0.473 R2 = 0.8434
0.5
0.6
0.7
1E+02
1E+01
1E+00
1E-01
Erlen, winter Erlen, summer Rio Cordon Pitzbach Bridge Creek I Bridge Creek II Roaring river, us Roaring river, ds Torlesse Ashiaraidani Jordan Sagehen Oak, winter 69/70 Oak, winter 71 Turkey Virginio Aare Inn (Tirol) MPM SJ RI Rhein (Brugg) Swiss torrents Rappen 1+2, Sperbel
Rickenmann
Schoklitsch
1E-02
h/d90
1E-03 0.1 1 10 100
Rickenmann (2005)
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SETRAC
= Sediment Transport Model for Alpine Catchments [developed at
BOKU Univ. in Vienna]
Accounting for form flow resistance losses in steep channels Inclusion of fractional transport (multiple grain sizes) and bed level changes Testing of the simulation model for flood events in torrents and mountain rivers
Rickenmann et al. (2006)
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Sept 2005
before 2005
D. Rickenmann, WSL
confluence of
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Structure of content 1) Introduction 2) Debris flows: hazard and sediment delivery 3) Bedload transport in torrents and mountain rivers 4) Example of floods 2005, Swiss Alps 5) Conclusions
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high sediment (bedload) transport importance of lateral erosion and channel migration blockage of flow cross-sections high damage to infrastructure (e.g. traffic routes)
discharge capacity exceeded bedload transport lateral erosion discharge capacity exceeded and bedload ransport discharge capacity exceeded and lateral erosion bedload ransport and lateral erosion
single process
Combination of processes
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debris flows
discharge capacity exceeded bedload transport lateral erosion discharge capacity exceeded and bedload ransport discharge capacity exceeded and lateral erosion bedload ransport and lateral erosion
2005 Events: Observations on transported sediment volumes for - 34 debris flow events - 39 flood events with fluvial bedload transport
Analysis with simple bedload transport equation Integration over duration of flood event (or observation period):
Qb = bedload transport capacity S = channel slope Q = discharge Qcr = threshold discharge at beginning of bedload transport
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Glyssibach
Acherlibach
0.01
0.001
0.0001 0.1 1
100
Rickenmann et al. (2008)
Structure of content 1) Introduction 2) Debris flows: hazard and sediment delivery 3) Bedload transport in torrents and mountain rivers 4) Example of floods 2005, Swiss Alps 5) Conclusions
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Conclusions 1. 2. Debris flows may supply large sediment loads to receiving streams Fluvial sediment transport during floods 2005 is in agreement with simple transport equation but at channel slopes above ~ 5% transport is reduced
(form resistance losses / limited sediment availability)
3.
4.
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