Types of Broadcasting Networks Broadcasting Networks

Radio Broadcasting

Kithsiri Samarasinghe
Senior Lecturer Dept. of Electronic & Telecommunication Eng. University of Moratuwa

Data Broadcasting

Television Broadcasting

According to Delivery Medium

Combinations
Terrestrial
Radio

Terrestrial Satellite
Data Television

Satellite Cable
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Cable

Development
Television Broadcasting
TV TV on Cable and Satellite,

DTTB/ HDTV IPTV Mobile TV

(T-DMB, DVB-H,

DAB

1960 1970 1980 1990

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Analogue Television Broadcasting

Commenced in June 1979 in Sri Lanka

A Television Transmitter

System B/G PAL

A Television transmitter has to deliver two signals to the viewer simultaneouly

Vision (Video) signal Sound (Audio) signal Common Amplification Separate Amplification
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Band
I III IV/V

Frequency Range
47 MHz 68 MHz 174 MHz 230 MHz 470MHz 806 MHz

Channel
24 5 12 21 62
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Two ways for implementing it;

Common Amplification

Exciter

RF Divider

RF Amp

RF Combiner

Filter

RF divider and combiner are required if the RF amplifier consists of SSPA modules.
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A Simple Test Transmitter

Separate Amplification
RF Divider Video RF Amp RF Combiner Audio Video Diplexer Audio RF Amp 11 12

Exciter Stages

Main Processes

A CIN Diplexer

Vision/sound exciter stages carry out the modulation on IF carriers Then IF is upconverted to RF using crystal stabilized local oscilllators RF vision & sound carriers are separately amplified. Amplified RF carriers are combined using a TV diplexer
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CIN = Constant Impedance Notch 14

SSPA Modules for Power Amplification

Increasing Reliability

Multiple SSPAs and 1+1 Redundancy for exciter

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Multiple SSPAs allow for graceful degradation of the output level 15

Dual Transmitters in Parallel Operation

Exciters operate in passive reserve mode with automatic switching

Standard Configurations

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Power Amplifiers

Power Amplifying Devices

Klystron Tetrode Diacrode Klystrode, further developed to IOT SSPA, using LDMOS
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Tetrodes

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IOT Common Amplifiers Diacrodes

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TV signal

Interlaced Scanning

Resolution

Level Range of CVS

CVS Format

Vestigial Side Band Modulation

NICAM Digital Audio

Terrestrial Broadcast Coverage

Audio Sampling rate - 32 kHz Resolution -14 bits/sample Bit rate - 728 kbps Type of Modulation DQPSK NICAM IF Carrier is at [fv + 5.85] MHz
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Achieved through a terrestrial transmission network Consists of STL, Transmitter stations and Transposer stations Transmission plan consists of;

Frequency plan Coverage predication ERP

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Antenna Radiation Patterns should Match Coverage Requirements;

Antenna Arrays
Horizontal Plane Radiation Pattern

Vertical Plane Radiation Pattern 31 32

Important Aspects

Limiting factors of Analogue TV

Beam Tilt

Signal degradation

Tilting the beam downwards to minimize power wastage Calculate it according to coverage area An array produces peaks and nulls Null filing should be done in both horizontal & vertical planes by phasing the antennas.
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Noise & Interference

Ghosting Effect Spectrum Congestion No Mobile Reception

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Null Filling

Content Creation from Analog to Digital

Emerging Technologies

DTTB

(Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting)

Using digital technology to provide - more channels (SDTV) and/ or - better picture (HDTV) and sound (surround) .over the terrestrial TV broadcast.
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Three DTTB Systems

PAL (studio quality)

DVB-T ATSC ISDB-T

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HDTV

Emerging Technologies

HDTV
(High Definition TV)
16 x 9 aspect ratio. Studio Standard: 1080/50i in 50Hz countries. Transmission standard: country-dependent. Picture information about 5 times that of conventional TV Needs critical camera focusing and attention to the wide aspect ratio. OB can use fewer cameras. Compatibility with 4x3 SDTV

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Emerging Technologies

Emerging Technologies
Mobile TV
Broadcast to hand-sets (mobile phones, PDAs), notebook PCs, etc. Interactive and audio services. T-DMB (Terrestrial-DMB) Evolved from DAB. Allows video, audio and data to be transmitted to mobile devices. More efficient audio coding. Backward compatible with DAB audio (MUSICAM). DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting Handheld) Tailored for transmitting multiple TV channels to mobile devices. Time-slicing technology conserves battery power of mobile devices.

IPTV
(Internet Protocol TV)
Use of Internet Protocol (IP) for home TV transmission, can be over phone lines, via optical fibre trunks. Flexibility of including interactive services and HDTV. Offers many TV channels, viewer-targeting. For HDTV, application of MPEG4 AVC (H.264)/ VC-1 (WMV) coding, VDSL2/ ADSL2+ technologies or Fibre to the Home/ Building (FTTH/ FTTB).

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Status of Digital Broadcast Technologies

Technologies
DAB HDTV IPTV-SD Mobile TV Internet Users Broadband Users

A Beam produces a Footprint

Sets (in M), world-wide

>5 > 30 >5 > 2.5 > 1,100 > 200

Main Areas
United Kingdom USA, Japan Hong Kong, France S. Korea (T-DMB) USA, China, Japan USA, Japan, S. Korea

Sources : wilkipedia, internetworldstat.com, etc. (2009)

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Satellite Broadcasting
Transponder

Satellite Transponder

More Power-limited than Bandwidthlimited 36 MHz and 72 MHz Bandwidth 50 W typical

C Earth Station A B Receivers in the Footprint

Contribution Distribution Feeds

Satellite DVB-S

Broadcasters ? Internet services

DVB-C

ARD linear IPTV and IP Radio DSLhead end Multicast WWW + IPTV IP Radio

Broadbandcablehead end

Broadcast delivery
IPTV

Internet ?

DSL-Access DSLAM

Distribution

Broadband-Internet Voice-phone Unicast

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